This thesis deals with investments issue for smart house systems. The theoretical part describes the definitions of the economic area, the area of intelligent systems and real estate valuation. In the practical part, there is detected the real estate price, accomplished a survey of public opinion and designed particular smart house system. The proposed solution is divided into sections and evaluated from economic and non-economic aspect. In the conclusion there is determined the value of the real estate after the completion of the investment.

La sociedad está siendo testigo de una revolución digital que ha generado cambios en diversos ámbitos, entre los cuales se encuentra la construcción o transformación de edificios comunes a Smart Buildings (SB), lo que puede conseguir que varios aspectos como la seguridad, el consumo energético, entre otros, se gestionen con mayor eficiencia. El desarrollo de SBs es acompañado del desarrollo de las tecnologías IoT (Internet of Things), las cuales son una opción de soporte para convertir un edificio en inteligente. Sin embargo, la implementación de SBs está sujeta a varios riesgos que no se han cubierto en conjunto, destacando tres de ellos que son la incapacidad de escalar el SB para que se adapte a nuevos requisitos (escalabilidad), que los dispositivos IoT (sensores y actuadores) no sean compatibles entre ellos (incompatibilidad), y que la transmisión de datos en el sistema sea vulnerada por agentes maliciosos (seguridad en la transmisión de datos). Siendo así, el presente proyecto propone una arquitectura tecnológica para las implementaciones de SBs con IoT que brinde a las organizaciones un diseño guía que les permita cambiar sus componentes según la complejidad y exigencia de sus requerimientos, y que solucione en conjunto los tres riesgos previamente mencionados. Finalmente, el resultado del proyecto es una arquitectura tecnológica para las implementaciones de SBs validada en el cumplimiento de los requisitos planteados. / Society is witnessing a digital revolution that has generated changes in various areas, among which is the construction or transformation of common buildings to Smart Buildings (SB), which can achieve that various aspects such as security, energy consumption, among other things, are managed more efficiently. The development of SBs is accompanied by the development of IoT (Internet of Things) technologies, which can support the transformation of a regular building into an SB. However, the implementation of SBs is subject to several risks that have not been covered together, highlighting three of them which are the inability to scale the SB to adapt to new requirements (scalability), that IoT devices (sensors and actuators) are not compatible with each other (incompatibility), and that the data transmission inside the system is compromised by malicious agents (security in data transmission). Thus, this project proposes a technological architecture for the implementations of SBs with IoT that provides organizations with a guiding design that allows them to change their components according to the complexity and demand of their requirements, and that jointly solves the three previously mentioned risks. Finally, the result of the project is a technological architecture for the implementations of SBs validated in the fulfillment of the raised requirements. / Tesis

Recycled material has attracted extensive interest due to its positive impact on decarbonization in the building sector. At the same time, utilizing these materials is limited. The main objective of this degree project is to provide a better understanding of recycled materials and their role in environmental and economic aspects. This work investigates three cases regarding the use of recycled materials as external wall insulation in ETC buildings: Case 1 (biochar), Case 2 (plastic waste materials), and Case 3 (straw bales), and the cases will be compared with Case 0 (wood) materials that are used in the building. Thermal insulation properties such as thermal conductivity and density are the most important factors influencing this material's ability to insulate. These properties are used as variables in simulation; each variable is linked to the type of material used. Models were created for each material in the building performance simulation tool IDA ICE. In each model, the insulation of the external walls will be changed, but the rest of the construction specifications will stay unchanged. The results showed that all the materials selected in the evaluation have a low environmental impact (thermo-environmental assessment), low energy demand, and low carbon emissions. In the case of comparing the three cases 1, 2, and 3 of recycled materials, the results indicated that Case 1 (biochar) has the same environmental impact as Case 0 (wood), but the energy used was more than Case 0 by 6%, and the economic impact (thermoeconomic assessment)regarding energy costs has the same value. There is no information regarding the material’s price. The results showed that Case 3 (straw bales) has a lower environmental and economic impact than wood. The results illustrated that adding Case2 (EPS) with a thickness of 200 to the wooden building reduced demand by 3% for heating and cooling, and the energy used was less than 2%. Therefore, Case0 (wood) support with this layer is considered an appropriate solution to reduce energy demand. On the other hand, recycled materials have challenges in terms of insufficient research on the extent of their use, as in the case of biochar in Sweden. As well as challenges related to the development of strawbales, which have many problems related to rotting and moisture absorption / <p></p><p></p>

