Introdução: O complexo anatômico-funcional localizado na junção esôfagogástrica é uma barreira ao refluxo gastresofágico. A pressão e o volume intragástricos necessário para vencer essa barreira são denominados Pressão de Vazão Gástrica e Volume de Vazão Gástrico e são utilizados em modelos animais para medir a sua competência, entretanto, a sua validação ainda não foi determinada. Objetivos: Desenvolver um modelo experimental suíno e validar a pressão e o volume intragástricos para estudo da barreira antirrefluxo. Métodos: Suínos da raça Large White com 8 semanas de vida, do sexo feminino foram utilizados neste experimento. Após a anestesia dos animais, foi realizada a manometria esofágica e um cateter de pHmetria posicionado 5 cm acima do esfíncter esofágico inferior. Uma sonda Foley de três vias foi introduzida no estômago através de gastrostomia e o duodeno obliterado através de um laço com gaze úmida. HCL (0,1N) foi infundido lentamente no estômago e medidos a pressão e o volume intragástricos, em tempo real em sistema digital. A pressão e o volume intragástricos no momento da queda abrupta do pH esofágico (pH< 3) foram definidas como Pressão de Vazão Gástrica (PVG) e Volume de Vazão Gástrico (VVG). Após o experimento, a sonda Foley foi retirada, o duodeno liberado e a gastrostomia ocluida com pontos cirúrgicos. Os animais foram mantidos em local apropriado até a repetição dos experimentos sete dias após. Resultados: Dez animais (peso médio = 20 Kg) foram estudados. Os valores médios (± DP) nos dias 0 e 7 foram, respectivamente: PVG 7,66 ± 3,02 versus 7,07 ± 3,54 (p =0,510 teste t de student e 0,557 para o teste exato de Wilcoxon) e VVG 636,70 ± 216.74 versus 608,30 ± 276,66; (p =0,771 teste t de Student e 0,846 para teste de Wilcoxon) não apresentaram diferença estatística significativa. Entretanto, quando aplicado o Coeficiente de Correlação de Concordância a reprodutibilidade foi significativa apenas para a PVG (CCC de 0,648), mas não para a VVG (CCC de 0,27). Conclusão: O modelo animal desenvolvido identifica reprodutibilidade para a PVG, mas não para a VVG. A PVG pode ser utilizada com confiança para o estudo da barreira anti-refluxo. / Introduction: The anatomic functional complex situated at the esophago-gastric junction is a barrier to gastroesophageal reflux. The intragastric pressure and volume necessary to overcome this barrier is called Gastric Yield Pressure and Gastric Yield Volume and used in animal models to measure the anti-reflux competence. However, its validation has not been determined. Objectives: Develop an experimental pig model and validate the intragastric pressure and volume to study the anti-reflux barrier. Methods: Large White pigs two month-old females were used in this experiment. After anesthesia esophageal manometry and a pH sensor placed 05 cm above the lower esophageal sphincter. A threeway Foley catheter was introduced into the stomach through a gastrostomy and duodenum tied with a wet gauze. The Foley probe allowed simultaneous HCl (0.1 N) infusion into the stomach and real time measurement of the intragastric pressure and volume on a digital system system. The intragastric pressure and volume simultaneous to a sudden fall in esophageal pH (pH <3) were defined as the Gastric Yield Pressure (GYP) and the Gastric Yield Volume (GYV). After the experiment, the Foley was removed, the duodenum untied and gastrostomy occluded with surgical stitches. The animals were kept in an appropriate room and the experiment repeated after seven days. Results: Ten animals (mean weight = 20 kg) were studied. The mean values (± SD) on days 0 and 7 were, respectively: GYP 7.66 ± 3.02 and 7.07 ± 3.54 (p = 0,510 student t test and 0.557 for Wilcoxon’s exact test) and GYV 636.70 ± 216.74 and 608.30 ± 276.66, (p =0,771 student t test and 0.846 for Wilcoxon) had no significant statistic difference. However, when the concordance correlation coefficient was applied reproducibility was found only for GYP (CCC = 0,648) but not for GYV (CCC = 0.27). Conclusion: The developed animal model disclosed reproducibility for GYP but not for GYV. GYP may be used with confidence to study the anti-reflux barrier.

