Experimental investigations of the optical properties of GaN nanostructured light emitting diode (LED) arrays are presented. Microphotoluminescence spectroscopy with pulsed and continuous wave lasers was used to probe the carrier dynamics and emission mechanisms of nanorod LED arrays fabricated by a top down etching method. Results show a possible reduction in internal electric field as nanorod diameter decreases. Localisation effects were also observed, affecting the spectral shape of the nanorod emission. Under two-photon excitation, quantum dot-like sharp spectral peaks in the PL spectra are found to exist in abundance amongst all the nanorod samples. The optical properties of these localised states, which are shown to be associated with the nanorod free-surfaces, are characterised using non-linear and time resolved spectroscopy. An investigation into spatially resolved single nanorods was also carried out. Single nanorods were isolated, and characterised using pulsed lasers. The etching is shown to increase the carrier decay life-time at extended intervals over several hundred ns. The temporal evolution and excitation power density dependence of the quantum dot-like states are also presented for the first time. The long lived localised states are thought to arise from surface effects, in particular Fermi-surface pinning, causing localisation and spatial separation of carriers. Additional work on nano-pyramid array LEDs, with quantum wells on semi-polar surfaces is also presented. Optical properties using micro-photoluminescence are compared to cathodoluminescence studies. An uneven distribution of emission wavelengths across the pyramid facet is thought to lead to an emission mechanism involving carriers transferring between multiple spatially localised states. Finally, experimental techniques and fabrication methods for future work are documented in detail.

Optimising illumination is essential for optimising the growth of phototrophic cells and their production of desired metabolites and/or biomass. This requires appropriate modulation of light and other key inputs and continuous online monitoring of their metabolic activities. Powerful non-invasive systems for cultivating heterotrophic organisms include shake flasks in online monitoring units, but they are rarely used for phototrophs because they lack the appropriate illumination design and necessary illuminatory power. This study presents the design and characterisation of a photosynthetic shake flask unit, illuminated from below by warm white light-emitting diodes with variable light intensities up to 2300 μmol m-2 s-1. The photosynthetic unit was successfully used, in combination with online monitoring of oxygen production, to cultivate Arthrospira platensis. In phototrophic growth under continuous light and a 16 h light/8 h dark cycle (light intensity: 180 μmol m-2 s-1), the oxygen transfer rate and biomass-related oxygen production were - 1.5 mmol L-1 h-1 and 0.18 mmol O2 gx-1 h-1, respectively. The maximum specific growth rate was 0.058 h-1, during the exponential growth phase, after which the biomass concentration reached 0.75 g L-1.

Os diodos emissores de luz – Light Emitting Diodes – (LEDs) são uma fonte de luz que estão sendo introduzidas comercialmente, mas com discreta base científica nesta modalidade fototerapêutica. O presente estudo comparou os efeitos angiogênicos da luz laser coerente e colimada à luz LED ausente de coerência e colimação em feridas induzidas em ratos, com fluências diferentes. O modelo experimental consistia da indução de uma ferida circular no quadríceps de 120 ratos, utilizando um “punch" com 15 mm de diâmetro. Os animais foram divididos aleatoriamente em 5 grupos: laser (660 nm) e LED (635 nm), sendo cada um ajustado a 5 J/'CM POT.2' e 20 J/'CM POT.2', além do controle. Após 6 horas da indução das feridas, os grupos tratados recebiam aplicação pontual de contato, e irradiados a cada 24 horas. A angiogênese foi analisada por meio da histomorfometria (H.E), e a contração das feridas pelo software de planimetria, sendo estudados os resultados no 3º, 7º, 14º e 21º dias pós-lesão. Os achados da análise histológica no 3º dia foram determinantes para induzir uma grande eficiência na proliferação de vasos sanguíneos dos grupos tratados em