В данной работе представлено описание плана по разработке информационной системы «Умный офис» на основе технологий Интернета вещей. Данная система представляет возможности для проактивного управления интеллектуальным зданием. Первая глава работы содержит литературный обзор и анализ источников по предметной области Интернета вещей. Описаны технологии, которые необходимы для работы с Интернет вещами. Во второй главе описан бизнес-проект по реализации системы «Умный офис», который включает в себя описание предметной области, устав проекта, описание жененного цикла развития системы, календарное планирование работ, риски проекта и экономическое обоснование реализации проекта. В третьей главе представлен практический результат работы: требования к системе, архитектура системы и техническое задание. / This paper presents a description of the plan for the development of the "Smart Office" information system based on IoT technologies. This system presents the possibilities for proactive management of an intelligent building. The first chapter of the work contains a literature review and analysis of sources on the subject area of the Internet of Things. The technologies that are necessary for working with the Internet of things are described. The second chapter describes a business project for the implementation of the Smart Office system, which includes a description of the subject area, project charter, description of the system development cycle, work scheduling, project risks and economic justification for project implementation. The third chapter presents the practical result of the work: system requirements, system architecture and terms of reference.

Purpose: This thesis aims to describe how to design and implement an IoT-Based digital twin framework for environmental monitoring in the indoor environment.  To fulfill the purpose of the study, the following research question is answered. How to create a digital twin solution utilizing AWS to establish interaction and convergence between the physical environment in a classroom and the virtual environment?  Method: As a research method, the research has conducted design science research (DSR). DSR is a new method, and it is an effective tool for enhancing engineering education research methods.  Results: The study describes in detail the steps required to create the framework. The framework enabled interaction and convergence between the physical and virtual environments in a particular location.  Implications: The research contributes to broadening the knowledge on using the Internet of things (IoT), digital twin (DT), and Amazon web services (AWS). The study provides future research with reference data and a framework to build upon.  Research Limitation: Due to time constraints, the study's scope and limitations are limited to the technologies that the participating company, Knowit, provides. Knowit AB is a Swedish IT consulting company that supports companies and organizations with services in digital transformation and system development. The study aims to create an AWS-based IoT framework, not improve the digital twin concept. The framework was implemented at Jönköping University. This work is also limited to temperature and light intensity as environmental parameters.

Indoor localization remains an open problem in geolocation research, and once this is solved the localization enables counting and tracking of building occupants. This information is vital in an emergency, enables occupancy-optimized heating or cooling, and assists smart buildings in tailoring services for occupants. Unfortunately, two prevalent technologies---GPS and cellular-based positioning---perform poorly indoors due to attenuation and multipath from the building. To address this issue, the research community devised many alternatives for indoor localization (e.g., beacons, RFID tags, Wi-Fi fingerprinting, and UWB to cite just a few examples). A drawback with most is the requirement for those being located to carry a properly-configured device at all times. An alternative based on computer vision techniques poses significant privacy concerns due to cameras recording building occupants. By contrast, ILoViT research makes novel use of accelerometers already present in some buildings. These sensors were originally intended to monitor structural health or to study structural dynamics. The key idea is that when a person's footstep-generated floor vibrations can be detected and located then it becomes possible to locate persons moving within a building. Vibration propagation in buildings has complexities not encountered by acoustic or radio wave propagation in air; thus, conventional localization algorithms are inadequate. ILoVIT algorithms account for these conditions and have been demonstrated in a public building to provide sub-meter accuracy. Localization provides the foundation for counting and tracking, but providing these additional capabilities confronts new challenges. In particular, how does one determine the correct association of footsteps to the person making them? The ILoViT research created two methods for solving the data association problem. One method only provides occupancy counting but has modest, polynomial time complexity. The other method draws inspiration from prior work in the radar community on the multi-target tracking problem, specifically drawing from the multiple hypothesis tracking strategy. This dissertation research makes new enhancements to this tracking strategy to account for human gait and characteristics of footstep-derived multilateration. The Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University's College of Engineering recognized this dissertation research with the Paul E. Torgersen Graduate Student Research Excellence Award. / Ph. D. / Indoor localization remains an open problem in geolocation research, and once this is solved the localization enables counting and tracking of building occupants. This information is vital in an emergency, enables occupancy-optimized heating or cooling and assists smart buildings in tailoring services for occupants. Unfortunately, two prevalent technologies—GPS and cellular-based positioning—are ill-suited here due to the way a building’s weakens and distorts wireless signals. To address this issue the research community devised many alternatives for indoor localization. A drawback with most is the requirement for those being located to carry a properly-configured device at all times. An alternative based on computer vision techniques poses significant privacy concerns due to cameras recording building occupants. By contrast, ILoViT research makes novel use of a mature sensor technology already present in some buildings. These sensors were originally intended to monitor structural health or to study structural dynamics. The key idea behind this unconventional role for building sensors is that when a person’s footstep-generated floor vibrations can be detected and located then it is possible to locate persons moving within a building. Vibration propagation in buildings has complexities not encountered by acoustic or radio wave propagation in air; thus, conventional localization algorithms designed for those applications are inadequate. ILoVIT algorithms account for these conditions and have been demonstrated in a public building to provide sub-meter accuracy. Localization provides the foundation for counting and tracking, but providing these additional capabilities confronts new challenges. In particular, how does one determine the correct association of footsteps to the person making them? The ILoViT research created two methods for solving the data association problem. One method only provides area occupancy counting but has modest complexity. The other method draws inspiration from prior work in the radar community on the multi-target tracking problem, and the dissertation research makes new enhancements to account for human gait and footstep-based localization. The Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University’s College of Engineering recognized this dissertation research with the Paul E. Torgersen Graduate Student Research Excellence Award.

