Demand for potable water and energy is increasing with growing populations and economies and many fear that scarcity of such resources will become a significant worldwide problem in the future. As such, promoting water and energy conservation in residential building environments has become an important focal area for research. Providing feedback of water or energy consumption to residential building occupants has been demonstrated to be effective in promoting water and energy conservation separately. However, although water and energy are inexorably connected, we lack research that investigates the bridge between water and energy in the representation of feedback to promote water conservation. In this paper, we describe a study that was designed to investigate the impact of two different representations of water consumption feedback on water conservation. Water consumption was represented to consumers in one of two different ways: 1) gallons and 2) gallons along with the estimated embodied energy of water consumption. The study was conducted in 18 residential halls at Virginia Tech and lasted approximately six weeks. The outcome of the study suggests that representing water consumption in terms of gallons together with the embodied energy associated with water consumption can lead to a statistically significant reduction in water conservation while representing water consumption only in terms of gallons may not. This has significant implications for future water feedback designed to promote water conservation and the study indicates that non-monetary approach can be taken. / Master of Science

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第18629号 / 地環博第124号 / 新制||地環||25(附属図書館) / 31529 / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎環境マネジメント専攻 / (主査)教授 藤井 滋穂, 教授 高岡 昌輝, 准教授 田中 周平 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

No / There is widespread agreement among agencies governing UK water management that more extensive domestic water metering combined with additional measures will deliver a more efficient domestic water usage. This paper argues that qualitative research is needed to select and hone additional measures. According to theory, cooperation to reduce water use is more likely if people: a) believe in the necessity to reduce use; b) feel costs are fairly shared; and c) believe their actions can affect the situation. The case study of Lydd, Kent, is presented. Lydd is the first location in which compulsory water metering has been imposed in the UK. Qualitative information was collected to inform the communication strategies being implemented by the water supply company. The investigation found that none of the three factors predicted by theory were completely present. The paper concludes by providing some recommendations for improving the water company's communications strategy for encouraging a reduction in domestic water use. The key role of qualitative information in assisting in the targeting and design of water demand management programmes is highlighted.

Pastoralists tend to occupy highlands and drylands lands with uncertain climates and are experienced at coping with climatic variability and drought. Increasingly, however, the speed with which climate patterns are changing has become an issue of concern. This study examines household water management strategies of pastoralists in western Argentina. In this semi-arid region, pastoralists rely primarily on streams and springs fed by snow and glacier melt from the Andes, and have developed various strategies to meet their water needs. They also deal with myriad challenges posed by climate, economic, and socio-cultural change and work vigorously to maintain their herds – a combination of cattle, goats, and sheep – in this water scarce region. The goal of this study is to understand: 1) different household water management strategies; 2) the ways pastoral livelihoods are changing in response to changes in water supply; and 3) the socio-economic changes that affect pastoral livelihoods. Information from interviews, household surveys, and participant observations reveals that climate fluctuation impacts water supplies and use, herd size, and expenses made on tanks, technology, and infrastructure for the storage and transport of water, food for animals, and subsistence crops. Understanding the micro-scale, water practices of pastoral households provides insight into the ways rural populations in semi-arid and arid environments respond to changes in climate and meet their water needs. Moreover, these findings can contribute to scholarship on traditional and local knowledge and resource management systems, and may potentially inspire the development of adaptive management solutions.

