Commercial broiler chickens are withdrawn from feed prior to harvesting, transport and processing. This feed withdrawal period does not reduce carcass yield but is significant in reducing the potential for carcass contamination from undigested feed or fecal material that may remain in the digestive tract if feed is not withdrawn. However, withdrawing feed can result in an increase in bacterial contamination due to the decrease in physiological pH during fasting. Recently, consumers are more interested in how food animals are raised, prepared for, and processed. In response to these concerns, the feasibility of developing a “feed withdrawal” feed that could be provided to commercial broilers during the traditional feed withdrawal period was evaluated. The physiological effect of fasting during the feed withdrawal period is also not well understood. The focus of this study was to determine if feedstuffs that are readily accessible to commercial feed mills was evaluated to determine if body weight loss could be reduced and commercial broilers could be processed acceptably when allowed access to this feed during the traditional feed withdrawal period. In addition, the physiological response of commercial broilers at different ages to fasting was determined. The emphasis of this study was to determine the effect of fasting periods of commercial broilers on the hormones insulin and glucagon, circulating levels of glucose and body temperature compared to fulled birds. The results of this research suggests that a “feed withdrawal feed” that is available to commercial feed mills is feasible to allow commercial broilers access to feed during the traditional feed withdrawal period and still be processed with no contamination concerns. In addition, the impact of fasting on the hormones glucagon and insulin, circulating levels of glucose and body temperature were shown to be significantly changed during a fasting period.

Given the drawbacks associated with the use of antibiotics as feed additives and the imminent banning of its use in the European Union, the aim of this project was to develop an extract that could be used as an alternative feed additive in poultry production. The desired extract preferably had to be rich in antibacterial activity to control proliferation of undesired microorganisms, and antioxidant activity to boost the immune system of the poultry. A number of trial extraction procedures were employed on dried leaf material samples to identify the best extraction method. In preliminary extraction studies, direct extraction was performed on leaf samples from the Lowveld National Botanical Gardens (LNBG) and from University of Pretoria Botanical Garden (UP). The principle aim of preliminary studies was to identify the solvents that extracted high antibacterial and antioxidant activity while also extracting large quantities of material. The secondary objective was to test for differences in activities between samples collected from LNBG and UP. Five extractants of varying polarities; acetone, ethanol, ethylacetate, dichloromethane and hexane were used. Antibacterial activity of all extracts was quantified by a serial dilution microplate technique while bioautography was used in qualitative analysis of the antibacterial active compounds. ATCC strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis were used as test organisms. Qualitative antioxidant activity was determined by using a DPPH assay on TLC plates. Results from preliminary extraction studies showed larger quantities of material were present in extracts from the LNBG sample than in the UP sample. Two major antioxidant compounds (Rf values of 0.85 and 0.35 in EMW solvent system) were seen on DPPH sprayed TLC plates, while bioautography showed the presence of a number antibacterial active compounds in the acetone, ethanol and ethylacetate extracts with Rr values ranging between 0.85 and 0.56 on TLC plates developed in the EMW solvent system. MIC values of the extracts tallied with the results from bioautography. The acetone, ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts had the highest antibacterial activity while the hexane extracts had the lowest activity with average MIC value of 0.55 mg/ml for both the LNBG and UP samples. MIC values as low as 0.04 mg/ml were measured in the acetone and ethylacetate extracts of the LNBG sample against S. aureus and E. faecalis. Based on results from preliminary extraction studies, hexane was identified as a possible pretreatment solvent for application in enrichment procedures, acetone and ethanol were chosen as the main extractants and only the LNBG sample was used for future work. Enrichment procedures were employed along two pathways; the first pathway involved the use of hexane "wash" as a pretreatment procedure prior to extraction with acetone or ethanol. The second pathway involved the use of various mixtures of acetone in water and ethanol in water as extractants. The rationale of using these various ratios was an attempt to identify solvent mixtures that would selectively extract the bioactive components or otherwise selectively remove inactive material. A serial dilution microplate method was used to determine Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) and the Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) assay was used to quantify antioxidant activity of all extracts. The optimal extract was the one developed by pretreatment with a single direct extraction with hexane prior to extraction with acetone. It had a TEAC value of 2.3, an increase in TEAC value of 283% compared to that of the crude acetone extract. The average MIC of the crude acetone extract against ATCC stains of S. aureus, Ps. aeruginosa, E. coli and E. faecalis had dropped from 0.15 mg/ml to 0.08 mg/ml in the optimal extract (an improvement in antibacterial activity of 87.5%). Since the optimal extract is intended for commercial application in poultry production, its antibacterial activity was tested against Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella enteritidis, E. coli and multi drug resistant E. coli isolated from chickens. Its in vitro toxicity was ascertained using the brine shrimp assay and the MTT cytotoxicity assay on monkey kidney cells. The optimal extract was effective against Campylobacter jejuni and Clostridium perfringens with MIC values ranging from 40 µ/ml to 80 µ/ml. It was also active against multi-resistant strains of E. coli