Le bâtiment est un noeud énergétique important et un support idéal pour développer etanalyser les effets d'un système de gestion optimisée d'énergie (SGEB) tant son impactpotentiel sur la demande énergétique globale est important. Cependant, pour que ces objectifssoient atteints, plusieurs verrous doivent être levés. Au-delà des problématiques liées àl'architecture de distribution, aux modèles (y compris ceux relatifs au comportement desusagers), aux outils de dimensionnement, à la formalisation des paramètres, contraintes etcritères, aux systèmes de production et aux modes de connexions au réseau de distribution, lesproblèmes liés à la mise en oeuvre d'un outil de gestion décentralisée et à sa validation sontcentraux centrale. Ces travaux s'inscrivent directement dans cette optique. Ils portent enparticulier sur l'élaboration de modèles énergétiques, de stratégies de gestion d'énergie dansune configuration multi-sources et multi-charges et surtout de mise en oeuvre de méthodes etd'outils de validation au travers de bancs tests variés où certains composants peuvent êtreréels.Ce travail analyse le gestionnaire énergétique " G-homeTech " comprenant plusieursfonctionnalités de gestion testées sur des bancs d'essai virtuels et hybrides qui permettent decombiner à la fois des composants matériels et logiciels dans les simulations. Cela a permisd'insérer des actionneurs communicants pour tester leur pertinence. Les validations menéesmontrent que le gestionnaire énergétique permet l'effacement de pointes de consommation etdes économies sur la facture énergétique globale tout en respectant les contraintes techniqueset réglementaires.Les évènements prédits ne sont pas toujours ceux qui se produisent. Nous avons alorssimulé de telles situations. La radiation solaire et la consommation totale des services noncontrôlables sont différentes de celles prédites. Cette différence a conduit à des dépassementsde puissance électrique souscrite qui a activé le mécanisme de gestion réactive du gestionnaireénergétique. Des ordres de délestage sont alors dynamiquement envoyés à certainséquipements. Ces ordres alimentent directement les modèles des équipements électriques.Selon les importances relatives données au coût et au confort, nous avons montré que legestionnaire énergétique permet de faire des économies substantielles en évitant lesconsommations durant les pics de prix et évitant les dépassements de souscription pareffacement, par modulation du fonctionnement des systèmes de chauffage et par décalage defonctionnement des services temporaires dans les périodes plus intéressante énergétiquement.