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study focuses on the water demand of selected residential properties with access to groundwater in serviced areas of the Cape Peninsula. This winter rainfall region is typified by hot and dry summer months, corresponding to peak garden water demand. Water restrictions in the area are relatively common and primarily target outdoor use. Groundwater serves as an alternative source of water to some consumers in the area, but little is known about the extent of such use and the impact thereof on potable water demand. A major part of the area is underlain by a primary, unconfined aquifer that has been reported to have high exploitation potential. Its unconsolidated sand and shallow water table provides ideal conditions for small scale groundwater abstraction. Several owners of properties situated above the aquifer unit have capitalised on this and utilise groundwater as an alternative to potable water, mostly for garden irrigation purposes. The main objective of this research was to investigate the average extent of the expected reduction in average annual municipal water demand due to private groundwater use at the selected properties in the study area. The methodology involved abstracting data from the City of Cape Town’s registration process for the private use of non-potable water. The data was recorded between 2000 and 2006 and was available only in hard copy format. The registration data was used to identify residential properties with access to private groundwater sources, based on the physical addresses recorded on the registration forms. The rate of groundwater abstraction was not recorded during the registration process, nor was any of the properties spatially referenced. The data set contained information for 4 487 properties, of which 3 764 could ultimately be used in the analysis. Data from a recent hydro-census in Hermanus (which was done by others prior to this study) was used to test the intended research method first. This trial investigation involved only 114 properties and was used to streamline the proposed methodology for application on the full-scale analysis of the City of Cape Town data. Each address was captured electronically, verified manually and filtered to extract only those representing residential properties for which groundwater use was registered. In order to identify the properties spatially, the addresses had to be converted to coordinates through a procedure called geocoding, so as to plot each spatially and obtain the attributes such as stand size, position and the unique Surveyor General’s code. This was necessary in order to link the addresses to the municipal treasury system and obtain their latest available water consumption records using a commercial software package that incorporates consumer information. Next the actual annual water consumption figures were compared with recently published water demand guidelines based on stand size as single explanatory variable. The selected residential stands were divided into pre-defined stand size categories. The average water consumption of all the stands in each size category was calculated and compared with the suggested water demand as per the guidelines used, based on the centre value of the size range of each category. The results of the comparative analysis confirm findings from two earlier studies where lower municipal water use was reported for residential properties with access to groundwater in a summer rainfall region. The results further showed that the mean average annual potable water demand of consumers in the study area with access to groundwater was on average 31.4% lower than those considered without such access in the same region. This represents an average reduction of 333 l/stand/day (about 10 kl/stand/month) in the potable water demand of the selected residential stands. This study therefore confirms that serviced residential stands with access to private groundwater sources in the Cape Peninsula have lower average metered water consumption from the municipal supply system. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie fokus op die water anvraag van geselekteerde residensiële erwe met toegang tot grondwater in gedienste woongebiede van die Kaapse Skiereiland. Die gebied is ‘n winterreënvalstreek, met warm, droë somermaande wat saamval met piek water aanvraag vir tuinbou. Waterbeperkings in die area is relatief algemeen, veral op die buitegebruik van water. Grondwater dien as alternatiewe bron vir sommige verbruikers, maar kennis oor die omvang van sulke gebruik, sowel as die impak wat dit het op die aanvraag na drinkbare water is beperk. Die grootste deel van die gebied ter sprake is geleë bo ‘n onbegrensde hoof waterdraer, met berigte hoë ontginningspotensiaal. Die ongekonsolideerde sand en hoë watertafel is ideal vir kleinskaalse grondwateronttrekking. Heelwat van die eienaars van grond wat bo hierdie akwafeer geleë is het die situasie uitgebuit en gebruik grondwater as alternatief vir drinkwater, veral vir tuinbesproeiïng. Die hoofdoel van hierdie navorsing was om die gemiddelde omvang van die verwagte vermindering in gemiddelde jaarlikse munisipale wateraanvraag weens die privaat gebruik van grondwater by die geselekteerde erwe in die studiegebied te ondersoek. Die metodiek het die onttrekking van data uit die Stad Kaapstad se registrasieproses vir die privaat gebruik van nie-drinkbare water behels. Hierdie data, wat tussen 2000 en 2006 vasgelê is, was slegs in harde kopie formaat beskikbaar. Die registrasie data is gebruik om woonerwe te identifiseer met toegang tot privaat grondwater bronne, volgens die fisiese adres verskaf op die registrasie vorms. Die tempo van grondwater onttrekking was nie opgeneem gedurende die registrasie proses nie, so ook nie ruimtelike aanwysings na die ligging van die eiendomme nie. Die datastel het inligting bevat oor 4 487 eiendomme, waarvan 3 764 uiteindelik bruikbaar was in die analise. Data van ‘n onlangse hidro-sensus in Hermanus (wat deur ander gedoen is voor die aanvang van hierdie studie) is gebruik om die beoogde navorsingsmetodiek eers te toets. Die toetsondersoek het slegs 114 eiendomme behels, en is gebruik om die voorgestelde metodologie meer vaartbelyn te maak voor toepassing op die volskaalse analise van die Stad Kaapstad data. Elke adres is elektronies vasgevang, met die hand geverifiëer, en dan gefilter om slegs die residensiele eiendomme waarvoor grondwater gebruik geregistreer is, te behou. Om die ruimtelike verwysing van die eiendomme verder te kon indentifiseer, moes die adresse omskep word in koördinate om sodoende die erwe te kon posisioneer en die erfgrootte, posisie en die unieke Landmeter Generaal kode van elke erf te verkry. Dit was nodig sodat die adresse aan die munisipale stelsel gekoppel kon word om sodoende die jongste beskikbare waterverbruik rekords te verkry deur gebruik te maak van ‘n kommersiële sagteware pakket wat verbruikers-inligting inkorporeer. Hierna is die werklike jaarlikse waterverbruik syfers vergelyk met onlangs gepubliseerde wateraanvraag riglyne, gebaseer op erfgrootte as enkel verklarende veranderlike. Die geselekteerde woonerwe is toe in voorafgekose kategorië verdeel volgens erfgrootte. Die gemiddelde waterverbruik van al die erwe binne elke grootte-kategorie is bereken en vergelyk met die voorgestelde wateraanvraag volgens die riglyne, gebaseer op die middelpuntwaarde van die grootte strekking van elke kategorie. Die resultate van die vergelykende analise staaf die bevindinge van twee vroeër studies wat laer munisipale watervebruik rapporteer vir residensiële eiendomme met toegang tot grondwater in ‘n somerreënvalgebied. Die resultate wys ook dat die gemiddelde jaarlikse drinkbare water aanvraag van verbruikers in die studiegebied wie toegang het tot grondwater, gemiddeld 31.4% laer is as dit van verbruikers wie beskou word sonder sulke toegang in dieselfde streek. Dit verteenwoordig ‘n gemiddelde vermindering van 333 l/erf/dag (rondom 10 kl/erf/maand) in die aanvraag na drinkbare water van die geselekteerde woonerwe. Hierdie studie bevestig dus dat gedienste residensiële erwe met toegang tot privaat grondwater bronne in die Kaapse Skiereiland laer gemiddelde gemeette waterverbruik vanuit die munisipale toevoerstelsel het.

Water conservation initiatives seldom quantify the volume of water that is at stake in lawn watering. In many communities, including those in South Florida, outdoor water use, which includes lawn irrigation, is not metered separately from indoor water use and is indistinguishable from indoor water usage. A large number of residents use self supply non-potable wells for lawn irrigation that are not regulated by the South Florida Water Management District. The result is that residential lawn water use is difficult to account for and quantify. This thesis project addressed these difficulties by combining semistructured interviews, daily watering observations and irrigation system audits to ascertain how much public supply water and self supply (well) water was being used for residential lawn irrigation. The study also examined lawn watering practices and how factors such as: precipitation, the minimum plant needs of St. Augstinegrass, and how local watering restrictions influenced watering behavior. / by Felicia D. Survis. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2010. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2010. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1986 H64 / Master of Science / Civil Engineering