Durch das Ansteigen der Weltbevölkerung und das wirtschaftliche Aufstreben insbesondere der Entwicklungs- und Schwellenländer wird die Nachfrage nach dem Rohstoff Holz beträchtlich wachsen. Gleichzeitig ist die Entwicklung der weltweiten Waldfläche rückläufig. Eine wesentliche Frage für die nationalen Volkswirtschaften wird in der Zukunft sein, den bereits jetzt knapp werdenden Rohstoff Holz in ausreichendem Maße zur Verfügung zu stellen. Vor diesem Hintergrund beschäftigt sich die vorliegende Arbeit mit ertragskundlicher Analyse von Gehölzsystemen und den Möglichkeiten der Ertragssteigerung am Beispiel des Bundeslandes Sachsen. Im Zentrum stehen vor allem Kurzumtriebsplantagen im Vergleich mit Schlagweisen Hochwäldern. / The rise in the global population and in the economic ambitions of the developing and newly industrialising nations in particular will prompt a significant increase in the demand for wood. While these developments are taking place, however, the area of forest cover globally is in decline. An issue of central importance for national economies in the years to come will concern their ability to secure an adequate supply of the already limited raw material wood. Against this background, the study presented herein focuses on analyses of the yields provided by certain wood production systems and on the options to increase this yield. The study addresses the issue on the basis of the example of the German federal state Sachsen. A focal point of the study is short rotation coppice plantations, contrasted against age-class high forest stands.

Introdução: O complexo anatômico-funcional localizado na junção esôfagogástrica é uma barreira ao refluxo gastresofágico. A pressão e o volume intragástricos necessário para vencer essa barreira são denominados Pressão de Vazão Gástrica e Volume de Vazão Gástrico e são utilizados em modelos animais para medir a sua competência, entretanto, a sua validação ainda não foi determinada. Objetivos: Desenvolver um modelo experimental suíno e validar a pressão e o volume intragástricos para estudo da barreira antirrefluxo. Métodos: Suínos da raça Large White com 8 semanas de vida, do sexo feminino foram utilizados neste experimento. Após a anestesia dos animais, foi realizada a manometria esofágica e um cateter de pHmetria posicionado 5 cm acima do esfíncter esofágico inferior. Uma sonda Foley de três vias foi introduzida no estômago através de gastrostomia e o duodeno obliterado através de um laço com gaze úmida. HCL (0,1N) foi infundido lentamente no estômago e medidos a pressão e o volume intragástricos, em tempo real em sistema digital. A pressão e o volume intragástricos no momento da queda abrupta do pH esofágico (pH< 3) foram definidas como Pressão de Vazão Gástrica (PVG) e Volume de Vazão Gástrico (VVG). Após o experimento, a sonda Foley foi retirada, o duodeno liberado e a gastrostomia ocluida com pontos cirúrgicos. Os animais foram mantidos em local apropriado até a repetição dos experimentos sete dias após. Resultados: Dez animais (peso médio = 20 Kg) foram estudados. Os valores médios (± DP) nos dias 0 e 7 foram, respectivamente: PVG 7,66 ± 3,02 versus 7,07 ± 3,54 (p =0,510 teste t de student e 0,557 para o teste exato de Wilcoxon) e VVG 636,70 ± 216.74 versus 608,30 ± 276,66; (p =0,771 teste t de Student e 0,846 para teste de Wilcoxon) não apresentaram diferença estatística significativa. Entretanto, quando aplicado o Coeficiente de Correlação de Concordância a reprodutibilidade foi significativa apenas para a PVG (CCC de 0,648), mas não para a VVG (CCC de 0,27). Conclusão: O modelo animal desenvolvido identifica reprodutibilidade para a PVG, mas não para a VVG. A PVG pode ser utilizada com confiança para o estudo da barreira anti-refluxo. / Introduction: The anatomic functional complex situated at the esophago-gastric junction is a barrier to gastroesophageal reflux. The intragastric pressure and volume necessary to overcome this barrier is called Gastric Yield Pressure and Gastric Yield Volume and used in animal models to measure the anti-reflux competence. However, its validation has not been determined. Objectives: Develop an experimental pig model and validate the intragastric pressure and volume to study the anti-reflux barrier. Methods: Large White pigs two month-old females were used in this experiment. After anesthesia esophageal manometry and a pH sensor placed 05 cm above the lower esophageal sphincter. A threeway Foley catheter was introduced into the stomach through a gastrostomy and duodenum tied with a wet gauze. The Foley probe allowed simultaneous HCl (0.1 N) infusion into the stomach and real time measurement of the intragastric pressure and volume on a digital system system. The intragastric pressure and volume simultaneous to a sudden fall in esophageal pH (pH <3) were defined as the Gastric Yield Pressure (GYP) and the Gastric