Lauko eksperimentas buvo vykdomas nuo 1999 metų pagal šią schemą: A veiksnys: Šiaudų įterpimas: šiaudai pašalinti (-Š), šiaudai susmulkinti ir paskleisti (+Š). B veiksnys: Žemės dirbimo sistemos. Eksperimentas buvo atliktas Lietuvos žemės ūkio universiteto bandymų stotyje. Eksperimentas vykdytas 2010 metais. Atlikus tyrimus nustatyta, kad šiaudų įterpimas ir žemės dirbimo sistemos neturėjo esminės įtakos piktžolių daigų skaičiui. Daugiausiai daugiamečių piktžolių daigų rasta sekliai purentuose variantuose, o mažiausiai – tiesiogiai sėjant į neįdirbtą dirvą. Trumpaamžių piktžolių daigų kiekiui esminės įtakos turėjo šiaudų paskleidimas (+Š). Trumpaamžių piktžolių daigų skaičius buvo 43 procentais mažesnis nei dirvoje, kur šiaudai buvo pašalinti (-Š). Nustatyta, kad šiaudų paskleidimas neturėjo esminės įtakos vasarinių rapsų piktžolėtumui, nustatytam prieš derliaus nuėmimą. Esminių skirtumų buvo rasta skirtingose žemės dirbimo sistemose, sekliai purentuose laukeliuose. Palyginus seklųjį purenimą kultivatoriumi plokščiapjūviais noragėliais ir lėkštiniais padargais (KL) bei seklųjį purenimą rotoriniu kultivatoriumi (RK) su giliu arimu (kontrolė) (GA), piktžolių kiekis padidėjo 1,5 ir 1,6 karto. Daugiamečių piktžolių esmingai padidėjo laukeliuose, kur buvo sekliai arta (SA). Šiaudų paskleidimas turėjo esminės įtakos trumpaamžių piktžolių kiekiui. Dirvoje su šiaudais, palyginus su laukeliais be šiaudų, trumpaamžių piktžolių sumažėjo 1,3 karto. Esmingai trumpaamžių piktžolių kiekis... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Field experiment was carried out since 1999, as follows: Factor A: Insert a straw: straw removal (-S), straw, shredded and spread (+S). Factor B: tillage systems. The experiment was carried out in Lithuanian University of Agriculture Experimental Station. The experiment was conducted in 2010. It was determined that straw incorporation and tillage system had no significant effect on the number of weed seedlings. Most perennial weed seedlings found in shallow scratch in the treatments, while at least - when sown directly into uncultivated soil. Short-lived weed seedlings had a substantial impact on the quantity of straw spreading (+S). Short-lived weed seedling density was 43 percent lower than in the soil, where straw was removed (-S). It was found that the spreading of straw had no significant effect on weed control in spring rape, before the harvest. Significant differences were found in different tillage systems, shallow scratch boxes. Compared shallow scarification autum cultivator tines and implements Disc (KL) and a rotary cultivator shallow scarification (RK) with deep plowing (control) (GA), weeds grew 1.5 and 1.6 times. Perennial weeds has increased substantially in the fields, where it was shallow plowing (SA). Spreading straw had a substantial impact on short amount of weed. The soil with straw, as compared with the boxes without straw, weeds, fallen short 1.3 times. Substantially short amount of weeds growing through tillage systems. Studies have shown that both... [to full text]