relação ao controle, demonstrando uma taxa próxima da constante no 7º dia, e com discreto aumento no 14º dia, porém com destaque para a tecnologia LED a 5 J/'CM POT.2' (p '< OU =' 0,05). No 21º dia, os grupos fototratados com fluência de 5 J/'CM POT.2' apresentavam valores estatísticos com maior eficiência na angiogênese quando comparados com o grupo laser a 20 J/'CM POT.2, sugerindo que fluências elevadas podem induzir um processo do tipo saturação. Não ocorreu diferença da neovascularização no centro e nas margens da ferida (p '< OU =' 0,05), sugerindo que ocorria uma fotobiomodulação de toda a lesão, favorecendo o crescimento homogêneo dos vasos sanguíneos. Tanto o laser quanto o LED não apresentaram resultados significativos na redução da área das feridas. As fototerapias a laser e LED de baixa intensidade sugeriram que a coerência e a colimação não eram fatores decisivos para induzir alterações nas funções celulares, e sim a banda de absorção do espectro eletromagnético. Ambas as fontes de luz vermelha ajustadas a fluências de 5 J/'CM POT.2' podem demonstrar resultados expressivos no estímulo angiogênico em pele lesada / The light emitting diodes (LEDs) are a source of light that have been commercially introduced, but still with a lack in its scientific basis in this phototherapeutic modality. The present study compared the angiogenics effects of the laser and LED illumination in induced wounds in rat, with fluencies different. The experimental model consisted of the induction of a circular wound on the quadriceps of 120 rats, using a “punch" with 15 mm diameter. Animals were divided randomyzed in 5 groups: laser and LED each device with a dosage of 5 J/'CM POT.2' and 20 J/'CM POT.2', and control. After 6 hours of the induction of the wounds, the treated groups received contact of punctual application, and irradiated every 24 hours. The angiogenesis was studied through the histomorphometric (H.E) and the wounds contraction was photographed and analyzed in the planimetrical software in the 3rd, 7th, 14th and 21st lesion induced days. The discoveries of the histological analysis in the 3rd day revealed larger efficiency in the proliferation of the blood vessels in all irradiated groups in comparison to controls, being a rate near of the constant in the 7th day, following to discreet improves in the 14th, even so with prominence for the LED with 5 J/'CM POT.2'. In the 21st day, the groups phototreatment with fluence of 5 J/'CM POT.2' showed similar statistically values in the larger efficiency in the angiogenesis, when to compare to laser with 20 J/'CM POT.2', suggesting high fluencies can induced a saturation process. The average of the area reduction of the wound didn't present similar statistician values of the treated groups in relation to the control (p '< OU =' 0,05). The phototherapeutic laser and LEDs of low intensity they suggested that the coherence and the collimation were not decisive factors to induce alterations in the cellular functions, but the band of the spectrum electromagnetic. The both red source of light agreements to fluencies of the 5 J/'CM POT.2', they can demonstrate expressive results in the incentive ulcerated skin angiogenic

Neste trabalho, apresentamos uma investigação sistemática da microestrutura e da dinâmica de dois polímeros emissores de luz derivados do polifluoreno, a saber, Poly(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl) (BE 329) and Poly[(9,9-dioctyl-2,7-divinylene-fluorenylene)-altco-{ 2-methoxy-5-(2-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene}] (GE 108), utilizando técnicas de Difração de Raios X em Alto Ângulo (WAXD), Espalhamento de Raios X em Baixo Ângulo (SAXS), Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (RMN) no estado sólido, Análise Térmica Dinâmico-Mecânica (DMTA) e Espectroscopia de Fotoluminescência (PL). Em relação as propriedades estruturais, diferenças notáveis entre a microestrutura de ambos os polímeros foram observadas. As medidas de WAXD revelaram a presença de cristalinidade nos filmes da amostra BE 329 (cristalinidade de aproximadamente 47 %) e, também, que o polímero sofre uma modificação estrutural em 433 K. Em contrapartida, as mesmas medidas na amostra GE 108 não revelaram a presença de cristalinidade, mas sim a de estruturas