Yield Volume (GYV). After the experiment, the Foley was removed, the duodenum untied and gastrostomy occluded with surgical stitches. The animals were kept in an appropriate room and the experiment repeated after seven days. Results: Ten animals (mean weight = 20 kg) were studied. The mean values (± SD) on days 0 and 7 were, respectively: GYP 7.66 ± 3.02 and 7.07 ± 3.54 (p = 0,510 student t test and 0.557 for Wilcoxon’s exact test) and GYV 636.70 ± 216.74 and 608.30 ± 276.66, (p =0,771 student t test and 0.846 for Wilcoxon) had no significant statistic difference. However, when the concordance correlation coefficient was applied reproducibility was found only for GYP (CCC = 0,648) but not for GYV (CCC = 0.27). Conclusion: The developed animal model disclosed reproducibility for GYP but not for GYV. GYP may be used with confidence to study the anti-reflux barrier.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:44:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_mateus_pino.pdf: 892670 bytes, checksum: 8404af1ff9b9a50b4e9030c69eec22bf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-11 / The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of low and high vigor of soybean seeds on agronomic characteristics , yield components and seed yield, in individually plants and on the communities of plants generated by different proportions of plants originated from high and low vigor seeds on the crop row. The experiment was conducted in the county of Selbach - RS, in a no-till seeding system over ryegrass straw, in 2012/2013 crop year. Was used the cultivar of soybean FPS Urano RR, of short-cycle. The experiment design was completely randomized, with five replications. Were selected seven different proportion of high and low vigor seed, along the sowing row. Were evaluated agronomic characteristics, yield components and seed yield on plants and on the communities formed. Based on the results obtained it was found that: plants from high vigor seeds show higher than plants arising from low vigor, in V5 and R8 phenological stages; Based on the results obtained it was found that: plants from high vigor seeds show greater height than plants arising from low vigor, in V5 and R8 phenological stages; even when communities are formed only by plants arising from low vigor seeds, these can not reach yield levels found in plants arising from high vigor seeds; number and weight of seeds per plant, are the yield components that more contributed to increase yield; the plant community formed only of plants grown from seeds of high vigor, shows seed yield per area 29% more, comparatively, to one formed only of plants from low vigor seeds. / O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a influência do alto e baixo vigor de sementes de soja sobre características agronômicas, componentes de rendimento e rendimento de sementes, nas plantas individualmente e nas comunidades de plantas geradas por diferentes proporções de plantas originadas de sementes de alto e baixo vigor dentro da linha de cultivo. O experimento foi conduzido no município de Selbach - RS, com sistema de semeadura direta sobre palhada de azevém, no ano agrícola de 2012/2013. Utilizou-se a cultivar de soja FPS Urano RR, de ciclo precoce. O delineamento experimental foi totalmente casualizado, com cinco repetições. Foram selecionadas sete diferentes proporções de sementes com alto e baixo vigor, ao longo da linha de semeadura. Avaliaram-se características agronômicas, componentes de rendimento e o rendimento das plantas e das comunidades formadas. Com base nos resultados obtidos verificou-se que: plantas originadas de sementes de alto vigor apresentam maior altura nos estádios fenológicos V5 e R8; mesmo que a comunidade seja oriunda apenas de sementes com baixo vigor, essas não conseguem alcançar níveis de produtividade encontrados em plantas originadas de sementes de alto vigor; o número e peso de sementes por planta, são os componentes que mais contribuíram no aumento de rendimento; a comunidade de plantas formada apenas por plantas oriundas de sementes de alto vigor, apresenta rendimento de sementes por área 29% a mais, comparativamente, a uma formada apenas por plantas originadas de sementes de baixo vigor.