Magistrantūros studijų baigiamajame darbe pateikiami 2013 metų vasarinių kviečių veislių, sėtų po skirtingų priešsėlių, derlingumo ir sėklų kokybės rodiklių duomenys ir atliktas priešsėlių poveikio veislėms įvertinimas. Darbo objektas - vasariniai kviečiai 'Triso' ir 'Hamlet', sėti po skirtingų priešsėlių (vasarinių miežių ir vasarinių rapsų). Darbo metodai ir vieta. Tyrimai vykdyti 2013 m. Vilmos Žliobienės ūkyje, Antušavos kaime, Kėdainių rajone. Eksperimento įrengimo vietoje dirvožemis karbonatingas glėjiškas rudžemis (RDg4-k2). Buvo nustatytas grūdų derlingumas, derliaus struktūros komponentai (produktyvių stiebų skaičius, vidutinis grūdų skaičius varpoje, 1000 grūdų masė, varpos produktyvumas). Grūdų kokybės rodikliai (baltymų, šlapiojo glitimo, krakmolo kiekis, sedimentacijos rodiklis ir kiti) nustatyti AB :Linas agro" laboratorijoje. Darbo rezultatai. Esmingai didžiausias derlingumas (5,9 t ha-1) ir 1000 grūdų masė (43,84 g) nustatyti `Hamlet` veislės vasariniams kviečiams po vasarinių rapsų priešsėlio. Patikimai didžiausias produktyvių stiebų skaičius (432,8 vnt. m-2) ir vidutinis grūdų skaičius varpoje (34,8 vnt.) buvo `Triso` veislės augalų. Genotipo (veislės) savybės ir 1000 grūdų masė turėjo didesnę įtaką grūdų derlingumui ir esmingai padidino ‘Hamlet` veislės derlingumą. Esmingai didžiausias vasarinių kviečių grūdų baltymų (14,9 proc.) ir sedimentacijos rodiklis (71 proc.) nustatytas ‘Triso‘ veislės grūduose po vasarinių rapsų priešsėlio. Esmingai didžiausias... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In Master's thesis is a submitted spring wheat variety of 2013, which were sown under different preceding crops, yield and seed quality indicators in data and performed assessment of preceding crop varieties impact. The object. Spring wheat 'Triso' and 'Hamlet', which were sown after different preceding crops (spring barley spring oilseed rape). Working methods and location. Research was carried out in 2013 at Vilmos Žliobienės farm in the Antušavos village in the Kėdainių area. The soil is endohypogleyic cambisol (RDg4-k2) at installation site of the experiment. It was established grain yield, harvest structure components (the number of productive stems, average number of wheat-ear, 1000 grain weight, productivity of wheat-ear). Grain quality indicators (protein, wet gluten, starch content sedimentation rate and others) were determined at AB Linas Agro laboratory. Results. Essentially the highest grain yield (5.9 t ha-1) and 1000 grain weight (43.84 g) were obtained in the fields of `Hamlet` variety, which were sown after spring oilseed rape. Reliably largest number of productive tillers number (432.8 units. m-2) and the average number of grains per ear (34.8 pc) was the variety of `Triso` compared to the variety of `Hamlet`, which was investigated in the same influence of forecrop. But a variety of properties and weight of 1,000 grain had a greater impact on grain yield and substantially increased varieties of 'Hamlet `yield. Substantially the largest spring wheat grain... [to full text]

Brassica napus L. is an economically important oilseed species cultivated across Western Canada. Hybrid B. napus cultivars compose the majority of the market due to their seed yield and agronomic quality. It is important to attempt to predict high-yielding parental combinations in order to conserve resources during experimental hybrid evaluation. Genetic distance between parents has been implicated in producing high-yielding hybrids and is used as one criteria for determining parental combinations.In the current study, the genetic distance between high erucic acid rapeseed (HEAR) genotypes of B. napus was established using both phenotypic and genotypic criteria. Phenotypic criteria took the form of nine agronomic and seed quality traits gathered from 318 distinct B. napus genotypes over the 2013 and 2014 field seasons in Southern Manitoba. Genotypic criteria took the form of either 291,782 SNP markers identified in 231 distinct B. napus genotypes using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) or 230 polymorphic sequence-related amplified polymoprhism (SRAP) markers identified in 160 B. napus genotypes. The genetic distance between available pollinators and a single male-sterile female was established using each set of criteria in an attempt to correlate genetic distance with hybrid yield. Regression analysis was conducted with yield data from hybrid genotypes gathered from 37 field sites from 2011-2014. Using the phenotypic-derived genetic distance, a significant correlation between genetic distance and hybrid yield was uncovered explaining either 22 % or 42 % of the variation in hybrid yield depending upon whether hybrids were grown at three or more, or five or more sites in the analysis, respectively. No significant link was found between GBS or SRAP-derived genetic distance and hybrid yield. These results provide evidence that that phenotypic criteria can be used to establish genetic distance with utility in the selection of high-yielding hybrid genotypes. / February 2017

This master-thesis presents an approach to track and count the number of fruit incommercial mango orchards. The algorithm is intended to enable precision agri-culture and to facilitate labour and post-harvest storage planning. The primary objective is to develop an multi-view algorithm and investigate how it can beused to mitigate the effects of visual occlusion, to improve upon estimates frommethods that use a single central or two opposite viewpoints. Fruit are detectedin images by using two classification methods: dense pixel-wise cnn and regionbased r-cnn detection. Pair-wise fruit correspondences are established between images by using geometry provided by navigation data, and lidar data is used to generate image masks for each separate tree, to isolate fruit counts to individual trees. The tracked fruit are triangulated to locate them in 3D space, and spatial statistics are calculated over whole orchard blocks. The estimated tree counts are compared to single view estimates and validated against ground truth data of 16 mango trees from a Bundaberg mango orchard in Queensland, Australia. The results show a high R2-value of 0.99335 for four hand labelled trees and a highest R2-value of 0.9165 for the machine labelled images using the r-cnn classifier forthe 16 target trees.