agregadas similares a fases mesomórficas típicas de cristais líquidos. A interpretação dos dados foi feita assumindo um modelo estrutural, onde a distância entre anéis aromáticos coplanares (empilhados) é de d1 = ~ 4.5 Å, e o espaçamento lateral entre eles é de d2 = ~ 18 Å. Estas distâncias possibilitaram a associação com os picos de WAXD, que foram obtidos em diversas temperaturas e revelaram que até aproximadamente 380 K, o parâmetro d1 não muda consideravelmente, entretanto, a partir desta temperatura começa a mudar com intensidade, até atingir 5.5 Å em 413 K. Em contrapartida, o parâmetro d2 varia intensamente até 330 K, permanecendo praticamente estável até 413 K. Por DMTA, ambos os polímeros apresentaram uma relaxação em aproximadamente 210 K e outra em aproximadamente 370 K. A natureza microscópica das relaxações foi elucidada via métodos de RMN capazes de detectar dinâmica molecular de grupos químicos individuais. Mostramos que a relaxação em baixa temperatura é associada a movimentos da cadeia lateral, que apresentaram energia de ativação de aproximadamente 20 kJ/mol para ambos os polímeros. Mesmo apresentando energias de ativação similares, pudemos observar que a fração móvel das cadeias laterais do GE 108 é maior, indicando a presença de cadeias laterais rígidas no BE 329, provavelmente relacionado a fase cristalina. Medidas de RMN também revelaram a presença de movimentos lentos (com tempo de correlação de ms) na cadeia principal, principalmente acima de 370 K, indicando que a relaxação em mais alta temperatura observada por DMTA esta associado a este tipo de dinâmica. Analisados em conjunto, esses resultados indicam que o início dos movimentos das cadeias laterais produz um aumento do espaçamento lateral dos anéis aromáticos nas estruturas agregadas, facilitando o início de movimentos de torção na cadeia principal. Além disso, em 370 K, o aumento da amplitude dos movimentos na cadeia principal induz o aumento da distância entre anéis agregados. Por fim, o entendimento da evolução estrutural e da dinâmica dos diferentes grupos químicos foi aplicado para explicar mudanças observadas nos espectros de PL em função da temperatura. Particularmente as variações de amplitude e deslocamentos para o azul dos espectros de PL foram diretamente associadas com processos de dissociação (aumento da distância) dos anéis agregados e com o aumento dos movimentos de torção dos anéis favorecidos pelo ganho de dinâmica na cadeia lateral. / In this work we present an investigation of the microstructure and dynamics of two Polyfluorene based polymers, said Poly(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl) (BE 329) and Poly[(9,9-dioctyl-2,7-divinylene-fluorenylene)-alt-co-{2-methoxy-5-(2-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4- phenylene}] (GE 108), using Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering (WAXS), Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA) and Fluorescence Spectroscopy (PL). Concerning the structural properties, remarkable differences between the microstructure of both polymers were found. The WAXS measurements revealed that cast films prepared with BE 329 are semi-crystalline (with crystalinity ration of ~ 47 %) and undergo a structural modification at ~ 433 K. In contrast, WAXS measurements revealed that Ge108 as cast films do not present crystallinity, but forms aggregated structures similar to a mesomorphic liquid crystal phase, such as observed in MEH-PPV like polymers. Assuming a model for the aggregated structure, where the phenyl rings planes are stacked parallel to each other with an average distance of d1 = ~ 4.5 Å and laterally spaced by d2 = ~ 18 Å, it was possible to associate these distances with specific peaks in the WAXS pattern. By doing so, the evolution of d1 and d2 as a function of temperature was probed, revealing that d1 remains mostly constant as a function of temperature until ~ 380 K and then start increasing, reaching 5.5 Å at 413 K. d2 also present a trend change at ~ 380 K, but in this case it first increases swiftly and than become more constant. The DMTA data show that both polymers have a low temperature relaxation at ~ 210 K and a high temperature relaxation at ~ 373 K. The microscopic nature of these relaxations was elucidated by solid-state NMR methods