O presente trabalho apresenta a previsão de demanda de água em sistemas urbanos de abastecimento através de Rede Neural Artificial (RNA) utilizando dados de consumo de água e variáveis meteorológicas e socioambientais. A RNA utilizada foi uma de três camadas chamada de rede de múltiplas camadas alimentadas adiante com o algoritmo de treinamento LLSSIM (Hsu et al., 1996). Neste estudo, foram utilizados os dados de consumo de água (SABESP) e meteorológicos (IAG/USP) para o período de 2001 a 2005 para Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP). As variáveis socioambientais e meteorológicas que podem afetar o consumo de água foram analisadas. A ETA Cantareira e o setor Itaim Paulista foram utilizados para avaliar a relação entre o consumo e as variáveis antrópicas e meteorológicas para o ano de 2005. Esses conjuntos de dados foram utilizados para o treinamento, o teste e a previsão da RNA. Para a ETA Cantareira, foram criados 8 modelos e para o setor Itaim Paulista 57, sendo que os modelos 9 a 57 correspondem à previsão ideal. O desempenho dos modelos foi avaliado pelo o erro médio, erro médio absoluto, erro médio quadrático, o coeficiente de correlação, exatidão, viés, POD, FAR, CSI e POFD. Para a ETA Cantareira o melhor desempenho ocorreu para a média de 12 horas e para o Itaim Paulista a média de 6 horas. Na previsão ideal observou-se que a memória do sistema é um fator importante, principalmente quando se tem dois intervalos de tempo anterior. Os resultados mostraram a importância da memória, pois ela ajuda a melhorar o desempenho da previsão A previsão horária foi obtida com níveis de erros aceitáveis. Comparando os resultados de todas as configurações dos modelos, observou-se que há uma tendência para pequenos erros. Finalmente, conclui-se que o método proposto pode ser utilizado para previsão de consumo obtendo uma boa previsão. / This work is concerned with the prediction of water demand in urban water supply systems using water consumption, meteorological and socioenvironmental variables in an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) system. The ANN is a three layer feed-forward network with the LLSSIM training algorithm (Hsu et. al., 1996). In this study, water consumption (SABESP) and meteorological (IAG USP) data sets between 2001 and 2005 were used for studying the Metropolitan Area São Paulo (MASP). Possible socio-environmental and meteorological conditions affecting water consumption in the MASP were analyzed. Two water treatment stations (ETA), namely, Cantareira and the Itaim Paulista were used to evaluate the relationship between water consumption against anthropic and meteorological conditions for the year 2005. These data sets were also used for training, testing and forecasting of the water consumption model with the ANN. For the Cantareira ETA, 8 model configurations were tested and 57 for the Itaim Paulista ETA. In this late case, configurations 9 to 57 were for ideal forecasts. The various model configurations were evaluated by the mean error, mean absolute error and mean square root error, correlation coefficient, bias, POD, FAR, CSI e POFD. The best performance for the Cantareira ETA was obtained for a 12-hour average of the input variables, and for the Itaim Paulista ETA, for the 6-hour average. The ANN model configurations fed with variables of previous three times steps (memory) performed best, followed by two previous time steps. The results indicate the importance of these memory to improving the performance of the forecasting. The hourly forecasting was obtained with acceptable error levels. Comparing the results of all model configurations, there is an overall tendency for minor errors. The proposed method can be used to demand forecast a good prediction.

O aumento na produção de biodiesel e, consequentemente, de glicerina como subproduto, motivou a utilização desta na alimentação animal. Portanto, o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar as alterações fisiológicas do uso de glicerina na alimentação de frangos de corte, analisando o consumo e excreção de água, sua implicação na qualidade da cama e possível retenção de água pelas aves. Foram realizados três experimentos, dois com frangos de corte machos da linhagem Ross 308 e um com cama de aviário. No Experimento 1 (E1) foram utilizados 240 pintinhos distribuídos em 24 gaiolas em baterias, em um delineamento inteiramente aleatorizado (DIA) com 3 tratamentos e 8 repetições de 10 aves criadas até os 40 dias de idade. Os tratamentos foram compostos por dietas experimentais sendo: T1 - controle - à base de milho (M) e farelo de soja (FS); T2 - dieta com inclusão de 10% de glicerina loira (GL); T3 - dieta com inclusão de 8,75% de glicerina purificada (GP) para conter a mesma quantidade em glicerol que a GL. Foram