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The Table Mountain Group (TMG) Formation is the lowest member of the Cape Supergroup which consists of sediments deposited from early Ordovician to early Carboniferous times, approximately between 500 and 340 million years ago. The Table Mountain Group (TMG) aquifer system is exposed along the west and south coasts of South Africa. It is a regional fractured rock aquifer that has become a major source of bulk water supply to meet the agricultural and urban water requirements of the Western and Eastern Cape Provinces of South Africa. The TMG aquifer system comprises of an approximately 4000 m thick sequence of quartz arenite and minor shale layers deposited in a shallow, but extensive, predominantly eastwest striking asin, changing to a northwest orientation at the west coast. The medium to coarse grain size and relative purity of some of the quartz arenites, together with their well indurated nature and fracturing due to folding and faulting in the fold belt, enhance both the quality of the groundwater and its exploitation potential for agricultural and domestic water supply purposes and its hot springs for recreation. The region is also home to some unique and indigenous floral species (fynbos) of worldwide importance. These and other groundwater dependent vegetation are found on the series of mountains, mountain slopes and valleys in the Cape Peninsula. The hydrogeology of the TMG consists of intermontane and coastal domains which have different properties but are interconnected. The former is characterized by direct recharge from rain and snow melt, deep groundwater circulation with hot springs and low conductivity groundwater. The coastal domain is characterized by shallow groundwater occurrence usually with moderate to poor quality, indirect recharge from rainfall of shallow circulation and where springs occur they are usually cold. The sustainable utilization of the TMG aquifer addressed the issues of the groundwater flow dynamics, recharge and discharge to and from the aquifer; challenges of climate change and climate variability and their potential impact on the aquifer system. The concept of safe yield, recharge and the capture principle and the integration of sustainable yield provided the basis for sustainable utilization with the adaptive management approach. Methodology used included the evaluation of recharge methods and estimates in the TMG aquifer and a GIS based water balance recharge estimation. The evaluation of natural discharges and artificial abstractions from the TMG aquifer system as well as its potential for future development. The Mann-Kendal trend analysis was used to test historical and present records of temperature and rainfall for significant trends as indication for climate variability and change. The determination of variability index of rainfall and standard precipitation index were additional analyses to investigate variability. The use of a case study from the Klein (Little) Karoo Rural Water Supply Scheme (KKRWSS) within the TMG study area was a test case to assess the sustainable utilization of TMG aquifers. Results show that recharge varies in time and space between 1% and 55% of MAP as a result of different hydrostratigraphic units of the TMG based on geology, hydrology, climate, soil, vegetation and landuse patterns however, the average recharge is from 1% to 5% of MAP. The TMG receives recharge mainly through its 37,000 km2 of outcrop largely exposed on mountainous terrain. Natural discharges from the TMG include 11 thermal and numerous cold spring discharges, baseflow to streams and reservoirs, and seepage to the ocean. Results from this study also show increasing temperature trend over the years while rainfall trend generally remain unchanged in the study area. Rainfall variability persists hence the potential for floodsand droughts in the region remain. Global and Regional Models predict about 10% to 25% reduction in rainfall and increase in variability in future. Impacts of his change in climate will affect the different types of aquifers in various ways. Increase in temperature and reduction in rainfall will increase evapotranspiration, reduce surface flows and eventually reduce shallow aquifer resources. Coastal aquifers risk upsurge in salinisation from sea level rise and increase in abstractions from dwindling surface water resources. While floods increase the risk of contamination to shallow aquifers droughts put pressure on all aquifers especially deep aquifers which are considered to be more reliable due to the fact that they are far removed from surface conditions. Future population growth and increase in freshwater demand will put more pressure on groundwater. Recharge to groundwater have been over-estimated in certain areas in the past leading to high abstraction rates from boreholes causing extensive groundwater storage depletion evident by high decline in groundwater levels in these areas and hampering sustainable management of the aquifer resources. Over-abstraction have resulted in loss of stream flow and baseflow reduction to streams during summer, complete loss of springs and reduction of flow to others. Flow to wetlands, riparian vegetation, and sometimes loss and shifts in dependent ecosystems have also resulted from over-abstraction. Sustainability has spatial and temporal implications due to changing climate and demand. The study recommends adaptive management practices in which several factors are considered in managing groundwater together with surface water resources in order to maintain ecological and environmental integrity. The KKRWSS and other groundwater supply schemes in the Western and Eastern Cape Provinces demonstrate the huge potential of the TMG to provide freshwatersupply for domestic and irrigation water needs however, the huge decline in groundwater levels due to over-abstraction in the KKRWSS and other groundwater schemes underscores the need for sustainable utilization of the TMG groundwater resources for present and future generations with minimal impacts on the quality, dependent hydrological and ecosystems as well as the environment. / South Africa