Abstract Achieving the objective of a decarbonised economy by 2050 will require massive efforts in the energy sector. Emissions from residential houses will have to be almost completely cut, by around 90% by 2050. Home automation is a potential tool for achieving this goal. However, the environmental and economic benefits of automation technologies first need to be assessed. This thesis evaluates the impact of home automation for electricity management in the residential sector using environmental and economic indicators. To this end, a life cycle assessment was performed to evaluate the impacts of the manufacturing, use and disposal phases. The influences of end-user behaviour, household size and multiple levels of technological deployment were also investigated. A Markov chain simulation tool, built on the MatLab platform, was developed to assess all possible combinations of impacting factors. Dynamic environmental indicators were developed based on the ReCiPe method for aggregating the impacts of processes. All these indicators were then combined to form a single index based on multi-criteria acceptability analysis. The results suggest that home automation can decrease peak load, but that overall electricity consumption may increase due to electricity use by the actual automation system. The effect of home automation was more noticeable in larger households than in one-person households. In addition, use of dynamic environmental indicators proved more relevant than fixed indicators to represent the environmental impact of home automation. Within the life cycle of automation technology, the manufacturing phase had the highest impact, but most of the CO2 emissions originated from the use phase. In conclusion, the most important environmental benefit of home automation is reducing CO2 emissions during peak time by load shifting. / Tiivistelmä Vähähiilisen talouden saavuttaminen vuoteen 2050 mennessä edellyttää valtavia ponnisteluja energia-alalla. Rakennuksista aiheutuvia päästöjä on vähennettävä radikaalisti, jopa 90 % vuoteen 2050 mennessä. Rakennusten energiatehokkuutta edistävä automaatiotekniikka on yksi keino tämän päämäärän saavuttamiseen. Kotiautomaation kautta voidaan sekä vähentää energian kokonaiskulutusta että tasoittaa energiankäyttöprofiilia. On kuitenkin tutkittava myös, mitkä ovat automaatiotekniikan ympäristö- ja taloudelliset vaikutukset. Tässä työssä käsitellään kotiautomaation vaikutusta sähkön kulutuksen hallintaan asuinrakennuksissa käyttämällä ympäristö- ja talousindikaattoreita. Tätä varten suoritettiin kotiautomaation elinkaariarviointi selvittämällä laitteiden valmistus-, käyttö- ja hävittämisvaiheiden ympäristövaikutukset. Työssä tarkasteltiin myös asukkaiden käyttäytymisen, kotitalouden koon ja eri teknologiavaihtoehtojen vaikutuksia ympäristö- ja talousvaikutuksiin. Arviointi suoritettiin Markovin ketjun simulointityökalulla, joka rakennettiin Matlab-alustalle. Dynaamisia ympäristömittareita kehitettiin ReCiPe-menetelmää käyttäen. Indikaattorit on edelleen yhdistetty yhdeksi indeksiksi käyttäen monikriteeriarviointia. Tulokset viittaavat siihen, että huippukuormitusta voidaan vähentää käyttämällä kotiautomaatiota, mutta sähkön kokonaiskulutus voi kasvaa automaatiojärjestelmän sähkönkulutuksen takia. Kotiautomaation vaikutukset ovat eniten havaittavissa suurissa kotitalouksissa. Lisäksi, dynaamiset indikaattorit edustavat paremmin kotiautomaation vaikutusta ympäristöön kuin staattiset indikaattorit. Automaatioteknologian elinkaaressa suurimmat ympäristövaikutukset ovat valmistusvaiheessa, mutta CO2-päästöjä syntyy eniten käyttövaiheessa. Lopuksi voidaan todeta, että kotiautomaation merkittävin ympäristöhyöty on CO2-päästöjen vähentäminen huippukulutuksen aikana siirtämällä kuormitusta toiseen ajankohtaan.

This master´s project deals with design of an office building nearly zero energy standard. My master´s project consists of three parts. In the first one I work on technical design of the office building. It is a three-storey building with partial basement. Vertical load-bearing system is partially made from monolithic concrete walls and partially from clay blocks walls. The horizontal load-bearing structures are made of monolithic concrete slab. All roofs are designed as flat roofs. In second part I design all technical equipment in this building. In the last part I compare three types of roof, photovoltaic power plants and evaluate their environmental impact. First type of PV power plant is made by monocrystalline solar cell, second one by polycrystalline solar cell and last one by monocrystalline solar cell with battery system. Environmental impact of these systems is evaluated in Open LCA software. All structures comply with the valid standards and regulations.