Coronapandemin har skapat stora konsekvenser för världens befolkning och i Sverige har restriktioner och rekommendationer införts som begränsat människors liv. Tidigare forskning gällande livskvalitet under pandemin har bedrivits utanför Sverige med kvantitativa mätinstrument. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka upplevd livskvalitet i Sverige under pendemin. Tolv individer, varav sex män och sex kvinnor, mellan 20-52 år med olika sysselsättningar medverkade. Semistrukturerade intervjuer användes vid insamlingen av data och tematisk analys användes vid databearbetningen. Resultatet visade att det sociala livet förändrats, mer tid spenderats i hemmet och att livsstilen blivit mer stillasittande. Det fanns även en större förväntan att kunna leda sig själv i form av att skapa rutiner. Nära relationer och betydelsefulla fritidsaktiviteter ökade livskvaliteten under pandemin medan den begränsade rörligheten i samhället minskade livskvaliteten. Studiens slutsats var att individens förmåga till anpassning avgjorde hur livskvaliteten upplevdes under pandemin. Vidare forskning föreslogs studera livskvaliteten över tid under pandemin.

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Abstract An estimated 33% to 54% of hospital nurses exhibit signs of emotional stress and decreased well-being, which is associated with a negative impact on nurses’ health, job performance, patient care outcomes, and healthcare cost. This project sought to improve nurse well-being by providing nurses with education on mindfulness-based practices. The practice question addressed whether implementing a mindfulness-based education strategy for nurses improved nurse well-being. Three models informed this project: the health promotion model, the andragogical model, and Kirkpatrick’s 4 levels of training evaluation. Sources of evidence included the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and a knowledge assessment administered to 10 registered nurse participants before and after a 6-week education program. An overall evaluation was also given at the end of the program. Analytical strategies included frequency distributions for demographics and program evaluation as well as measuring the mean difference between pre- and postscores using a paired t test for the MBI and the knowledge assessment. The results of this project demonstrated a significant improvement between pre- and postscores for basic knowledge of mindfulness practices (p = .004), confidence in performing mindfulness practices (p = .001), ability to apply mindfulness practices in the work setting (p = .004), participant’s belief that applying mindfulness practices supports self care (p = .013), and improvement in emotional exhaustion (p = .025). The implications are that teaching nurses mindfulness strategies can decrease emotional exhaustion and stress. Recommendations are to continue this program. The positive impact on social change included improved nurse well-being leading to better patient outcomes.

This research aimed at identifying patterns of substance abuse among South African adolescents and exploring the relationship between psychological well-being and substance abuse. A thorough understanding of the numerous aetiologies suggested to account for substance abuse were set out at the beginning of the study, as these are crucial to the effective understanding of any high risk behaviour. Psychological well-being was examined as a psychological construct so as to allow for a proper understanding of the term. In this study, 1 918 learners from 13 schools in the Tshwane area participated. The sample consisted of learners from 12 to 19 years of age, 802 males and 1 005 females, from Indian, Coloured, White and Black cultural groups. The students completed a life skills questionnaire that comprised of a Psychological Well-Being Scale, the Life Satisfaction Questionnaire as well as various questions regarding high risk behaviours including substance use. A factor analysis was used to explore characteristics of the Psychological Well-Being Scale. It was found to be a reliable measure for this sample group. Self-report substance abuse patterns of the respondents were recorded. It was found that substance abuse (drinking, binge drinking, drug use) increases with age and that nearly twice as many male adolescents abuse substances. Culture was found to be a determining factor with regard to drinking and binge drinking, however, it was not found to influence drug use. In multifactorial analyses of variance it was found that both psychological well-being and life satisfaction had a significant relationship with drug abuse although no causality can be attributed from the results. Engel’s Biopsychosocial Model and Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model were used to explain the complexity of the relationship between psychological well-being and substance abuse. Both models highlighted that in order to understand the adolescent, it is crucial to examine his or her cultural and familial behaviours that support their high risk activities. / Dissertation (MA (Clinical Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Psychology / unrestricted