and Salmonella enteritidis (MIC values of 125 µ/ml for both strains). LC50 results from the brine shrimp assay and the MTT cytotoxicity assay on monkey kidney cells gave values of 863 µ/ml and 226 µ/ml respectively indicating low toxicity. These results meant that though in some cases the MICs of the optimal extract were higher than befitting of typical antibiotics, due to its relatively low toxicity, large quantities of the extract may possibly be feed to achieve the desired activity without causing any toxicity in the poultry. The major antioxidant compound was isolated by silica gel column chromatography. The isolated compound was identified by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy as combretastatin BS (2', 3', 4-trihydroxyl, 3, S, 4'-trimethoxybibenzyl), previously isolated from the seeds of C. kraussii and also from C. woodii leaves. Famakin (2002) showed this compound to be the major antibacterial compound in C. woodii leaves. Combretastatin BS (CBS) demonstrated in vitro cytotoxicity in the MTT assay on monkey kidney cells with an LC50 value of 1 0 µ/ml. In vitro cytotoxicity of CBS could be due to its antimitotic activity. The TEAC value of 7.9 found in this study means that combretastatin BS has about 8 times the antioxidant capacity of vitamin E. This is the first report of the antioxidant activity of any of the combretastatins. Tolerance of broiler chickens to the optimal extract was assessed at clinically inferred doses of 2 mg/kg, Smg/kg and 10 mg/kg . After 21 days of infeed-dosing with the optimal extract, none of the chickens died or showed any behavioral signs of toxicity. There were no statistically significant differences in weight gain between broilers fed the optimal extract and the positive and negative control. There was also no positive correlation between weight gain and amount of the optimal extract incorporated in feed. Although the optimal extract did not result in significant growth promotion relative to the positive and negative control, 2 mg/kg dose regimens showed the best Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), with a 6.2% improvement compared to the negative control. The positive control was the only other feed regimen to provide a positive FCR with an improvement of 1.73% compared to the negative control. Because purchase of feed could represent up to 80% of costs of broiler production, this is an important finding. If these results can be confirmed, the product may therefore have commercial value. Repetition of the experiment with lower doses of the optimal extract on poultry challenged with bacterial infections is required to confirm the commercial applicability of this product. Copyright / Dissertation (MSc (Paraclinical Science))--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Paraclinical Sciences / unrestricted

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-02-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:27:53Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 goncalves_jc_dr_botfmvz.pdf: 385502 bytes, checksum: f252f5f8c1f09237dda0f395ffd9cb72 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os níveis de inclusão de silagem de grãos úmidos de sorgo (SGUS) em substituição ao milho seco da ração sobre o desempenho, rendimento de carcaça, cortes e gordura abdominal, além de avaliação econômica da criação alternativa, no período de 1 a 49 dias de idade. Também foi avaliada a digestibilidade das rações aos 21 dias de idade. O trabalho foi conduzido no Laboratório de Nutrição de Aves da FMVZ, UNESP - Campus de Botucatu e para as análises de desempenho e rendimento de carcaça foram distribuídos no galpão, 600 pintos machos (Cobb), com um dia de idade, vacinados no incubatório contra Gumboro, Marek e Bouba aviária em um delineamento em blocos casualizados, com seis tratamentos (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 e 50% de inclusão SGUS em substituição ao milho seco da ração), com quatro repetições de 25 aves cada, totalizando 100 aves por tratamento. Em relação a digestibilidade, foram alojados na câmara climatizada termoneutra, 72 pintainhos em 24 gaiolas, sendo 3 aves/gaiola, totalizando 12 aves/tratamento. Os tratamentos experimentais e manejo foram os mesmos adotados para o galpão. A inclusão de silagem nas rações foi feita considerando-se o teor de umidade do milho e da silagem, mantendo a mesma proporção de matéria seca de milho nas mesmas, com o fator de correção 1,220. A SGUS pode substituir em até 50% o milho seco das rações de frangos de corte alternativos criados até 49 dias de idade, sem alterar desempenho, rendimento de carcaça, cortes e gordura abdominal, bem como a digestibilidade de nutrientes aos 21 dias de idade. Entretanto, o maior retorno econômico e melhor fator de produção foi obtido com 10% de substituição. / The objective of this study was to evaluate levels of inclusion of high moisture sorghum grains silage (HMSS) in substitution of dry corn in diet on performance, carcass yield, cuts and abdominal fat, and also economic analysis of alternative system at 1 to 49 d of age. The digestibility of diets was determined at 21 d of age. The experiment was carried out at the Poultry Nutrition Laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil and to performance and carcass yield analysis were used 600 one-day-old male broiler chicks (Cobb), installed in a broiler house, vaccinated against Gumboro, Marekis and Bouba Aviária disease in a randomized blocks, with six treatments based on the inclusion of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% of HMSS in substitution of dry corn, four replicates/treatment of 25 chicks each, totalizing 100 chickens per treatment. With regard to digestibility were housed to the termoneutral acclimatized chamber 72 one-day-old male chicks (Cobb) in 24 cages, 3 chicks/cage, 12 chicks/treatment. The experimental treatments and management had been the same adopted for the broiler house. The inclusion of silage in the rations was performed considering the corn and silage humidity amount, keeping the same proportion of dry matter of corn with the correction factor 1,220. HMSS can be included up to 50% in substitution of dry corn in the diet of alternative broiler chickens with 49 d of age, without modifying performance, carcass yield, cuts and abdominal fat, as well as the digestibility at the age of 21 d. However, better economic return and production factor had gotten with 10% of substitution.