avaliados o consumo de água, de ração e matéria seca (MS) das excretas como medidas repetidas no tempo. Aos 40 dias de idade foi determinada a MS do conteúdo ileal. Não houve efeito de tratamentos no consumo de ração. O consumo de água foi maior quando utilizada glicerina nas rações (T2 e T3). A relação consumo de água:ração apresentou interação tratamento × idade, sendo T2 e T3 maiores do que o controle até os 28 dias de idade e, após essa idade, o T3 passou a ser maior do que o T2. A matéria seca das excretas do T2 e T3 foi, de maneira geral, próxima ao T1 aos 16 e 20 dias e após os 24 dias de idade foi inferior. No Experimento 2 foi avaliada a capacidade de retenção de água (CRA) da cama composta por maravalha de madeira e as excretas das aves dos tratamentos do E1, acondicionadas em recipientes, em um DIA, composto por 3 tratamentos e 6 repetições. Por sete dias foi adicionada água à mistura. Foram avaliadas as umidades inicial e final para determinação da CRA, porém os resultados não apresentaram diferenças. No Experimento 3 foi elaborado um DIA similar ao E1, entretanto com os seguintes tratamentos: T1 - controle - dieta a base de M e FS; T2 - inclusão de 5% de GL; T3 - inclusão de 10% de GL. Foram realizados 2 abates (aos 7 e 42 dias de idade) e coletados: sangue, fígado, intestino músculo do peito e pintinho inteiro (apenas aos 7 dias), para avaliação da MS e proteína bruta (apenas músculo e fígado). As variáveis não apresentaram diferenças significativas, exceto pela MS do fígado, que foi menor para o T3. Os resultados indicam que aves alimentadas com níveis elevados de glicerina apresentam consumo e excreção de água maiores, podendo levar a uma piora na qualidade da cama. A matéria seca corporal, de maneira geral não foi afetada, exceção para a redução observada no fígado. / The increase in biodiesel production and, consequently, of glycerin as a byproduct, has led to its use in animal nutrition. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the physiological changes of feeding broilers with glycerin by analyzing water consumption and excretion, its effects on litter quality and possible water retention by poultry. Three experiments were conducted. Two comprised Ross 308 male broilers and one of poultry litter. In experiment 1 (E1), 240 chicks were distributed in 24 cages in batteries, in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three treatments and eight repetitions of 10 birds reared until 40 days of age. Experimental diets were used in the treatments: T1 - control - corn (C) and soybean meal based diet (SM); T2 - diet with 10% glycerin (GL); T3 - diet with 8.75% purified glycerin (GP) to contain the same amount in glycerol of GL. The consumption of water, feed and the dry matter (DM) of the excreta were evaluated as repeated measures in time. At 40 days of age, the DM of the ileal content was determined. There was no effect of treatments on feed consumption. Water consumption was higher when glycerin was used in the diet (T2, T3). The ratio for water:feed consumption showed interaction treatment × age, and in T2 and T3, it was greater than in the control until 28 days of age. Afterwards, T3 was greater than T2. The DM of the excreta of T2 and T3 was generally similar to that in T1 at 16 and 20 days of age, and after 24 days of age, it was lower. In experiment 2, it was evaluated the water retention capacity (WRC) of litter composed of wood shavings and excreta of the birds of treatments of E1, kept in bowls, in a CRD, composed of three treatments and six repetitions. For seven days, water was added to the mixture. It was evaluated the initial and final moisture to determine WRC. There was no difference among treatments. In E3, it was prepared a CRD similar to that in E1, with the following treatments: T1 - control - C and SMbased diet; T2 - 5% of GL; T3 - 10% of GL. Two slaughters were carried out (at 7 and 42 days of age) and it was collected: blood, liver, intestines, breast muscle and whole chick (only at 7 days) to evaluate DM and crude protein (only muscle and liver). The variables showed no significant differences, except for DM of the liver, which was lower for T3. The results show that birds fed high glycerin contents diets have increased water consumption and excretion; the increased water excretion is due to urinary loss and not to fecal loss. Body and tissue dry matter was not changed with the exception for a reduction found in the liver.