<p>Wheat is a major source of calories and protein for humans worldwide. Wheat is the most widely grown crop, with cultivation areas and production systems on every continent. The cultivated land area is vast because of its importance and adaptability to various environmental conditions. Global wheat production has not kept up with the growing population, provoking the need to develop new methods and techniques to increase genetic gains. The first research chapter of this Ph.D. dissertation involves performing genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to identify and examine transferability of marker-trait associations (MTAs) across environments. I evaluated yield and yield components traits among 270 soft red winter (SRW) wheat varieties. The population consists of experimental breeding lines adapted to the Midwestern and eastern United States and developed by public university breeding programs. Phenotypic data from a two-year field study and a 45K-SNP marker dataset were analyzed by FarmCPU model to identify MTAs for yield related traits. Grain yield was positively correlated with thousand kernel weight, biomass, and grain weight per spike while negatively correlated with days to heading and maturity. Sixty-one independent loci were identified for agronomic traits, including a region that with <i>–logP</i> of 16.35, which explained 18% of the variation in grain yield. Using 12 existing datasets from other states and seasons, in addition to my own data, I examined the transferability of significant MTAs for grain yield and days to heading across homogenous environments. For grain yield and days to heading, I only observed 6 out of 28 MTAs to hold up across homogenous environments. I concluded that not all marker-trait associations can be detected in other environments.</p><p>In the second research chapter of this Ph.D. dissertation, I dissected yield component traits under contrasting nitrogen environments by using field-based low-throughput phenotyping. I characterized grain yield formation and quality attributes in soft red winter wheat. Using a split-block design, I studied responses of 30 experimental lines, as sub-plot, to high nitrogen and low nitrogen environment, as main-plot, for two years. Differential N environments were imposed by the application, or lack thereof, of spring nitrogen application in a field, following a previous corn harvest. In this study, I measured agronomic traits, in-tissue nitrogen concentrations, nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen harvest index and end-use quality traits on either all or subset of the germplasm. My data showed that biomass, number of spikes and total grain numbers per unit area were most sensitive to low nitrogen while kernel weight remained stable across environments. Significant genotype x N-environment interaction allowed me to select N-efficient germplasm, that can be used as founding parents for a potential breeding population specifically for low-N environments. I did this selection on the basis of superior agronomic traits and the presence of the desirable gluten quality alleles such as <i>Glu-A1b </i>(<i>2*</i>) and <i>Glu-D1d </i>(<i>5+10</i>).</p>

The cultivation of fast growing tree species on arable land is deemed to be one of the most promising alternatives amongst the approaches to the cultivation of renewable resources currently available. As the site factors influencing the growth of poplar and willow have not yet been sufficiently identified and quantified, it is not possible to provide reliable national yield expectations as a function of the prevailing soil and climate conditions at a particular site on the basis of the data currently available. The main objective of this study, therefore, was to develop a supraregional site-based yield model for the assessment of yield expectations for poplar and willow grown on arable land over short rotations. In order to achieve this goal, a total of 38 research sites were established across as many regions of Germany as possible. The clones selected for the experiment were the poplar clones Max 1, Hybride 275 (H 275) and AF 2, and the willow clones Inger and Tordis. Each site was also characterised, on the basis