capable of detecting molecular dynamics of individual chemical groups[6]. It was show that the low temperature relaxation is associated with motion in the side-chain, occurring with activation energies of ~ 20 kJ/mol in both polymers. Despite the similar activation energies, it was also observed that the fraction of mobile side chains is higher in the GE 108 sample, pointing to the presence of rigid side-chains in BE 329, probably in the crystalline phase. Besides, NMR measurements also revealed the presence of slow motions (ms correlation time range) in the polymers backbones, mainly above 370 K, showing that the high temperature relaxation observed by DMTA is associated to this kind of motion. Again, the fraction of mobile segments was higher for the GE 108 sample, indicating that these dynamic processes mostly occurs in the amorphous part of the polymers. Put together, these results shows that the onset of the side chain motion produces the increase the lateral spacing of the phenyl ring in the aggregated structures, facilitating the onset of torsional motion in the backbone. Besides, at 370 K the increase in the amplitude of the backbone motions induces the increase in the distance between the stacked phenyl rings. This behavior explains many aspects of the temperature dependence of the Fluorescence spectra of the polymers. Particularly, the changes in the intensity and the blue shift of the PL spectra were associated with the dissociation of the phenyl rings and the increase of torsional motion in the main chain, which are facilitated by the onset of the side-chain motions.

As células eletroquímicas emissoras de luz (PLECs) pertencem a um novo ramo importante na optoeletrônica orgânica devido ao seu grande potencial para ser usado como ponto - pixels para telas coloridas e também para painéis de iluminação. Diferentemente de diodos orgânicos emissores de luz (OLEDs), a tecnologia de OLECs ainda está em estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento, em comparação com a tecnologia de OLED , OLECs tem a vantagem de ser operado em ambas as polaridades de tensão ( para a frente ou de polarização reversa ), e, além disso, o seu desempenho é menos dependente dos materiais do eletrodos e a espessura da camada ativa do dispositivo. A camada ativa de um OLEC compreende uma mistura de um polímero eletroluminescente conjugado e um eletrólito de polímero. Consequentemente, o transporte elétrico durante a operação do dispositivo envolve uma combinação de dinâmica iônica e eletrônica e efeitos intrincados nas interfaces com os eletrodos. A literatura apresenta até agora duas abordagens diferentes para descrever o fenômeno de transporte nas OLECs. O modelo de eletrodinâmica, que combina separação iônica com o processo de difusão limitada eletrônica, e o modelo de dopagem eletroquímico que considera uma dopagem eletroquímica do polímero conjugado, dando a formação de uma junção p-i-n na camada ativa. Usando as medidas de decaimento da corrente sobre uma voltagem aplicada e espectroscopia de impedância /admissão , investigamos o transporte de portadores de carga em um OLEC tendo como camada ativa uma mistura de poli [ ( 9, 9 - dioctyl - 2, 7 - divinileno - fluorenileno ) - alt - co - { 2 - metoxi -5 - ( 2 - etil- hexiloxi ) -1,4 - fenileno } ] ( PFGE ) , com poli ( óxido de etileno ) ( PEO ) complexado com triflato de lítio ( TriLi ) , na proporção 01:01 : X , onde X foi de 0,10 , 0,05 , 0,01 , 0,00. Foram obtidos dados importantes relacionados com efeito iônico e eletrônico durante a operação deste PLEC, sendo que as medidas de transiente e de impedância mostraram que o movimento iônico auxilia o processo de injeção eletrônica. Outro fato relevante é que o desempenho da PLEC é dependente da formação da dupla camada iônica que tem sua espessura abaixo de 10 nm e que o processo de sua formação depende altamente da condução iônica, que por sua vez vai depender da quantidade de íons e de sua mobilidade, sendo influenciando por fatores como concentração de sal e temperatura do dispositivo. As medidas realizadas mostram que as PLECs com 2,5 e 5% de concentração de sal apresentam o melhor desempenho. / Organic Light-emitting Electrochemical Devices (OLECs) belong to a new important branch in organic optoelectronics due to their