Family attachment is viewed as the bonds between children, adolescents (in the case of this study) and significant others in their household with whom they form close emotional bonds in the process of growing up. This mixed method study explores to what extent the quality of attachment relationships can contribute to the kinds of relationship in families that would promote attachment. Such attachment is regarded as being associated with greater adolescent well-being. The experience of family attachment from the perspective of adolescents and how their perception of their attachment to their families impacts on their sense of well-being is thus explored in this study. The theoretical framework I chose to investigate the qualities of family relationships is that of Neufeld who describes family relationships in terms of six dimensions, namely (1) proximity, (2) sameness, (3) belonging, (4) significance, (5) feeling loved and (6) being known. These qualities (Neufeld and Maté, 2006) of attachment ascend from the simple to the more complex and were used to develop a new instrument for measuring the extent to which adolescents report specific qualities to be present in their family relationships. Attachment is a developmental process and knowledge about these six dimensions increases our understanding of healthy family attachment relationships. The participants consisted of urban South African Grade 11 and 12 students between the ages of 16 and 18 who attend the two participating government schools in Pretoria. Convenient multi-stage random sampling was used and permission was obtained from the Gauteng Department of Education, as well as informed consent from the parents and participants. Participation was voluntary and the participants could withdraw from the research at any point. An exploratory sequential design was used in which the qualitative findings in the first phase built towards the quantitative phase, which included the development of a new scale in the second phase (Creswell, 2009). The first qualitative phase of the study was exploratory in nature and data were collected from two participants through semi-structured interviews. The purpose of these interviews was to explore the participants’ experience of the quality of their family relationships. The analysis of the qualitative data entailed the organisation of the data according to themes that identify a specific dimension of Neufeld’s attachment model (Neufeld and Maté, 2006). The information gained in the first phase assisted in designing and implementing the second quantitative phase. The aim of the second quantitative phase was to create an initial item pool, first with a small pilot study (n=26) and then with a larger sample (n=208) in the main study. The initial item pool was subjected to revision by a panel of experts and 72 items were piloted. Internal consistency of the items was established by using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, and construct-related validity was investigated by using convergent validity of the scale. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with promax rotation was applied in the main study for data reduction and for refining the constructs (DeVellis, 2012; Fabrigar and Wegener, 2012; Jolliffe, 2002; Pallant, 2011). To determine the number of factors that should be retained, multiple extraction criteria were used before making the decision. First, the Kaiser criterion (eigenvalue >1 rule), which suggested retaining factors that were above the eigenvalue of 1, was considered. Another criterion was Cattell’s criterion (scree plot) in conjunction with the eigenvalues where the scree plot indicated which factors accounted for most of the variances and thus a larger eigenvalue. A five-factor model seemed to fit the data and was subsequently regarded as the final Family Attachment Scale (FAS). Labelling of the factors followed and reflected the theoretical and conceptual intention of the present study (Fabrigar et al., 2012; Pallant, 2011). A General Linear Model Procedure was followed to examine the extent to which the dependent variable Trait Well-Being Total Score (TWBTS) could determine subjective well-being (DeVellis, 2012; Kaplan et al., 2009). The Trait Well Being Inventory (TWBI) (Dalbert, 1992) was used for validation purposes as it measures ‘well-being’. In this way construct-related evidence was obtained for the validity of the FAS since family attachment is theoretically associated with greater well-being. The findings of the FAS indicated that only Love and Knowledge displayed significant correlational patterns with subjective well-being, as originally expected. Although the quality of family relationships changes with adolescence, the relationship between family members remains of the utmost importance. It was interesting that Belonging did not emerge as a significant factor; this may be because adolescence is a period of development in which young people underestimate their sense of belonging as they seek autonomy. Adolescents seek to develop their own identity and ‘belonging’ to a family may not necessarily be a priority. I wish to emphasise that the results drawn from the study do not represent the broader population and are relevant only to adolescents in urban South Africa with intact families. The present study contributes to the existing body of literature on the theory of attachment by providing empirical support for Neufeld’s attachment theory (Neufeld et al., 2006), which is described in popular literature. A valid and reliable Family Attachment Scale (FAS) was also developed. Practical contributions of the present study include a better understanding of adolescents’ attachment relationships which could aid professionals such as Educational Psychologists, Social Workers and Counsellors when working with adolescents. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Educational Psychology / PhD / Unrestricted

Uppskattning är känslan av att sätta värde på någon eller något. Känslan ger en positiv effekt på individens välbefinnande. Studien inleddes med kunskapssamling av uppskattning i relation till flera forskningsområden inom psykologi, exempelvis uppskattning och personlighetsegenskaper. Studiens syfte var att förstå upplevelsen av uppskattning ur en situation där individer känt sig uppskattade samt uppskattat någon annan. Studien grundades i fenomenologisk utgångspunkt, där deltagarna besvarade en onlineenkät med två öppna frågor utifrån det formulerade syftet, samt fem bakgrundsfrågor. Bland 88 deltagare var 60 kvinnor och genomsnittsåldern var 29.2 år. Med tillämpning av Empirical Phenomenological Psychological Method (Karlsson, 1993) framkom gemensamma mönster i känslan uppskattning – lycka, värme, tacksamhet och reciprocitet. Skälen till känslan av uppskattning var varierande mellan deltagarna. Deltagarna kände sig uppskattade när någon annan bekräftat att de uppskattar dem, men uppskattade någon annan för lättsamma handlingar som de mottagit. Skälen bidrog till positiva känslor vid interaktion och reciprocitet med andra.