Résumé : Les eaux souterraines ont un impact majeur sur la vie terrestre, les besoins domestiques et le climat. Elles sont aussi un maillon essentiel du cycle hydrologique. Au Canada par exemple, plus de 30 % de la population est tributaire des eaux souterraines pour leur alimentation en eau potable. Ces ressources subissent de nombreuses pressions sous l’influence de certains facteurs comme la salinisation, la contamination et l’épuisement. La variabilité du climat et la demande croissante sur ces ressources imposent l'amélioration de nos connaissances sur les eaux souterraines. L’objectif principal du projet de recherche est d’exploiter les données d’anomalies (TWS) de la mission Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) pour localiser, quantifier et analyser les variations des eaux souterraines à travers les bassins versants du Bas-Mackenzie, du Saint-Laurent, du Nord-Québec et du Labrador. Il s’agit aussi d’analyser l’influence des cycles d’accumulation et de fonte de neige sur les variations du niveau des eaux souterraines. Pour estimer les variations des eaux souterraines, la connaissance des autres paramètres du bilan hydrologique est nécessaire. Ces paramètres sont estimés à l’aide des sorties du modèles de surface CLM du Système Global d’Assimilation des Données de la Terre (GLDAS). Les données GRACE qui ont été utilisées sont celles acquises durant la période allant de mars 2002 à août 2012. Les résultats ont été évalués à partir d’enregistrements de niveaux piézométriques provenant de 1841 puits localisés dans les aquifères libres du bassin des réseaux de suivi des eaux souterraines au Canada. Les valeurs de rendements spécifiques des différents types d’aquifères de chaque puits et celles des variations mensuelles du niveau d’eau dans ces puits ont été utilisées pour estimer les variations des anomalies des eaux souterraines in-situ. L’étude de corrélation entre les variations des anomalies des eaux souterraines estimées à partir de la combinaison GRACE-GLDAS et celles issues de données in-situ révèle des concordances significatives avec des valeurs de 𝑅=0,46 et 𝑅 = 0,50 entre ΔGW et ΔGWPiézo, respectivement pour le bassin du Bas-Mackenzie et celui du Saint-Laurent. Quant à la combinaison de tous les bassins, elle s’est caractérisée par une corrélation un peu plus faible (𝑅=0,44). Les valeurs des coefficients de corrélation calculée avec des données indépendantes de SWE venant des produits GlobSnow ; R = -0,68 sur le bassin du Bas-Mackenzie, R = -0,76 sur le bassin versant du Nord-du-Québec et du Labrador, R = -0,51 sur le bassin versant du Saint-Laurent et R = -0,52 pour les trois bassins réunis, montrent que ΔGW est très sensible à la quantité d’eau dans la neige, avec des spécificités pour chaque bassin versant étudié. / Abstract : Groundwater is an important component of the hydrological cycle. In Canada, more than 30% of the population relies on the main source of water for domestic use. These resources are under pressure factors such as salinization, contamination and exhaustion. Our knowledge on groundwater needs improvement because of climate variability and an increasing demand for these resources. The main objective of this project is to use the Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission data (TWS) anomalies to locate, quantify and analyze the groundwater changes in Mackenzie St. Lawrence, North-Quebec and Labrador basins. Also this work aims to analyze the influence of accumulation cycles and snowmelt on groundwater level changes. For this groundwater changes estimation, it is necessary to estimate other water balance parameters. These parameters are estimated by using the outputs of the land surface model CLM of the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) Data Products. The TWS data used are from March 2002 to august 2012. The results were evaluated by using the groundwater levels records from 1841 wells located in the free aquifers of different Canadian groundwater monitoring networks. The Specific yields values of the different types of aquifers from each well and the monthly changes in the water level in these wells were used to estimate changes in the in-situ groundwater anomalies. The correlation study between changes in groundwater anomalies estimated from the combination GRACE-GLDAS and those from in-situ data reveals significant matches with values of R = 0,46 and R = 0,50 between ΔGW and ΔGWPiézo respectively for the Lower-Mackenzie and the St. Lawrence basins. The combination of all the basins is characterized by a slightly weaker correlation (R = 0, 44).The correlation coefficients calculated with an independent data coming from SWE GlobSnow products are R = -0, 68 for Lower-Mackenzie River Basin, R = -0, 76 for Nord-du-Québec and Labrador basin, R = -0, 51 for St. Lawrence basin and R = -0, 52 for the three basins taken together. These correlations show that ΔGW is very sensitive to the snowmelt water amount, but with specificities for each studied basin.