great potential to be used as dot-pixels for color displays and also to lighting panels. Differently from organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), the technology of OLECs is still in early stages of development. In comparison to OLED technology, OLECs have the advantage in being operated in both voltage polarities (forward or reverse bias), and, in addition, their performance is less dependent on the electrode materials and the device thickness. The active layer of an OLEC comprises a mixture of a conjugated electroluminescent polymer and a polymer electrolyte. Consequently, the electrical transport during the device operation involves a combination of ionic and electronic dynamics and intricate effects at the interfaces with the electrodes. The literature presents so far two different approaches to describe the transport phenomenon in the OLECs. The electrodynamic model, which combines ionic charge separation with electronic diffusionlimited process, and the electrochemical doping model that consider an electrochemical doping of the conjugated polymer, giving and the formation of a p-i-n junction in the active layer. Using current decay under an applied voltage measurements and impedance/admittance spectroscopy, we investigate charge carrier transport in an OLEC having as active layer a mixture of poly [(9, 9 - dioctyl - 2, 7 - divinileno - fluorenileno) - alt - co - {2 - methoxy -5 - (2 - ethyl-hexyloxy) -1,4 - phenylene}] (PFGE), with poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) complexed with lithium triflate (TriLi), in the proportion 1:1:X, where X was 0.10, 0.05, 0.01, 0.00. We have obtained important results related to ionic and electronic effect during this operation PLEC. This measurements of transient current and impedance showed that ionic movement aids the process of electron injection. Another relevant fact is that the performance of PLEC is dependent on the formation of ionic double layer having thickness below 10 nm. The formation of this double layers is highly dependent on the ionic conduction, which in turn will depend on the amount of ions. The ionic mobility is influenced by factors such as salt concentration and temperature of the device. The measurements show that PLECS with 2.5 and 5% salt concentration had the best perform.

Les boites quantiques de semiconducteurs représentent une voie attractive pour la réalisation de sources de photon efficaces pour le transfert quantique de l’information, avec un fort potentiel de miniaturisation et d’intégration. Dans ce travail, les paires de photons intriqués sont générées via le déclin radiatif de bi-excitons, à partir de boite quantiques d’InAs auto-assemblées placé dans une jonction p-i-n. Dans une première série d’expérience d’interférence à deux photons, nous avons démontré des corrélations de polarisation non classiques et la capacité de deux photons à interférer. L’intrication a été démontrée avec une fidélité de 0.87±0.04, et une visibilité des interférences de 0.60±0.05. Nous avons ensuite réalisé le premier téléporteur injecté électriquement dans un circuit à fibre monomode. Une fidélité moyenne de 0.704±0.016 a été mesurée pour 6 états distribués symétriquement sur la sphère de Poincaré, ce qui supérieur à la limite classique de 2/3 et prouve la téléportation. Un dispositif modifié de téléportation permettant d’injecter des photons à partir d’un laser continu indépendant a été développé. L’interférence à deux photons entre sources différentes a été démontrée et des battements quantiques observés. La téléportation quantique des états de polarisation portés par les photons a été obtenue avec une fidélité moyenne 0.76±0.012. Le contrôle du spin des charges confinés dans les nanostructures tels que les boites quantiques requiert une compréhension profonde de la physique des matériaux constituant, y compris au niveau nucléaire. Ainsi, nous avons démontré le contrôle électrique de l’interaction hyperfine entre les spins électroniques et nucléaires en utilisant un composant à charge ajustable. La modélisation suggère que le mécanisme est contrôlé par le temps de corrélation hyperfine de l’électron et le temps de dépolarisation du noyau. / Semiconductor quantum dots offer an attractive route towards efficient and high-quality