SOARES, Marcelo Borges. Inclusão do farelo da amêndoa da castanha de caju na ração de postura para codornas. 2005. 37 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Zootecnia, Fortaleza-CE, 2005 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-08-04T13:42:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2005_dis_mbsoares.pdf: 252283 bytes, checksum: 3a050dd6211d5e5be7874a1f5a27c149 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-08-04T13:43:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2005_dis_mbsoares.pdf: 252283 bytes, checksum: 3a050dd6211d5e5be7874a1f5a27c149 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-04T13:43:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2005_dis_mbsoares.pdf: 252283 bytes, checksum: 3a050dd6211d5e5be7874a1f5a27c149 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / This study was undertaken to evaluate bird performance and egg characteristics of japanese quails fed diets containing 0; 4; 8; 12; 16 and 20% of cashew nut meal (CNM). A total of 270 japanese quails with 17 weeks of age were weighed and distributed in a completely randomized design with six treatments and nine replicates of five birds in each experimental unit. Diets were isonutrient and during nine weeks of experimental period birds received feed and water ad libitum along with 16 hours lighting. Feed intake was not affected by the inclusion of CNM. Regression analysis, excluding diet with 0% CNM, showed that egg production, egg weight, egg mass and feed conversion decreased linearly as dietary CNM levels increased in diets. Percentages of albumen and yolk as well as yolk color, however, showed a quadratic effect as dietary CNM levels increased.Albumen percentage and yolk color increased and yolk percentage decreased as CNM increased up to the level of 9% of the diet. Comparing to the control diet only treatment with 20% CNM produced significantly (P<0.05) lower egg production, egg weight, egg mass, yolk color and bird feed conversion. In conclusion CNM can be included in japanese quail diets in levels up to 16%. / Este experimento foi conduzido para avaliar o desempenho e as características dos ovos de codornas japonesas alimentadas com rações contendo 0; 4; 8; 12; 16 e 20% de farelo da amêndoa da castanha de caju (FACC). Duzentos e setenta codornas com 17 semanas de idade foram pesadas e distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos e nove repetições de cinco aves cada. As rações foram formuladas para conterem os mesmos níveis de (PB, EM, Ca, P, Metionina + cistina e Sódio) e durante as nove semanas do período experimental as aves receberam ração e água á vontade e 16 horas de luz. O consumo de ração não foi afetado pela inclusão do FACC, mas a análise de regressão, excluindo-se a ração com 0% de FACC, mostrou que a produção de ovos, peso e massa de ovo e a conversão alimentar decresceu linearmente com a inclusão do FACC. Para a percentagem de albúmem e gema, assim como, para coloração da gema houve efeito quadrático. A percentagem de albúmem e a coloração da gema aumentaram e, a percentagem de gema diminuiu com a inclusão do FACC em níveis acima de 9%. Comparado ao controle, apenas o tratamento com 20% de inclusão do FACC resultou em menor produção de ovos, peso e massa de ovo, coloração da gema e pior conversão alimentar. Conclui-se que o FACC pode ser incluido nas rações de postura para codornas japonesas em níveis de até 16%.

Submitted by Thiago Henrique Borghi (thiagoborghi@zootecnista.com.br) on 2018-04-11T23:21:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Thiago_Henrique_Borghi.pdf: 1802141 bytes, checksum: f369b9e43f00fc37fb914e8be1cfef75 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alexandra Maria Donadon Lusser Segali null (alexmar@fcav.unesp.br) on 2018-04-12T11:23:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 borghi_th_dr_jabo.pdf: 1802141 bytes, checksum: f369b9e43f00fc37fb914e8be1cfef75 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-12T11:23:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 borghi_th_dr_jabo.pdf: 1802141 bytes, checksum: f369b9e43f00fc37fb914e8be1cfef75 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-06 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho, a digestibilidade dos nutrientes, os parâmetros quantitativos da carcaça e os qualitativos e sensoriais da carne de cordeiros Ile de France terminados em confinamento, recebendo dietas com crescentes inclusões de farinha de algas marinhas. Foram utilizados 32 cordeiros não castrados com aproximadamente 60 dias de idade e 20 ± 0,2 kg de peso corporal, alojados em baias individuais e abatidos aos 35,0 ± 0,2 kg. Os tratamentos foram compostos por quatro dietas: D0- silagem de milho + concentrado sem farinha de algas; D2- silagem de milho + concentrado + 2% de farinha de algas; D4- silagem de milho + concentrado + 4% de farinha de algas e D6- silagem de milho + concentrado + 6% de farinha de algas. A relação volumoso:concentrado foi 40:60, compondo dietas com semelhantes teores proteicos (15%) e energéticos (3,3 Mcal de energia digestível/kg de matéria seca). Os dados foram avaliados num delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e oito repetições. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e regressão, com os graus de liberdade desdobrados em efeitos linear, quadrático e cúbico. As inclusões de farinha de algas marinhas influenciaram (P<0,05) o consumo de nutrientes, com efeito linear decrescente para matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), fibra insolúvel em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra insolúvel em detergente ácido (FDA) e energia bruta (EB), e crescente para a fração EE (extrato etéreo). Da mesma forma, a digestibilidade dos nutrientes foi influenciada (P<0,05) pelas inclusões de farinha de algas marinhas, com efeito linear decrescente para as variáveis MS, MO, FDN, FDA, CHOT e CNF. A digestibilidade da fração EE apresentou efeito (P<0,05) linear crescente e a PB, efeito (P<0,05) quadrático. O peso do fígado dos animais aumentou (P<0,05) linearmente. As medidas das papilas ruminais dos cordeiros diminuíram (P<0,05) com as inclusões de farinha de algas marinhas nas dietas. Na avaliação do desempenho, foram observados efeitos (P<0,05) lineares crescente para dias de confinamento (DC) e decrescente para ingestão de matéria seca (IMS) e ganho médio diário de peso (GMDP). A conversão alimentar (CA) dos cordeiros não foi alterada (P>0,05). Os rendimentos da carcaça e dos cortes comerciais, as perdas por resfriamento e as medidas do músculo longissimus não foram alteradas (P>0,05). Não foram observadas diferenças significativas para as características físico-químicas da carne dos cordeiros. Na análise sensorial, houve efeito (P<0,05) linear decrescente para os atributos odor, sabor e na intenção de compra dos consumidores. As inclusões de farinha de algas marinhas nas dietas não alteraram (P>0,05) a composição centesimal da carne dos cordeiros. Foram observados efeitos (P<0,05) lineares decrescente no teor de colesterol e crescente para a oxidação lipídica da carne dos animais. No perfil de ácidos graxos houve aumento (P<0,05) na concentração dos ácidos 16:0, 17:0, 18:1 n-7, 18:2 c9t11, 20:5 n-3 e 22:6 n-3 e redução dos ácidos graxos 18:0, 18:1 n-9 e 18:2 n-6. As concentrações de ácidos graxos monoinsaturados (AGMI), ácidos graxos poli-insaturados (AGPI) e as relações AGMI:AGS e AGPI:AGS apresentaram efeito (P<0,05) quadrático. Houve efeitos (P<0,05) linear decrescente no total de ácidos graxos n-6 e quadrático para os da família n-3 e na relação n-6:n-3. A atividade das enzimas dessaturase 16 diminuiu (P<0,05) linearmente. Foi observado efeito quadrático (P<0,05) para a atividade da enzima elongase, nos índices de aterogenicidade e trombogenicidade, nas concentrações de ácidos graxos hiper e hipocolesterolêmicos e na relação h:H. A farinha de algas marinhas não se mostrou uma alternativa interessante, uma vez que consumo e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes é prejudicada, acarretando em menor desempenho dos animais. O incremento de ácido palmítico na carne dos cordeiros sobrepõem todos os benefícios inerentes aos ácidos graxos da família n-3. / This study was undertaken to evaluate the performance, nutrient digestibility, quantitative parameters of carcass, and qualitative and sensory parameters of meat in feedlot-finished lambs fed diets with increasing levels of marine algae meal inclusion. Thirty-two newly weaned 60-day-old uncastrated Ile de France lambs weighing 20.0 ± 0.2 kg body weight were used. The animals were housed in invidual pens and slaughtered at 35.0 ± 0.2 kg. The treatments were composed of four diets: D0- corn silage + concentrate without algae meal; D2- corn silage + concentrate + 2% algae meal; D4- corn silage + concentrate + 4% algae meal; and D6- corn silage + concentrate + 6% algae meal. The roughage:concentrate ratio was 40:60, and diets were formulated with similar protein (15%) and energy (3.3 Mcal digestible energy/kg DM) contents. The data were evaluated in a completely randomized experimental design, with four treatments and eight replications. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and regression. The algae meal contente were broken down into linear, quadratic and cubic effects. Marine algae meal levels influenced (P<0.05) nutrient intake, with a linear decrease seen in DM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF and GE; the opposite effect was found on EE, which increased linearly. Likewise, nutrient digestibility was influenced (P<0.05) by the algae meal levels, which linearly reduced the digestibilities of DM, OM, NDF, ADF, TC, and NFC. The digestibility of the EE fraction rose linearly (P<0.05), whereas that of CP responded (P<0.05) quadratically. Liver weight increased (P<0.05) linearly. Rumen papillary measurements in the lambs decreased (P<0.05) as the meal was included in the diet. In the performance trial, a linear increase (P<0.05) was observed for days in the feedlot, while dry matter intake and average daily weight gain decreased linearly. Feed conversion did not change (P>0.05). The yields of carcass and primal cuts, chilling losses, and longissimus muscle measurements did not differ (P>0.05). Likewise, no significant differences were observed for the lamb meat physicochemical traits. Sensory analysis revealed a linear (P<0.05) decrease in the attributes aroma, taste, and consumers’ purchase intention. Dietary inclusion of marine algae meal did not influence (P>0.05) the centesimal composition of lamb meat. The meat cholesterol content decreased linearly (P<0.05) and lipid oxidation responded in the opposite direction, increasing linearly. In the fatty acid profile, increasing linear (P<0.05) effects were found for the concentrations of 16:0, 17:0, 18:1 n-7, 18:2 c9t11, 20:5 n-3, and 22:6 n-3 fatty acids, while 18:0, 18:1 n-9, and 18:2 n-6 decreased linearly. Concentrations of MUFA and PUFA and MUFA:SFA and PUFA:SFA ratios had a quadratic response (P<0.05). The treatments elicited a linear decrease (P<0.05) in total n6 fatty acids, while fatty acids of the n-3 family and n-6:n-3 ratio responded quadratically. The desaturase-16 enzyme activity declined linearly (P<0.05). Elongase activity, atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indices, hyper- and hypo-cholesterolemic fatty acid concentrations, and h:H ratio responded quadratically (P<0.05). The marine algae meal did not show an interesting alternative, since consumption and the digestibility of the nutrients is impaired, leading to lower performance of the animals. The increase of palmitic acid in the lamb meat overlies all the benefits inherent to the n-3 family of fatty acids. / FAPESP: 16/02311-1