of climate and soil data. From the site parameters recorded, variables were defined for modelling purposes. The climate variables comprised temperature (T), precipitation (N) and aridity index (TI) derived from total or average values from selected periods during the year and during the vegetation period. Within the variables the months were indexed as numbers (January = 1), periods were separated by comma. Parameters of the German soil appraisal such as the condition grade (ZS), the soil quality index value (BZ) and the arable land quality index value (AZ) were used as soil variables. The selected texture parameters were the proportions of sand (S[%]), silt (U[%]) and clay (T[%]). Variables of the pore space parameters were the available field moisture capacity (nFK), the air capacity (LK) and the dry bulk density (TRD). Both the texture and the pore space variables referred to a soil depth of 0 to 60 cm. To increase the precision of the results, site clusters were derived, differentiated by main soil type, and the variables were aggregated. The dGZ, measured in odt ha-1 a-1,at the end of the first three-year rotation was chosen as the dependent variable. The main results of the study are outlined in the following: Negative correlations between dGZ and temperatures in the vegetation period, especially in the months July to September, were observed on the sandy and loamy soils. Precipitation variables always had a positive effect on the growth of poplar and willow across all clones and site clusters. Taking into consideration all experimental sites, precipitation in the period from May to July was most important. The parameters of the German soil appraisal revealed a moderate correlation with growth for all sites. From the appraisal of all sites and of the individual site clusters it became apparent that U[%] represents the most important texture variable for poplar and willow growth. Considered for all sites simultaneously, the nFK had the greatest significance for growth across all of the parameters examined. The site-based yield models were all univariate and often comprised aggregated variables. Under consideration of all sites, the model predictors for Max 1, Inger and Tordis were (nFK * TI5.7) and (nFK * N5.7) for AF 2. Each model was calculated with the inverse or sigmoid approach and revealed an R²korr between 0.45 and 0.64 with a RMSE of an average of 2.0 odt ha-1 a-1. The division into site clusters improved the accuracy of the models considerably. In the sandy site cluster, the models exhibited an R²korr of 0.77 to 0.97 and an RMSE of 0.95 to 1.36 odt ha-1 a-1. These comprised (U[%]* N6.7) for Max 1 and F 2, (S[%]/ TI6.7) for H 275 and (S[%]* T7.8) for Inger and Tordis. For the silty site cluster, significant models could only be determined for the clones Max 1 and Tordis. The model predictor for Max 1 was (BZ * TI4.5) and for Tordis solely (BZ). The calculated R²korr values were 0.84 and 0.95 with a corresponding RMSE of 0.22 and 0.62 odt ha-1 a-1, respectively. For the loamy soils the models for Max 1 and Inger comprised the variable nFK, for AF 2 the variables (nFK * N5.6). R²korr varied between 0.86 and 0.98 with RMSE between 0.56 and 1.21 odt ha-1 a-1.:Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Problemstellung 1 1.2 Zielstellung 3 2 Hintergrund 4 2.1 Energieziele Deutschlands 4 2.1.1 Flächen- und Nutzungskonkurrenz mit der Forstwirtschaft 4 2.1.2 Flächen- und Nutzungskonkurrenz mit der Landwirtschaft 5 2.2 Anbau schnellwachsender Baumarten 6 2.2.1 Anbau im Kurzumtrieb 7 2.3 Verwendete Baumarten in Kurzumtriebsplantagen 11 2.3.1 Pappel 11 2.3.2 Weide 13 2.3.3 Anmerkung Züchtung 14 2.4 Leistung von Kurzumtriebsplantagen mit Pappel und Weide in zwei- bis dreijähriger Umtriebs-zeit 15 2.5 Ertragsdynamik und leistungsbeeinflussende Faktoren von Kurzumtriebsplantagen 17 2.5.1 Baumart und Klon 18 2.5.2 Umtriebszeit und Bestandesdichte 19 2.5.3 Standortanforderungen 21 2.5.3.1 Reichliche Wasserversorgung 21 2.5.3.2 Lockere Böden 22 2.5.3.3 Ausreichende Mineralstoffzufuhr 23 2.5.3.4 Wachstumsangepasste Bodenreaktion 23 2.5.3.5 Wärme 23 2.5.3.6 Bodenschätzungskennwerte 24 2.5.3.7 Textur 24 2.5.3.8 Standorte der Pappel 24 2.6 Waldwachstumsmodellierung mit Schwerpunkt in Kurzumtriebsplantagen 25 2.6.1 Empirische Modelle 26 2.6.1.1 Pappelmodell nach ALI (2009) 26 2.6.1.2 Pappel- und Weidenmodell nach AYLOTT et al. (2008) 27 2.6.1.3 Leistungsbeeinflussende Standorteigenschaften für Pappel und Weide nach BERGANTE et al. (2010) 28 2.6.2 Mechanistische Modelle 29 3 Material und Methoden 33 3.1 Flächenanlage und Versuchsdesign 33 3.1.1 Flächenvorbereitung und Pflegemaßnahmen 37 3.1.2 Prüfglieder 39 3.1.2.1 Pappelklon Max 1 39 3.1.2.2 Pappelklon H 275 39 3.1.2.3 Pappelklon AF 2 40 3.1.2.4 Weidenklon Inger 41 3.1.2.5 Weidenklon Tordis 41 3.2 Klimatische Standortcharakterisierung 42 3.2.1 Temperatur 