photon sources for optical quantum information applications, with potential for miniaturization and integration on chip. Here, entangled photon pairs are generated in the biexcitonic radiative cascade resulting from electrical excitation of InAs self-assembled quantum dots placed in a p-i-n diode. In a first set of experiments the non-classical polarisation correlations and the ability to interfere the photons in two-photon interference experiments was verified, finding entanglement fidelities of up to 0.87±0.04 and interference visibilities up to 0.60±0.05. Encouraged by the two-photon interference experiments, the first directly electrically driven teleporter was implemented in a single-mode fibre circuit. An average fidelity of 0.704±0.016 was achieved for six states symmetrically distributed on the Poincaré sphere, beating the classical limit of 2/3 and proving that quantum teleportation is taking place. A modified teleportation setup allowed for the accommodation of input photons from an independent CW laser. Two-photon interference between the dissimilar light sources was demonstrated and quantum beats could be observed. Quantum teleportation of polarisation states carried by laser photons was then performed with average fidelity 0.76±0.012. Controlling confined charge carriers in nano-scale systems such as quantum dots requires a deep understanding of the underlying material physics, even on the nuclear level. Voltage control of electron-nuclear hyperfine spin interactions was demonstrated using a charge-tuneable device. Modelling suggests that the mechanism is controlled mainly via the electron hyperfine correlation time and the nuclear depolarisation time.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-10-02T20:17:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ThiagoSantos.pdf: 1103502 bytes, checksum: 16ad7405a0ab31d83423293c43110ee8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-02T20:17:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ThiagoSantos.pdf: 1103502 bytes, checksum: 16ad7405a0ab31d83423293c43110ee8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Maranhão / Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Bioanalítica / A photoelectroanalytical sensor was developed, based on deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and anatase titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles sensitized with bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiofulvalene (BEDT-TTF) for determination of the adrenaline, also denominated as epinephrine. The photosensor composite developed was denominated as BEDT-TTF/DNA/TiO2/ITO and shows a high photocurrent for the adrenaline under light emitting diode (LED) irradiation in comparison to each component of the composite material. Under optimized conditions, the BEDTTTF/DNA/TiO2/ITO sensor shows a linear response range from 10 nmol L-1 up to 100 μmol L-1 with a sensitivity of 8,1 nA L μmol-1 and limit of detection of 1 nmol L-1 for the adrenaline. The photoelectrochemical sensor showed high photocurrent to adrenaline in comparison to photocurrent response to ascorbic acid and uric acid. The BEDT-TTF/DNA/TiO2/ITO photoelectrochemical sensor was successfully applied to urine samples, with recovery values between 96 and 106%. / Um sensor fotoeletroanalítico foi desenvolvido, baseado em ácido desoxirribonucleico (DNA) e nanopartículas de dióxido de titânio anatase (TiO2) sensibilizadas com bis(etilenoditio)tetratiofulvaleno (BEDT-TTF) para a determinação de adrenalina, também denominada como epinefrina. O fotossensor compósito desenvolvido foi denominado como BEDT-TTF/DNA/TiO2/ITO e exibiu uma elevada fotocorrente para a adrenalina sob a irradiação do diodo emissor de luz (LED) em comparação com cada componente do material compósito. Sob condições otimizadas, o sensor BEDT-TTF/DNA/TiO2/ITO exibiu um intervalo de resposta linear de 10 nmol L-1 para 100 μmol L-1 com uma sensibilidade de 8,1 nA L μmol-1 e limite de detecção de 1 nmol L-1 para a adrenalina. O sensor fotoeletroquímico mostrou elevada fotocorrente para a adrenalina em comparação com a resposta de fotocorrente para ácido ascórbico e ácido úrico. O fotossensor BEDTTTF/DNA/TiO2/ITO foi aplicado com sucesso em amostras de urina, com valores de recuperação entre 96 e 106%.