Angular distributions and total yields of atoms sputtered from bismuth targets by normally incident 10 keV -50 keV Ne+ and Ar+ ions have been measured both experimentally and by computer simulation. Polycrystalline Bi targets were used for experimental measurements. The sputtered atoms were collected on high purity aluminum foils under ultra-high vacuum conditions, and were subsequently analyzed using Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy. The Monte-Carlo based SRIM code was employed to simulate angular distributions of sputtered Bi atoms and total sputtering yields of Bi to compare with experiment. The measured sputtering yields were found to increase with increasing projectile energy for normally incident 10 keV - 50 keV Ne+ and Ar+ ions. The shapes of the angular distributions of sputtered Bi atoms demonstrated good agreement between experiment and simulation in the present study. The measured and simulated angular distributions of sputtered Bi exhibited an over-cosine tendency. The measured value of the degree of this over-cosine nature was observed to increase with increasing incident Ne+ ion energy, but was not strongly dependent on incident Ar+ ion energy. The differential angular sputtering yield and partial sputtering yields due to Ar ion bombardment of an inhomogeneous liquid Bi:Ga alloy have been investigated, both experimentally and by computer simulation. Normally incident 25 keV and 50 keV beams of Ar+ were used to sputter a target of 99.8 at% Ga and 0.2 at% Bi held at 40° C in ultra-high vacuum (UHV), under which conditions the alloy is known to exhibit extreme Gibbsian surface segregation that produces essentially a monolayer of Bi atop the bulk liquid. Angular distributions of sputtered neutrals and partial sputtering yields obtained from the conversion of areal densities of Bi and Ga atoms on collector foils were determined. The Monte-Carlo based SRIM code was employed to simulate the experiment and obtain the angular distribution of sputtered components. The angular distribution of sputtered Ga atoms, originating from underneath the surface monolayer, was measured to be sharply peaked in angle about the surface normal direction compared to the Bi atoms originating from surface monolayer. The simulation study produced contradicting results, where the species originating from surface monolayer was strongly peaked around the surface normal compared to the species originating from beneath the surface monolayer.

Erosion, a surface process, can be quantified over long-term (assumed to be the natural erosion rate of the landscape) and contemporary (modern) timeframes. My research used the rare cosmogenic isotope 10Be in sand and cobbles collected from rivers in southeastern Brazil (Santa Catarina and Rio de Janeiro states) and southwestern China (Yunnan province) to quantify long-term, background rates of erosion and sediment supply. These measurements will also increase number of such measurements in tropical and subtropical climates. I assessed the relationship between landscape parameters (topographic and climatic) and background erosion rates in order to understand factors related to erosion. My data from so far unsampled states in Brazil shows that background erosion rates range between 13 and 90 m/Myr. I found that mean basin slope (R2=0.73) and mean annual precipitation (R2=0.57) are strongly correlated to erosion rates. Steep, escarpment-draining basins in Brazil erode faster than lower gradient basins draining the highlands. Comparing the isotopic concentration of river sand and cobbles, my data show that these grain sizes are sourced from different parts of the landscape. I compiled all published Brazilian cosmogenic 10Be data, and compared them to erosion rates from similar tectonic settings. While the erosion rates in Brazil are relatively low, they are similar to those in southeastern North America, but faster than rates measured on escarpments in southern Africa. In China, I tested the human effects on denudation by comparing long-term erosion rates derived from in-situ 10Be concentration and the modern sediment yield of 22 watersheds in Yunnan. Background erosion rates range between 17 and 386 m/Myr; long term sediment yields based on these erosion rates range from 79 to 893 tons km-2 yr-1. Modern sediment yields range from 90 to 2,879 tons km-2 yr-1 (data from Schmidt et al., 2011). In most watersheds, the modern sediment yield is 2-3X higher than long-term rates, likely the effect of a long history of land use in Yunnan. I found a statistically significant, positive relationship between erosion rates and both area (R2 = 0.60) and mean basin slope (R2 = 0.42). There is a negative but strong relationship between erosion rates and precipitation in my dataset (R2 = 0.60). I sampled some places where 10Be samples had been collected before to test the methodological assumption of time-invariant 10Be concentration. Concentrations generally agree on samples taken 6 months apart and in samples from the active channel and from floodplains, but not in samples collected a decade and centuries apart.