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo básico determinar o consumo de água em um pomar de goiabeiras (Psidium guajava L.), cultivar Paluma, com 2,5 anos de idade, plantada no espaçamento de 6 x 5 m e irrigada por microaspersão, no Campo Experimental da Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Semi-Árido, município de Petrolina - PE, com base na metodologia do balanço hídrico no solo com dados de umidade do solo medidos pela sonda de nêutrons e pelo TDR, e o padrão de distribuição espacial do sistema radicular da cultura de goiabeira. Assumiu-se a hipótese que ambos os métodos de medida de umidade do solo poderiam proporcionar resultados similares, o que levaria à semelhantes estimativas da evapotranspiração de uma cultura. A obtenção do consumo de água ou evapotranspiração de cultivo (ETc) pelo balanço hídrico foi relacionada com a evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) obtida pelos métodos do tanque classe "A" e Penman-Monteith-FAO para determinar os coeficiente de cultura (Kc) da goiabeira para a região de Petrolina - PE. Os resultados mostraram que 80% das raízes encontram-se na profundidade de 0,94 m e numa distância do tronco de 1,23 m, porém foram encontradas raízes até 1,20 m de profundidade a uma distância de 2,4 m do tronco da planta. Do total de raízes coletados nos monolitos distantes até 0,6 m do tronco da planta, 92,1% das raízes apresentaram diâmetro menor que 2 mm, 4,8% apresentaram diâmetro entre 2-5 mm, 2,7% entre 5-10 mm e apenas 0,4% com diâmetro maior que 10 mm. Para o monitoramento da água no solo e aplicações da fertilizantes e matéria orgânica, recomenda-se que seja realizado a uma distância do tronco e profundidade do solo até 0,6 m. O consumo total de água da goiabeira durante o ciclo de 200 dias foi de 691,38 e 679,17 mm determinado pelo balanço hídrico com valores de umidade obtidos pelo TDR e pela sonda de nêutrons, apresentando um valor médio de 3,70 mm/dia e 3,63 mm/dia, respectivamente. Os valores médios de Kc determinados pelo balanço hídrico no solo com dados de umidade do TDR e com valores de ETo segundo o tanque classe A e Penman-Monteith FAO foram de 0,71 e 0,79, enquanto que com a ETc obtida com resultados de umidade da sonda de nêutrons, os valores foram de 0,70 e 0,78, respectivamente. Para todas as fases fenológicas, ocorreu uma variação nos valores de Kc de 0,58 a 1,03, considerando-se todas as combinações de fonte de dados analisadas. Os valores de umidade do solo medidos pela sonda de nêutrons e pelo TDR seguiram a mesma tendência ao longo do ciclo da cultura e, conseqüentemente, proporcionaram estimativas próximas da variação de armazenamento, um dos termos da equação do balanço hídrico no solo. / A field experiment was carried out to estimate the crop water consumption in a guava cv. Paluma orchard, with two and half year-old plants in a 6 x 5 grid spacing irrigated by microsprinkler, at the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation - Agricultural Research Center of the Semi-Arid Tropic in Petrolina, Pernambuco State, Northeastern Brazil, based on the soil water balance method and the root distribuition pattern in the soil profile (digital image analysis). The soil water content was measured by two methods, the time domain reflectometry (TDR) and the neutron scattering (neutron probe). It was assumed that both soil water measuring methods provide similar values and, consequently, similar estimations of crop evapotranspiration would be obtained. The reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was measured by the class A evaporation pan and by the Penman-Monteith-FAO method. The crop coefficient (Kc) was obtained by the ETc/ETo ratio taking in account the method used to estimate the reference water consumption. Around 80% of total roots were found in the 0.94 m soil depth and until the 1,23 m distance from the trunk, although roots were observed until 1.2 m depth and 2.4 m distance from the plant row. Most of the roots sampled by the monolith method in the 0.2-0.6 m distance from the trunk presented a diameter (d) &#8804; 2 mm (92,1%), while 4.8, 2.7 and 0.4% of roots were within the 2 < d &#8804; 5 mm, 5 < d &#8804; 10 mm, and d > 10 mm intervals. Soil water monitoring and application of fertilizer and manure should be performed at a 0.6 m distance from the trunk and until 0.6 m depth. Total crop water consumption was 691.38 mm and 679.17 mm in a 200 days growing season, using the TDR and neutron probe equipments, which leaded to an average daily water consumption of 3.70 mm and 3.63 mm, respectively. Using the ETc from soil water content measured by TDR, average Kc values were 0.71 and 0.79 with ETo from pan and Penman-Monteith-FAO methods, while using the ETc from neutron probe data, average values were 0.70 and 0.78, respectively. A range from 0.58 to 1.03 was observed in all source of data combinations throughout the phenologic phases. The soil water content measured by TDR and neutron presented close values. Consequently, it was obtained close values of soil water storage changing, which is accounted in the soil water balance method.