Les diodes électroluminescentes (LEDs) constituent de nouvelles solutions pour créer des luminaires plus robustes, ayant un meilleur rendement de conversion et plus respectueuses de l'environnement. Malgré les avantages indiscutables déjà obtenus aujourd'hui, ce type de luminaire présente encore quelques optimisations possibles et offre des possibilités de fonctionnalités multiples. A travers plusieurs campagnes de tests, l'auteur montre sur des LEDs du commerce, que les points d'optimisation non encore exploités dans les luminaires commerciaux. Ces LEDs ont ainsi été testés sur de larges plages de fonctionnement du point de vue photométrique, électrique mais aussi thermique pour connaitre la reproductibilité des résultats obtenus. Ainsi les influences des conditions d'utilisation notamment en température de fonctionnement et niveaux de courant d'alimentation ont été étudiées. Pour dimensionner au mieux une alimentation électrique spécifique, une recherche de modèles de LED élémentaires a été effectuée. L'objectif est que les modèles tiennent compte des principaux paramètres mais soit suffisamment simple pour être inséré dans un environnement système afin de simuler le luminaire dans son environnement complet. Ainsi, l'étude comparative de plusieurs associations de LEDs a été effectuée permettant d'en déduire des compromis pour proposer de nouvelles solutions faibles consommatrices d'énergie à coût réduit incluant de nouveaux types d'alimentation. / Light emitting diodes (LEDs) bring new possibilities to get luminaires more robust with an improved efficiency and more environmentally respectfull. Despite the benefits already achieved today, this type of luminaire still presents some possible optimizations and provides opportunities for multiple features. Through several tests, the author shows on LEDs in market that optimization points are not operated in commercial luminaires. These LEDs have been tested over a wide range of operation in photometric, electrical but also thermal to know the reproducibility of the results. Thus the influences of operating conditions including operating temperature and supply current levels were studied. To design a specific power supply for each LED type, a search of elementary LED models was performed. The objective is to take into account the main parameters of the models but also to be enough simple to be inserted into a system environment to simulate the luminaire in whole environment. Thus, the comparative study of several associations of LEDs was conducted to deduce the best compromise and propose new solutions to reduce energy consumptions and production costs, including new types of power supply.

Nesse trabalho apresentamos o estudo das propriedades ópticas e elétricas de filmes e dispositivos eletrônicos de polímeros luminescentes, poli(p-fenilenovinilenos) - PPVs, semicondutores, polianilinas - PANI, e derivados desses dois polímeros. São apresentadas todas as etapas de preparação e caracterização dos dispositivos, desde as rotas de síntese dos polímeros, até a modelagem de dispositivos eletroluminescentes e de transistores de efeito de campo. Os filmes luminescentes foram caracterizados por propriedades de absorção e emissão ópticas, e função pseudo-dielétrica, mostrando dependência com a presença de grupos laterais. Filmes de PANI, por sua vez, foram caracterizados através de medidas de condutividade complexa, e os resultados obtidos mostram-se típicos de sistemas sólidos desordenados. Para interpretá-las, foi utilizado o modelo de distribuição aleatória de barreiras de energia livre (random free energy barrier model - RFEB) aplicado como ajuste aos resultados experimentais. Outra característica importante dos PPVs, estudada nessa tese, foi à degradação em condições ambientais sob iluminação. Esse efeito foi acompanhado por medidas de absorção óptica e de elipsometria, mostrando que a combinação dos efeitos do oxigênio e da luz é a principal responsável pela degradação desse material. Para explicar tal efeito, elaboramos um modelo baseado nas propriedades individuais dos cromóforos do polímero e na substituição de ligações vinílicas C=C por ligações carbonilas C=O, cuja comparação com os resultados experimentais forneceu uma estimativa para a fração degradada do polímero como função do tempo de iluminação. Foram caracterizados dispositivos emissores de luz de PPVs através de medidas corrente vs. tensão e de condutividade