Planting trees on agricultural land either as farm woodlands or agroforestry (trees integrated with farming) is one option for reducing the level of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Trees store carbon as biomass, and may increase carbon storage in the ground. A review of the literature outlined uncertainty relating to changes in carbon storage after planting trees on agricultural land. The aim of this thesis is to deter¬mine the impact of tree planting on arable and pasture land in terms of above and belowground carbon storage and thereby address these uncertainties, and assess the implications for the Woodland Carbon Code: a voluntary standard for carbon storage in UK woodlands. Measurements of soil organic carbon to a depth of 1.5 m were taken at two field sites in Bedfordshire in the UK: a 19 year old silvoarable trial, and a 14 year old silvopasture and farm woodland. On average 60% and 40% of the soil carbon (rel¬ative to 1.5 m) was found beneath 0.2 and 0.4 m in depth respectively. Whilst tree planting in the arable system showed gains in soil organic carbon (12.4 t C ha−1 at 0–40 cm), tree planting in the pasture was associated with losses of soil organic carbon (6.1–13.4 t C ha−1 at 0–10 cm). Evidence from a nearby mature grazed woodland indicate that these losses may be recovered. No differences associated with tree planting were found to the full 1.5 m, though this may be due to a lack of statistical power. Measurements of above and belowground biomass, and the root distribution of 19 year old poplar (Populus spp.) trees (at the silvoarable trial) and ash (Fraxinus excelsior) trees ranging from 7 to 21 years (at several field sites across Bedfordshire) were made, involving the destructive harvest of 48 trees. These measurements suggest that Forestry Commission yield tables overestimate yield for poplar trees grown in a silvoarable system. An allometric relationship for determining ash tree biomass from diameter measurements was established. The biophysical model Yield-SAFE was updated to take into account root growth, and was parameterised using field measurements. It was successfully used to describe existing tree growth at two sites, and was then used to predict future biomass carbon storage at the silvoarable trial. Measurements indicate that losses in soil carbon at relatively shallow depths can offset a large proportion of the carbon stored in tree biomass, but assessing changes on a site by site basis may be prohibitively expensive for schemes such as the Woodland Carbon Code.

Title: Methods of Study of Photosensitizer-photophysics with Application on Thiazolyl-porphyrins Author: Marek Scholz Department: Department of Chemical Physics and Optics Supervisor: RNDr. Roman Dědic, Ph.D. Supervisor's e-mail address: Roman.Dedic@mff.cuni.cz Abstract: Photodynamic therapy for oncologic and various chronic diseases is a rapidly emerging method of treatment. It is based on the production of highly reactive singlet oxygen and free radicals by excitation energy transfer from the molecules of photosensitizers. Photosensitizers are preferentially accumulated in the target tissues and locally illuminated. This way produced reactive species cause apoptosis or necrosis of the cells leading to the desired therapeutic effect. Synthesis and subsequent photophysical characterization of photosensitizing dyes is a fundamental part of the development of photodynamic methods. The main aim of the work is to explain the most widely used methods of photophysical study of photosensitizers and apply them to new synthesized photosensitizers: thiazolyl-porphyrins. Methods of absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, flash- photolysis, time- and spectral-resolved detection of luminescence, optoacoustic spectroscopy and other spectroscopic methods were used. Thiazolyl-porphyrins proved to be promising new...

In practice, yield curves, i.e. plots of relation between yields and times to maturity for a group of comparable securities, are an important tool for assets and liabilities pricing as well as for financial decision making. The theoretical risk-free yield curve represents the term structure of interest rates that are used e.g. in insurance industry for pricing the liabilities, for which reserves are created, or also as a benchmark for pricing other assets in the market. When constructing the yield curve, it is not possible to observe yields of a group of assets for all maturities. That is why we use various mathematical methods which enable us to construct the yield curve also for unobserved maturities. In this thesis, some of these methods are introduced. The Svensson's method is one of the most important and frequently used ones. We use this method to derive the coupon curve from Czech government bonds aiming to construct the risk-free zero coupon yield curve. Later on, we use different weights for particular bonds trying to improve pricing of all the bonds based on the derived curve. Then, we also look for the curve that minimizes the mean squared error of estimated (compared to observed) prices. Because problems with liquidity can appear especially for long maturities, we apply all of the procedures to a...