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / Este experimento foi conduzido para avaliar o desempenho e as caracterÃsticas dos ovos de codornas japonesas alimentadas com raÃÃes contendo 0; 4; 8; 12; 16 e 20% de farelo da amÃndoa da castanha de caju (FACC). Duzentos e setenta codornas com 17 semanas de idade foram pesadas e distribuÃdas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos e nove repetiÃÃes de cinco aves cada. As raÃÃes foram formuladas para conterem os mesmos nÃveis de (PB, EM, Ca, P, Metionina + cistina e SÃdio) e durante as nove semanas do perÃodo experimental as aves receberam raÃÃo e Ãgua à vontade e 16 horas de luz. O consumo de raÃÃo nÃo foi afetado pela inclusÃo do FACC, mas a anÃlise de regressÃo, excluindo-se a raÃÃo com 0% de FACC, mostrou que a produÃÃo de ovos, peso e massa de ovo e a conversÃo alimentar decresceu linearmente com a inclusÃo do FACC. Para a percentagem de albÃmem e gema, assim como, para coloraÃÃo da gema houve efeito quadrÃtico. A percentagem de albÃmem e a coloraÃÃo da gema aumentaram e, a percentagem de gema diminuiu com a inclusÃo do FACC em nÃveis acima de 9%. Comparado ao controle, apenas o tratamento com 20% de inclusÃo do FACC resultou em menor produÃÃo de ovos, peso e massa de ovo, coloraÃÃo da gema e pior conversÃo alimentar. Conclui-se que o FACC pode ser incluido nas raÃÃes de postura para codornas japonesas em nÃveis de atà 16%. / This study was undertaken to evaluate bird performance and egg characteristics of japanese quails fed diets containing 0; 4; 8; 12; 16 and 20% of cashew nut meal (CNM). A total of 270 japanese quails with 17 weeks of age were weighed and distributed in a completely randomized design with six treatments and nine replicates of five birds in each experimental unit. Diets were isonutrient and during nine weeks of experimental period birds received feed and water ad libitum along with 16 hours lighting. Feed intake was not affected by the inclusion of CNM. Regression analysis, excluding diet with 0% CNM, showed that egg production, egg weight, egg mass and feed conversion decreased linearly as dietary CNM levels increased in diets. Percentages of albumen and yolk as well as yolk color, however, showed a quadratic effect as dietary CNM levels increased.Albumen percentage and yolk color increased and yolk percentage decreased as CNM increased up to the level of 9% of the diet. Comparing to the control diet only treatment with 20% CNM produced significantly (P<0.05) lower egg production, egg weight, egg mass, yolk color and bird feed conversion. In conclusion CNM can be included in japanese quail diets in levels up to 16%.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Foram utilizados 30 leitÃes fÃmeas e machos castrados, de linhagem comercial, desmamados com mÃdia de 21 dias de idade e com mÃdia de 6,65 kg de peso vivo, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes nÃveis inclusÃo de quirera de arroz sobre o desempenho zootÃcnico, freqÃÃncia de diarrÃia, bem como a viabilidade econÃmica, em leitÃes na fase de creche I (21 a 42 dias de idade), fase de creche II (43 a 63 dias de idade) e no perÃodo total (21 a 63 dias de idade). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos (nÃveis de inclusÃo de quirera de arroz: 0,0; 14,0; 28,0; 42,0 e 56,0%), e 6 repetiÃÃes por tratamento, sendo a unidade experimental constituÃda por um animal. O critÃrio usado para formaÃÃo dos blocos foi o peso inicial dos animais. De acordo com a anÃlise de regressÃo, nÃo foram observados efeitos significativos entre os nÃveis de inclusÃo da quirera de arroz nas raÃÃes em nenhuma das variÃveis de desempenho zootÃcnico, assim como, nÃo houve diferenÃa significativa entre o tratamento controle e os tratamentos que receberam a inclusÃo da quirera de arroz quando comparados pelo teste de Dunnett (5%). Os resultados das observaÃÃes da frequÃncia de diarrÃia indicaram que a inclusÃo da quirera de arroz nÃo proporcionou alteraÃÃes na incidÃncia de diarrÃia nos animais. Segundo o estudo econÃmico realizado a inclusÃo da quirera de arroz mostrou-se viÃvel atà o nÃvel de 56,0%. Portanto, pode se concluir que a utilizaÃÃo da quirera de arroz em raÃÃes de suÃnos na fase de creche foi tecnicamente e economicamente viÃvel atà o nÃvel de 56,0% de inclusÃo. / It was used 30 piglets, castrated male and female, of commercial lineage, weaned at 21 days of age and with average live weight of 6.65 kg, with the objective to evaluating the effect of the inclusion of different levels of broken rice on the frequency of diarrhea, productive performance, how so the economic viability of piglets in the nursery phase I (21 to 42 days of age), nursery phase II (43 to 63 days of age), and total period (21 to 63 days of age), how so the economic viability. The experimental design used was a randomized blocks