The diploma thesis deals with the topic of quality of life and well-being of Czech seniors with regard to forms of housing. The quantitative research of secondary data from the SHARE database was carried out in this work. To analyze these data, the methods of regression analysis and non-parametric tests were used in order to find out what influences the quality of life and well-being of Czech seniors with an emphasis on forms of housing. Another part of work is qualitative research, which was done by semi-structured interviews with seniors in order to elaborate the results of quantitative research in more detail. In the final part, recommendations leading to the improvement of the quality of life of seniors are proposed.

Previous research shows a positive correlation between exercise and mental health. Additionally, researchers have found that college students experience immense stress resulting in poor mental health. However, limited research has been conducted on the direct impact of active participation in intramural sports on college students’ mental well-being. The researchers sought to study this relationship. For the purposes of this mixed-methods study, 200 college students attending either the University of Arkansas or John Brown University ages 18-23 completed a survey that assessed both their mental well-being and the extent to which they participated in intramural sports. Of these 200 participants, 12 were interviewed in order to gain more insight into the lived experience of college students. The results of the survey show there is a statistically significant correlation between participation in intramural sports and the participants’ mental well-being. Furthermore, the interviews revealed intramurals’ impact on mental well-being through social benefits, stress relief, and competition.

Purpose. Individual adaptability has been proposed as a source of adaptive performance, an increasingly important performance dimension in dynamic contexts. However, there is limited understanding of the antecedents of adaptability. Mindfulness has been shown to improve performance and well-being in the workplace, but the underlying mechanisms of this relationship are not well understood. Answering this need, we hypothesize a link between mindfulness and adaptability and conduct an empirical study to examined this relationship in dynamic work contexts. Methodology and findings. 198 knowledge workers in dynamic workplaces completed a self-rating survey that measured mindfulness and a multifactor measure of individual adaptability. Correlation analysis found a significant positive relationship between mindfulness and individual adaptability, and also between mindfulness and five sub-factors of adaptability. Regression analysis found mindfulness could significantly predict adaptability and that mindfulness added incremental variability to various sub-scale factors of adaptability, over and above work stress adaptability. In other words, mindfulness is not simply a stress management skill but also enhances other aspects of adaptability such as learning and problem-solving. Implications. Individual adaptability helps to explain the relationship between mindfulness, performance and well-being in the workplace. Mindfulness-Based Interventions (MBIs) have established protocols and proven outcomes in organizational and psychological literature. It may be possible to enhance individual adaptability through such MBIs and thus support adaptive performance while reducing negative impacts on individual well-being. / Mini Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2018. / pt2019 / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / MBA / Unrestricted

Research tells us that there is an effect of prayer on well-being. However, little is known about the mechanisms that underlie this relationship. In addition, much of the available data concerning prayer and well-being is based on Christians living in the United States, and our knowledge of how prayer and well-being are functionally interconnected in other faith groups, including Muslims, is sparse. The primary aim of this study was to understand how prayer impacts well-being in individuals of the Muslim faith. Specifically, four potential mediators of the relationship between prayer and well-being were examined; optimism, spirituality, mindfulness, and social support. These mediators were selected based on previous empirical work demonstrating the role these factors have in both religious practices and mental health. Optimism, spirituality, and social support are important mechanisms in the relationship between prayer and well-being in Christian samples, while mindfulness underlies the beneficial effects of contemplative practices on well-being in studies focused on Buddhist practices. In this study it is proposed that as a contemplative practice of the Abrahamic faith, Muslim prayer (salah) relates to well-being through the mediatory roles of optimism, spirituality, social support, and mindfulness. Participants (N=155) were recruited from local mosques, Muslim Student Associations of the University of Ottawa and Carleton University, local halal restaurants, and MuslimLink (an Ottawa-based Muslim newsletter). SurveyMonkey was used to gather information on participants’ prayer habits, and level of trait mindfulness, spirituality, optimism, social support, and subjective well-being. The data were analysed using a parallel multiple mediator model via the Monte Carlo confidence interval to test for the indirect effect of the mediator variables. Optimism and spirituality were both found to be mediators of the relationship between frequency of prayer and subjective well-being. While mindfulness correlated with both frequency of prayer and well-being, it did not mediate the relationship between the two. Social support correlated with frequency of prayer and not well-being and was not a mediator between the two variables. Psychological interventions that incorporate faith-based practices have been found to have greater effectiveness for religious patients. Understanding prayer and how it relates to well-being is important to implementing intervention and prevention strategies that are culturally informed thus better serving the Muslim population needs.