44 3.2.2 Niederschlag 46 3.3 Bodenkundliche Standortcharakterisierung 47 3.3.1 Profilansprache und allgemeine Standortinformationen 48 3.3.2 Durchführung der Probennahme 48 3.3.3 Bodenphysikalische Untersuchungen 49 3.3.4 Grundwassereinfluss 49 3.3.5 Bodenchemische Untersuchungen 50 3.3.6 Bodenschätzungskennwerte 50 3.3.7 Zusammenfassende Betrachtung der bodenkundlichen Charakteristika 51 3.4 Bestandesaufnahmen und Ernte 55 3.4.1 Anwuchs- und Überlebensrate 55 3.4.2 Anzahl an Höhentrieben 55 3.4.3 Höhe 55 3.4.4 Durchmesser 55 3.4.5 Ertragsbestimmung 55 3.4.5.1 Biomassefunktionen 56 3.4.5.2 Systematische Teilbeernteung der Kernparzelle 56 3.5 Identifizierung von leistungsbeeinflussenden Standorteigenschaften und Entwicklung standortbasierter Ertragsmodelle 57 3.5.1 Variablenwahl und -bildung 58 3.5.1.1 Klima 58 3.5.1.2 Bodenschätzung 59 3.5.1.3 Textur 59 3.5.1.4 Porenraum 59 3.5.1.5 Aggregierte Variablen 60 3.5.1.6 Weitere Einflussgrößen 60 3.5.1.7 Abhängige Variable 61 3.5.2 Standortcluster 61 3.6 Datenbasis der standortbasierten Ertragsmodellierung 61 3.7 Ertragsteigerungfaktor 63 3.8 EDV und Statistik 65 3.8.1 Varianzanalyse 65 3.8.2 Korrelationsanalyse 66 3.8.3 Regressionsanalyse 66 3.8.3.1 Nicht-lineare Regression 68 3.8.3.2 Evaluierungsgrößen 69 4 Ergebnisse 71 4.1 Waldwachstumskundliche Ergebnisse 71 4.1.1 Anwuchs- und Überlebensrate 71 4.1.2 Anzahl an Höhentrieben 72 4.1.3 Übersicht Bestandesdimensionen und Wuchsleistung 73 4.1.4 Höhe 75 4.1.5 Durchmesser 77 4.1.6 Durchschnittlicher Gesamtzuwachs 81 4.1.7 Biomassefunktionen 84 4.1.7.1 Wahl der unabhängigen Variablen 84 4.1.7.2 Einfluss der Gattung und des Klons 85 4.1.7.3 Einfluss der Bestandesmittelhöhe 85 4.1.7.4 Allgemeingültige Biomassefunktionen 87 4.2 Leistungsbeeinflussende Standorteigenschaften 88 4.2.1 Temperatur 88 4.2.2 Niederschlag 90 4.2.3 Trockenheitsindex 92 4.2.4 Bodenschätzungskennwerte 94 4.2.5 Textur 96 4.2.6 Porenraum 99 4.2.7 Korrelation zwischen unabhängigen Variablen 102 4.2.8 Aggregierte Variablen 102 4.2.9 Weitere Einflussgrößen 105 4.2.9.1 Vornutzung 105 4.2.9.2 Bodentyp 106 4.2.9.3 Grundwasser 106 4.3 Standortbasierte Ertragsmodellierung 107 4.3.1 Standortcluster ALL 107 4.3.2 Standortcluster S 110 4.3.3 Standortcluster U 113 4.3.4 Standortcluster L 115 4.4 Ertragssteigerungsfaktoren und Ertragssteigerung in Folgerotationen 118 5 Diskussion 122 5.1 Material und Methodik 122 5.1.1 Versuchsflächen 122 5.1.2 Modellierung und Variablenbildung 123 5.2 Waldwachstumskundliche Ergebnisse 124 5.2.1 Anwuchs- und Überlebensrate 124 5.2.2 Anzahl an Höhentrieben 125 5.2.3 Höhe 125 5.2.4 Durchmesser 126 5.2.5 Durchschnittlicher Gesamtzuwachs 126 5.2.6 Biomassefunktionen 128 5.3 Leistungsbeinflussende Standorteigenschaften 129 5.3.1 Temperatur 129 5.3.2 Niederschlag 130 5.3.3 Trockenheitsindex 132 5.3.4 Bodenschätzungskennwerte 132 5.3.5 Textur 133 5.3.6 Porenraum 134 5.3.7 Aggregierte Variablen 135 5.3.8 Weitere Einflussgrößen 136 5.4 Standortbasierte Ertragsmodellierung 136 5.4.1 Standortcluster ALL 137 5.4.2 Standortcluster S 138 5.4.3 Standortcluster U 138 5.4.4 Standortcluster L 138 5.4.5 Vergleich mit anderen Modellen 138 5.5 Ertragssteigerungsfaktoren und Ertragsteigerung in Folgerotationen 140 6 Schlussfolgerungen und Ausblick 141 7 Zusammenfassung 144 8 Literatur 156 9 Anhang 176

Durch das Ansteigen der Weltbevölkerung und das wirtschaftliche Aufstreben insbesondere der Entwicklungs- und Schwellenländer wird die Nachfrage nach dem Rohstoff Holz beträchtlich wachsen. Gleichzeitig ist die Entwicklung der weltweiten Waldfläche rückläufig. Eine wesentliche Frage für die nationalen Volkswirtschaften wird in der Zukunft sein, den bereits jetzt knapp werdenden Rohstoff Holz in ausreichendem Maße zur Verfügung zu stellen. Vor diesem Hintergrund beschäftigt sich die vorliegende Arbeit mit ertragskundlicher Analyse von Gehölzsystemen und den Möglichkeiten der Ertragssteigerung am Beispiel des Bundeslandes Sachsen. Im Zentrum stehen vor allem Kurzumtriebsplantagen im Vergleich mit Schlagweisen Hochwäldern. / The rise in the global population and in the economic ambitions of the developing and newly industrialising nations in particular will prompt a significant increase in the demand for wood. While these developments are taking place, however, the area of forest cover globally is in decline. An issue of central importance for national economies in the years to come will concern their ability to secure an adequate supply of the already limited raw material wood. Against this background, the study presented herein focuses on analyses of the yields provided by certain wood production systems and on the options to increase this yield. The study addresses the issue on the basis of the example of the German federal state Sachsen. A focal point of the study is short rotation coppice plantations, contrasted against age-class high forest stands.