randomized, with 5 treatments (inclusion levels of broken rice: 0,0; 14,0; 28,0; 42,0 and 56,0%) and 6 replicates per treatment, being the experimental unit (part) consists of an animal. The criterion used for block formation was the initial weight of piglets. According to regression analysis, were not observed significant effects between the levels of inclusion of broken rice in diets in any of the variables of zootechnical performance, as well as, there were not significant difference between control treatment and treatments with the inclusion levels of broken rice when compared by Dunnett test (5%). The results of observations of the frequency of diarrhea indicated that the inclusion of broken rice provided no changes in the incidence of diarrhea in animals. According to the economic study the inclusion of broken rice proved viable until the level of 56.0%. Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of broken rice in diets of pigs in the nursery phase was technically and economically viable until the level of 56,0% for inclusion

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos dos nÃveis de fibra em detergente neutro (14,5; 16,5; 18,5% de FDN) na raÃÃo de crescimento (7 a 17 semanas de idade) sobre a qualidade Ãssea de poedeiras leves e semipesadas, 840 frangas foram distribuÃdas em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial dois x trÃs (duas linhagens x trÃs nÃveis de FDN) com quatro repetiÃÃes de 35 aves. Durante essa fase, semanalmente, as aves e a raÃÃo foram pesadas e, na 17 semana, foram selecionadas duas aves por parcela para serem sacrificadas e retirada das coxas e sobrecoxas, que apÃs desossadas forneceram os ossos, fÃmur e tÃbia, para mensuraÃÃo do comprimento, peso, Ãndice de Seedor, resistÃncia e deformidade. Ao final da fase de crescimento, as aves foram transferidas para o galpÃo de postura, mantendo-se o mesmo delineamento experimental, sendo cada parcela experimental composta por 14 aves, totalizando 336 aves. Para avaliar a qualidade Ãssea das poedeiras, foi realizado o abate de uma ave por parcela na 35 semana de idade, sendo adotado os procedimentos da fase anterior. Conforme a anÃlise dos dados nÃo houve interaÃÃo significativa entre os fatores nÃvel de FDN e linhagem para todas as variÃveis avaliadas nas diferentes fases. O nÃvel de FDN da raÃÃo nÃo influenciou significativamente o crescimento, a qualidade e a composiÃÃo dos ossos, ao final da fase de crescimento e na fase de postura, bem como, a qualidade da casca dos ovos produzidos. Quanto ao efeito da linhagem, as aves semipesadas apresentaram fÃmures e tÃbias maiores e mais pesados, com maior Ãndice de Seedor e menor deformidade, teor de cinzas e proteÃna que as aves leves. Entretanto, a resistÃncia nÃo variou significativamente entre as linhagens. As aves leves apresentaram melhores medidas de qualidade da casca. As raÃÃes destinadas à alimentaÃÃo das frangas na fase crescimento podem conter atà 18,5% de FDN sem que ocorram problemas no desenvolvimento e na qualidade Ãssea das poedeiras. / Our objective was to evaluate the effects of levels of neutral detergent fiber (14.5, 16.5, 18.5% NDF) in the growing ration (7 to 17 week of age) on bone quality of light and semi-heavy birds, this way 840 birds were distributed in a completely randomized with a factorial design 2 x 3 (two lines x three levels of NDF) with four replicates of 35 birds. During this phase, weekly, feed the birds were weighed, and at 17 weeks, two birds were selected per plot to be sacrificed and to remove thighs and drumsticks, which after remove the bones supplied femur and tibia for measuring length, weight, index Seedor, resistance and deformity. At the end of the growth phase the birds were transferred to the laying house, keeping the same experimental design, each plot consisted of 14 birds, totaling 336 birds. To evaluate the bone quality of laying hens, a bird was killed of per plot at 35 weeks of age, and adopted the procedures of the previous phase. As the data analysis no significant interaction between the factors NDF level and lineage for all variables at different stages. The NDF level of the diet did not significantly influence the growth, bones composition and quality in growing and laying phases. Regarding the effect of lineage, semi-heavy birds showed larger and heavier femurs and tibia, with higher Seedor index and lower deformity, ash and proteins than light birds. Howerver, resistance did not vary significantly among lineages. Light birds had better measures of shell quality. The rations used for feeding of pullets in the growing phase may contain up to 18.5% NDF without problems occur in development and bone quality of laying hens.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:47:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Junior_Antonio_Decarli.pdf: 458430 bytes, checksum: 7143459c6921785611288158636e97b3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Current investigation evaluates the productive performance, carcass characteristics, chemical composition and biochemical parameters of catfish Rhamdia voulezi juveniles reared in cages and fed on diets with different meat hydrolysates. Three hundred and twenty juveniles, average initial weight 35.5 ± 0.3 g, distributed in sixteen 0.3 m3 hapas, were installed in four 4 m3 cages, in a randomized block design with four treatments and four replicates. Treatments included 60g pig liver hydrolysate/kg of diet, 40g tilapia carcass hydrolysate/kg of diet and 60g sardine hydrolysate/kg of diet. All treatments were isoproteic and isocaloric. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and then by Tukey´s test at 5% probability by SAEG statistical program. Results show that meat hydrolysates may be added to diets for the feeding of catfish / O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho zootécnico, as características da carcaça, a composição química e os parâmetros bioquímicos de juvenis de jundiá Rhamdia voulezi criados em tanques-rede e alimentados com diferentes hidrolisados cárneos incluídos na dieta. Para isso, foram distribuídos 320 juvenis com peso médio inicial de 35,5 ± 0,3 g em 16 hapas de 0,3 m3 de volume útil instalados em quatro tanques-rede de 4 m3, em um delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos constituíram-se da inclusão de 60 g de hidrolisado de fígado suíno/kg de ração, 40 g de hidrolisado de carcaça de tilápia/kg de ração e 60 g de hidrolisado de sardinha/kg de ração, sendo elas formuladas para serem isoproteicas e isoenergéticas. Os dados foram submetidos à Anova e posteriormente ao teste de Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade utilizando o programa estatístico SAEG. Os hidrolisados cárneos podem ser adicionados em rações para a alimentação do jundiá

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:47:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Edson_Richart.pdf: 998274 bytes, checksum: 1e2e2ed50b8a45af5839a0ad5d66aef4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In order to conduct a nutritional evaluation of meal from tilapia filleting industrial waste (FRIFT) for barrows from 15 to 30 kg, three experiments were accomplished: energy digestibility, amino acids digestibility and animal performance. In the first experiment, the chemical composition and digestible and metabolizable energy of FRIFT was determined, using eight crossbred barrows with average initial weight of 15.10kg ±0.74kg were used, which were distributed individually in metabolism cages. The experimental design was completely randomized with two treatments and four replicates per treatment. The FRIFT replaced 20% the reference diet, based on corn, soybean meal, vitamins, minerals and amino acids. The experimental period lasted 12 days, of which seven to adapt to the cages and the experimental diets and five days for collection of urine and feces. The values of fat, Ca and P of FRIFT, corresponding to 16.82, 6.98 and 3.52%, were higher than those found in the literature. The values of digestible and metabolizable energy of FRIFT corresponded to 3,632 and 3,260 kcal/kg, respectively, for crossbred barrows from 15 to 30 kg. In the second experiment, the coefficients of ileal digestibility of amino acids of FRIFT were determined, having been used 8 crossbred barrows, with an average initial weight of 15.00 ± 0.27 kg, in a completely randomized design with two treatments and four replications and the treatments consisted of a basal diet whose the only protein source was FRIFT, and other protein-free diet, in order to determine the excretion of endogenous amino acids. The basal diet was formulated with sugar, starch, rice hulls, soybean oil, vitamins, minerals and additives. The chromic oxide was used as an indicator in determining the digestibility coefficients. The animals were fed twice daily, based on metabolic size, during 6 days. The pigs were then submitted to the collection of ileal digesta, by the method of sacrifice. The dry matter, crude protein, amino acid and chromic oxide of digesta, rations and feeds were determined. The endogenous loss of amino acids was variable, as leucine and threonine showed the greatest losses, of 33 and 28 mg / kg DIP consumed, respectively. The coefficients of true ileal digestibility of amino acids of FRIFT for arginine, lysine and methionine were 84.46, 76.60 and 82.43%, respectively, similar to those proposed in contemporary literature. In the third experiment, the growth performance and economic were evaluated for barrows fed diets containing different levels of FRIFT. A total of 40 crossbred barrows with an initial weight of 15.00 ± 0.87 kg were used in a randomized block design, with five treatments (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% FRIFT), 4 replicates and 2 animals per experimental unit, distributed in treatments based on kinship and initial weight. The animals were housed in demonstrative experimental nursery endowed with elevated metal pens, polypropylene floor and screened sides, equipped with semi-automatic feeders and nipple drinkers, located in masonry building. The experimental diets were formulated based on corn, soybean meal, minerals, vitamins, amino acids and additives. Levels of 0 to 10% of FRIFT inclusion in the diets did not affect the final weight (FW) and average daily gain (ADG) of pigs by Dunnett test (P<0.05), but 15% of FRIFT inclusion resulted in decrease of FW and ADG. The average values of feed conversion (FC) were different (P<0.05) by Dunnett test only for the highest level of FRIFT inclusion in relation to the reference diet. For this level (20% FRIFT), there was increase in FC and therefore worsening in pigs performance. There was decreasing linear effect of levels of FRIFT on variables FW (P=0.01), ADG (P=0.01) and increased linear effect on FC (P=0.01). There was no difference (P>0.05) for the total cost of ration (TCR) in any level of inclusion of FRIFT by Dunnett test, compared with the reference diet. Even though, the proportional gain of pigs (PGP) and bioeconomic index (BI) had the best results (P<0.05) only for the reference diet, and 5% of FRIFT has worsened in results. The ratio proportional gain of pigs: feed cost (PGP:FC) worsened (P<0.05) with 10% of FRIFT inclusion in the diets. Levels up to 10% of FRIFT inclusion in diets for barrows from 15 to 30kg, replacing soybean meal, did not harm the ADG and FC of the animals. However, the inclusion of 5% FRIFT impaired the economic performance, making it impracticable to include this food in diets for starting pigs / Com o objetivo de realizar uma avaliação nutricional da farinha dos resíduos industriais de filetagem da tilápia (FRIFT) para suínos, machos castrados, dos 15 aos 30 kg, foram realizados três experimentos: digestibilidade da energia, digestibilidade dos aminoácidos e desempenho zootécnico. No primeiro experimento, foi determinada a composição bromatológica e os valores de energia digestível e metabolizável da FRIFT, utilizando-se 8 suínos, com peso médio inicial de 15,10kg ± 0,74kg, os quais foram distribuídos individualmente em gaiolas de metabolismo. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com dois tratamentos e quatro repetições por tratamento. A FRIFT substituiu em 20% a ração referência, à base de milho, farelo de soja, vitaminas, minerais e aminoácidos. O período experimental teve duração de 12 dias, dos quais sete de adaptação às gaiolas e às rações experimentais e cinco dias de coleta de urina e fezes. Os teores de gordura, Ca e P da FRIFT, correspondentes a 16,82; 6,98 e 3,52%; foram superiores aos encontrados na literatura. Os valores de energia digestível e metabolizável da FRIFT corresponderam a 3.632 e 3.260 kcal/kg, respectivamente, para suínos mestiços, machos castrados, dos 15 aos 30 kg. No segundo experimento, foram determinados os coeficientes de digestibilidade ileal dos aminoácidos da FRIFT, tendo sido utilizados 8 suínos, mestiços, machos castrados, com peso médio inicial de 15,00 ±0,27 kg, em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com dois tratamentos e quatro repetições, sendo os tratamentos constituídos de uma ração basal, cuja única fonte protéica era a FRIFT, e outra ração sem proteína, com a finalidade de determinar a excreção endógena de aminoácidos. A ração basal foi formulada à base de açúcar, amido, casca de arroz, óleo de soja, vitaminas, minerais e aditivos. Utilizou-se o óxido crômico como indicador na determinação dos coeficientes de digestibilidade. Os animais foram arraçoados duas vezes ao dia, com base no tamanho metabólico, durante 6 dias. Os suínos foram então submetidos à coleta das digestas ileais, pelo método do sacrifício. Foram determinados os valores de matéria seca, proteína bruta, óxido crômico e aminoácidos das digestas, rações e dos alimentos. A perda endógena de aminoácidos foi variável, sendo que leucina e treonina apresentaram as maiores perdas, de 33 e 28 mg/kg de DIP consumida, respectivamente. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade ileal verdadeira dos aminoácidos da FRIFT, para arginina, lisina e metionina foram de 84,46; 76,60 e 82,43%, respectivamente, sendo semelhantes aos propostos na literatura contemporânea. No terceiro experimento, foi avaliado o desempenho zootécnico e econômico de suínos alimentados com rações contendo diferentes níveis de FRIFT. Foram utilizados 40 suínos, com peso inicial de 15,00 ±0,87 kg, distribuídos em um delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com 5 tratamentos (0; 5; 10; 15 e 20% de FRIFT), 4 repetições e 2 animais por unidade experimental, distribuídos nos tratamentos com base no parentesco e peso inicial. Os animais foram alojados na creche demonstrativa experimental, dotada de baias metálicas suspensas, piso de polipropileno e laterais teladas, dotadas de comedouros semi-automáticos e de bebedouros tipo chupeta, localizada em prédio de alvenaria. As rações experimentais foram formuladas à base de milho, farelo de soja, minerais, vitaminas, aminoácidos e aditivos. Níveis de 0 a 10% de inclusão de FRIFT nas rações não alteraram o peso final (PF) e o ganho de peso diário (GPD) dos suínos, pelo teste de Dunnett (P<0,05), sendo que a partir de 15% de inclusão de FRIFT já houve decréscimo no PF e GPD dos animais. As médias da variável conversão alimentar (CA) diferiram (P<0,05), pelo teste de Dunnett, apenas para o último nível de inclusão de FRIFT em relação à ração referência. Para este nível (20% de FRIFT), houve aumento no valor da CA e, portanto, piora no desempenho os suínos. Houve efeito linear decrescente dos níveis de inclusão de FRIFT sobre as variáveis PF (P=0,01), GPD (P=0,01) e efeito linear crescente sobre a CA (P=0,01). Não foi observada diferença (P>0,05) para o custo total da ração (CTR) em nenhum dos níveis de inclusão de FRIFT, pelo teste de Dunnett, quando comparados com a ração referência. Ainda assim, as variáveis ganho proporcional de suínos (GPS) e índice bioeconômico (IBE) apresentaram os melhores resultados (P<0,05) apenas para a ração referência, sendo que a partir de 5% de inclusão de FRIFT já houve piora nos resultados. Já a relação ganho proporcional de suínos:custo da ração (GP:CR) apresentou piora (P<0,05) a partir de 10% de inclusão da FRIFT nas rações. Níveis de até 10% de inclusão da FRIFT, em rações para suínos, machos castrados, dos 15 aos 30kg, em substituição ao farelo de soja, não prejudicaram o GPD e a CA dos animais. Entretanto, a inclusão de 5% de FRIFT influenciou negativamente as variáveis de desempenho econômico, tornando inviável a inclusão desse alimento em dietas para suínos na fase inicial