complexa, que através do ajuste por modelos de circuitos equivalentes e pelo modelo RFEB forneceu grandezas fundamentais como a resistividade e a constante dielétrica da camada polimérica. Finalizando, transistores de efeito de campo de poli(o-metoxianilina) - POMA (um derivado da PANI) apresentaram modulação pela tensão de porta, e um modelo baseado nas propriedades de condução da POMA levando-se em conta gradientes de mobilidade e de densidade de portadores ortogonais à superfície do polímero foi elaborado e se ajustou muito bem aos resultados experimentais. / In this thesis we report the electrical and optical characterization of polymeric thin-film and luminescent and electronic devices. The studied materials were the luminescent poly(p-phenylenevinylenes) - PPVs, semiconducting polyanilines - PANI and their derivatives. All the steps in the material preparation are described: the synthesis and the film preparation. Also, the technological details of the fabrication of the devices, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and field-effect transistor (FETs), are presented. Luminescent films were studied by optical absorption and emission and by ellipsometry measurements, giving emphasis on the influence of lateral groups. The PANI films were electrically investigated by the analysis of the complex conductivity, whose results were adjusted by the random free energy barrier model used for disordered solids. Another important investigation was related to the photodegradation of the luminescent polymers, a deleterious effect owing to a concomitant action of oxygen and light. To explain such effect we proposed a model based on the properties of individual cromophores of the molecules, and in the incorporation of ketone groups (C=O), cleaving the vinyl C=C bonds. The luminescent devices were electrically and optically characterized. The current density vs. voltage and complex impedance were fit by macroscopic models taking into account a hopping process, and an equivalent circuit was also used to study ITO/polymer/metal structures. Finally, the field-effect transistor made by poly(o-methoxyaniline) were experimentally studied and a model that assumes gradients of carrier density and mobility orthogonal to the film surface fit with good agreement the ISD vs. VSD for different gate voltages, VG.

Ce travail de thèse porte sur l'étude et le développement de composants à cavité verticale dans le contexte des réseaux courtes et moyennes distances multiplexés en longueur d'onde autour de 1,55 μm. Pour fabriquer de telles structures, nous avons tout d'abord développé des miroirs de Bragg diélectriques constitués de silicium amorphe et de nitrure de silicium. La différence d'indice (1,9) élevée entre ces matériaux a permis d'atteindre les hautes réflectivités (R = 99,5%) nécessaires au bon fonctionnement des VCSELs. A la suite du développement de ces miroirs, nous avons réalisé un VCSEL, reporté sur substrat silicium par collage métallique AuIn2, comprenant deux miroirs diélectriques et une zone active à base de puits quantiques InGaAs/InGaAsP. Les caractérisations et les études par simulation du VCSEL ont engendré plusieurs optimisations, et ont permis d'obtenir une émission laser continue sous pompage optique jusqu'à une température de 35°C. Ces résultats encourageants ont validé notre processus de fabrication ainsi que la fiabilité et la bonne qualité des miroirs de Bragg diélectriques. Pour s'affranchir du caractère instable de la polarisation de ces VCSELs nous avons proposé l'utilisation de nanostructures quantiques InAs/InP anisotropes se présentant sous forme de fils. L'étude de ces structures et leur mise en cavité ont démontré leur intérêt pour introduire une anisotropie du gain permettant d'assurer une polarisation stable. Nous avons développé un VCSEL accordable suivant une nouvelle approche. Le principe repose sur l'insertion d'une couche de phase électro-optique à base de nano-PDLC (Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal) dans la cavité du VCSEL. Le nano-PDLC, permet d'obtenir une variation isotrope de l'indice de réfraction sous l'action d'une tension. La réalisation d'un prototype pompé optiquement a permis une première démonstration de faisabilité d'un VCSEL accordable par voie électro-optique. Une accordabilité de 10-nm autour de 1.55-μm a été mesurée pour une tension de 170V, et le temps moyen de commutation sur la gamme spectrale est de 30 μs.