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When procuring a solar PV park in Sweden there are many stakeholders involved. As of today, the metric called performance ratio (PR) is often used to guarantee the park’s performance. Nonetheless, comprehending and evaluating PR can be challenging due to its inherent complexity. This study highlights favorable and unfavorable aspects of using PR as a performance metric in solar park procurements in Sweden. The study analyzes the correlation between PR, yield, and revenue, indicating a weak correlation between PR and yield. Findings show that lower values of PR often correspond to a higher yield, this suggests that PR is not a reliable metric for assessing the performance of a solar park. In addition, it may lead to negative implications for stakeholders involved in both procurement and operation of a solar park Relying solely on PR can potentially result in financial losses.  Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis was conducted with a focus on inverter loss and DC/AC ratio. Results illustrate that PR and inverter loss are strongly correlated for a park with a high DC/AC ratio, and they have a weaker correlation for a park with low a DC/AC ratio. This is due to increased inverter loss resulting from clipping losses in the system. The study suggests that a desirable DC/AC ratio of 1,15 maximizes yield and profit. In conclusion, while PR exhibits lower variation and can entail lower risk for Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) companies, it is not always a reliable metric for assessing park performance. The weak correlation between PR and yield, as well as revenue, has implications for developers and investors. The study suggests that a lower DC/AC ratio may reduce the risk for EPCs guaranteeing PR, but decisions based solely on PR may not guarantee the highest revenue for investors and developers. / När en solcellspark upphandlas är flera olika intressenter involverade. I dagsläget används ett prestandamått som kallas performance ratio (PR) för att garantera parkens prestanda. Däremot är PR ett svårt mått att förstå och förutse på grund av dess komplexitet. Den här studien belyser gynnsamma samt ogynnsamma aspekter av att använda PR som ett prestandamått i upphandlingar av solparker i Sverige. Studien analyserar sambandet mellan PR, yield (normaliserad produktion), normaliserad yield och intäkter. Studien visar på ett svagt samband mellan PR och yield. Resultaten visar att lägre värden av PR ofta korrelerar med högre yield, vilket antyder att PR inte är ett tillförlitligt mått för att bedöma en solparks prestanda. Dessutom kan det bli konsekvenser för intressenter som är involverade i både upphandling och drift av en solpark. Att enbart förlita sig på PR kan potentiellt leda till ekonomiska förluster. Vidare genomfördes en känslighetsanalys med fokus på växelriktarförluster och DC/AC förhållandet. Resultaten visar att PR och växelriktarförluster har en stark korrelation för en park med högt DC/AC-förhållande, medan de har en svagare korrelation för en park med lågt DC/AC-förhållande. Detta beror på ökade växelriktarförluster till följd av clipping loss i systemet. Studien föreslår att ett önskvärt DC/AC-förhållande på 1,15 maximerar yield och vinst. Sammanfattningsvis, normaliserad yield bedömdes inte vara ett bra alternativ för PR och yield i upphandlingar. Studien visar att medan PR uppvisar lägre variation och kan innebära lägre risk för EPC-företag, är det inte alltid ett tillförlitligt mått för att bedöma en parks prestanda. Det svaga sambandet mellan PR och yield, liksom intäkter, får konsekvenser för utvecklare och investerare. Studien föreslår att ett lägre DC/AC-förhållande kan minska risken för EPC-företag som garanterar PR, men beslut som enbart baseras på PR kan inte garantera högsta intäkter för investerare och utvecklare.