Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work proposes a control methodology of luminous flux through independent sink temperature and current applied to red, green and blue LEDs. The main characteristics of solid-state lighting and LEDs themselves are presented, along an architectural approach trends in decorative lighting and artistic scope. Also are discussed the color theory and the history of regulation of colors through the standard CIE (International Commission on Illumination) since the creation of CIE 1931 to the CIE 1976 standard, creating an uniform space for the comparison of results of luminous sources. The constant flux system is proposed, using the equations for estimating the flux that is controlled by a microprocessor in practice, obtaining satisfactory results when compared with the open-loop dimmer system, resulting in a low chromatic variation Δu'v' regarding to studied set of colors, thus representing an imperceptible change to the human eye, taking into account the CIE 1976 standard. / Este trabalho propõe uma metodologia de controle de fluxo luminoso através da temperatura de dissipador e corrente, aplicada a diodos emissores de luz vermelhos, verdes e azuis. São apresentadas as principais características da iluminação em estado sólido e dos diodos emissores de luz propriamente ditos. Uma abordagem arquitetônica das tendências da iluminação decorativa em âmbito artístico é apresentada. É abordada também a teoria das cores. A história da regulamentação das cores através do padrao CIE (Comissão Internacional de Iluminação) é mostrada, desde a criação do padrão CIE 1931 até o padrão CIE 1976. Cria-se, assim, um espaço uniforme para a comparação de resultados de fontes luminosas. O sitema de fluxo constante é proposto, utilizando equações de estimação do fluxo. Este é controlado através de um microprocessador, obtendo-se resultados satisfatórios quando comparado com o sistema em malha aberta. Os resultados mostram uma variação cromática Δu v menor que 0.0035 para as cores ensaiadas, representando assim uma variação imperceptível pelo olho humano, levando-se em consideração o padrão CIE 1976.

Ce travail porte dans un premier temps sur l’optimisation du matériau constituant la couche d’injection des trous dans les diodes électroluminescentes organiques (OLEDs) et les cellules solaires organiques (OPVCs). Les Polyanilines (PANIs) utilisées dans ce travail sont dispersées dans différents solvants organiques ou dans l'eau. L’effet de l’épaisseur, de la morphologie et de la conductivité des films de PANI sur l’efficacité des cellules solaires a été étudié. Les résultats montrent que la conductivité et l’épaisseur des films de PANI affectent énormément l’efficacité des dispositifs OLEDs ou OPVCs. Le dopant et le solvant utilisés dans la synthèse de la dispersion de PANI jouent aussi un rôle important. Dans un second temps, différentes PANIs ainsi que des latex de PEDOT et des nanotubes de carbone ont été utilisés seuls en tant qu'électrode dans le but d'accéder à des dispositifs "tout polymère". L’influence du pH, de la conductivité, du travail de sortie, la nature du dopant et du solvant sur les propriétés de l’injection de charge ont été analysés. / The optimization of hole injection materials in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) and organic photovoltaic cells (OPVCs) is reported. Water and organic solvent-based PANIs were used. We have studied the influence of the thickness, the morphology and the conductivity of PANI films in (OPVCs) performances. The results show that the conductivity and the thickness of the PANI film greatly affect (OLED) and (OPVCs) effectiveness. The dopant and the solvent used in the synthesis of PANI dispersion also play an important role. PANI and PEDOT dispersions as well as carbon nanotube were also used as electrodes without ITO. The effect of pH, conductivity, the work function, the nature of the dopant and the solvent in the injection property were analyzed.

Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Karina Passalacqua Morelli Frin / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia/Química, Santo André, 2018. / Neste trabalho foram estudadas as propriedades fotofisicas e eletroquimicas dos compostos polipiridinicos fosforescentes de Re(I), fac-[ReCl(CO)3(N^N)] e fac-[Re(PPh3)(CO)3(N^N)]+, em que N^N = 1,10-fenantrolina (phen), 4,7-dimetil-1,10-fenantrolina (Me2phen) ou 4,7-dimetoxi-1,10-fenantrolina ((MeO)2phen) e PPh3 = trifenilfosfina e dos compostos fosforescentes ciclometalados de Ir(III), mer-[Ir(ppy)2(L^X)], em que L^X= 4,4fff'-(1,4-fenileno-bis-(2,2f,6f,2ff-terpiridina)) (tpy), carboxilato de 3-iodopiridinilmetila (Ipic) e ppy = 2-fenilpiridina. Ademais, o desempenho de dispositivos eletroluminescentes emissores de luz com esses compostos foi investigado por meio da capacidade de injecao e transporte de carga e transferencia de energia entre matriz e dopante. Os compostos foram sintetizados, purificados, caracterizados por meio de espectroscopias UV-visivel, na regiao do infravermelho, IV, e ressonancia magnetica nuclear de hidrogenio, 1H RMN. Os compostos de Re(I) e Ir(III) se encontram nas conformacoes facial e meridional, respectivamente.Nos espectros de absorcao dos compostos fac-[ReL(CO)3(N^N)], L = Cl e PPh3, e mer-[Ir(ppy)2(L^X)] foram observadas duas regioes: uma de mais alta energia, atribuida as transicoes intraligantes (IL) e, uma de menor energia, atribuida as transicoes de transferencia de carga do metal para o ligante (MLCT). Foi investigada a emissao desses compostos em solucao e em meio rigido, que pode ser atribuida ao estado excitado triplete de energia mais baixa. Para os compostos de Re(I), a temperatura ambiente, essa emissao pode ser atribuida principalmente ao estado excitado triplete de transferencia de carga do metal para o ligante polipiridinico (3MLCTRe¨N^N*) e que, em meio rigido, apresenta um maior carater do estado excitado triplete centrado no ligante (3IL), observando-se a inversao entre esses estados para os compostos com os ligantes polipiridinicos Me2phen e ((MeO)2phen. Para os compostos de Ir(III), a temperatura ambiente, a emissao pode ser atribuida ao estado excitado triplete de transferencia de carga do metal para o ligante auxiliar 3MLCTIr+ppy¨L^N, e que, em meio rigido, para o composto mer-[Ir(ppy)2(Ipic)], ocorre a inversao entre os estados 3MLCT e 3IL e, portanto, a emissao e atribuida a este ultimo estado excitado. Os tempos de vida obtidos para os compostos de Re(I), 0,18-2,52 ¿Ês, e de Ir(III), 60 ns - 0,43 ¿Ês, sao consistentes com estados emissores tripletes. Os rendimentos quanticos, constantes de decaimento radiativas e nao radiativas, potenciais de oxidacao e reducao tambem foram avaliados. Os calculos dos niveis de energia HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital) e do LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) foram realizados e comparados aos do polimero poli(vinil)carbazol (PVK). / In this work, both photophysical and electrochemical properties of phosphorescent polypyridyl Re(I) compounds, fac-[ReCl(CO)3(N^N)] and fac-[Re(PPh3)(CO)3(N^N)]+, N^N = 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), 4,7-dimethyl-1,10- phenanthroline (Me2phen) and 4,7-dimethoxi-1,10-phenanthroline ((MeO)2phen) and PPh3 = triphenylphosphine and phosphorescent cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes, mer-[Ir(ppy)2(L^X)], where L^X= 4¿,4¿¿¿¿-(1,4-Phenylene)bis(2,2¿:6¿,2¿¿-terpyridine) (tpy), 3-iodopyridine-2-carboxylate (Ipic) e ppy = 2-phenylpyridine, were investigated. Furthemore, the performance of electroluminescent devices by means of the charge injection ability was investigated as well as transport and energy transfer between the host and guest. These compounds were synthesized, purified and characterized by Uv-visible, infrared and proton nuclear magnetic resonance, 1H NMR, spectroscopies. Re(I) and Ir(III) compounds are in facial and meridional geometries, respectively. In the absorption spectra of the fac-[ReL(CO)3(N^N)], L = Cl and PPh3, and mer-[Ir(ppy)2(L^X)] are observed two bands: the higher energy one, assigned to intraligand transitions (IL), and the lower energy one, assigned to metal to ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transition. The emission of the compounds was investigated in fluid and rigid media, which could be ascribed to the low-lying triplet excited state. For the Re(I) compounds, at room temperature, the emission is characteristic of the triplet metal-to-ligand charge transfer (3MLCTRe¨N^N*) and, in rigid media, shows some degree of the triplet ligand-centered (3IL) emission, observing the inversion between these states for the compounds with the polypyridine ligands Me2phen and (MeO)2phen. For the Ir(III) compounds, at room temperature, the emission could be assigned to the triplet low-lying metal-to-ligand charge transfer 3MLCTIr+ppy¨L^N, and, in rigid media, for the mer-[Ir(ppy)2(Ipic)] compound occurs the inversion between the 3MLCT and 3IL excited states, therefore, the emission is ascribed from the latter excited state. The lifetime obtained for the the Re(I) compounds, 0.18-2.52 ¿Ês, and for the Ir(III) compounds, 60 ns - 0.43 ¿Ês, are consistent with triplet excited states. The emission quantum yields, radiative and non-radiative rates, oxidation and reduction potentials were also evaluated. The calculations of the HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital) and LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) energy levels were performed and the values compared to the poly(vinyl)carbazol polymer (PVK).

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-01-07T18:22:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 milenafariapinto.pdf: 3767169 bytes, checksum: 1c057d68b3cee498c456fe7c7610b2c2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-01-25T16:53:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 milenafariapinto.pdf: 3767169 bytes, checksum: 1c057d68b3cee498c456fe7c7610b2c2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-25T16:53:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 milenafariapinto.pdf: 3767169 bytes, checksum: 1c057d68b3cee498c456fe7c7610b2c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-22 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente trabalho propõe um sistema eletrônico que permite gerenciar, monitorar parâmetros e controlar de forma descentralizada um conjunto de luminárias à LED pertencentes a um sistema de iluminação pública. Estes parâmetros incluem nível de iluminação, consumo de energia, detecção da presença de pedestres, problemas na própria luminária e monitoração de variáveis ambientais como temperatura e umidade. Adicionalmente, o mesmo sistema é capaz também de detectar falhas na rede elétrica, permitindo monitorar e gerenciar os parâmetros de qualidade de rede de uma forma global. Basicamente, o sistema pode ser dividido em três partes. A primeira parte consiste de um módulo inteligente, chamado neste trabalho por SM, que é conectado a uma determinada luminária e à rede elétrica, sendo assim responsável por medir tanto os parâmetros provindos da luminária quanto da rede elétrica. Na segunda parte encontra-se o módulo controlador (CM) que possui a finalidade de coordenar as informações oriundas dos módulos inteligentes instalados nas luminárias, armazenando e posteriormente enviando os dados para um sistema supervisório. Além disso, o mesmo possui sensores de temperatura e umidade para prover informações sobre as condições climáticas, objetivando confiabilidade nos dados medidos pelos sensores dos módulos inteligentes. O sistema supervisório (SS) consiste da etapa final deste sistema proposto, o qual é responsável por salvar os dados obtidos em um certo período de tempo, analisar e monitorar possíveis falhas e enviar comandos para cada CM e/ou um respectivo SM. Com a finalidade de avaliar experimentalmente o sistema proposto neste trabalho, foram realizados experimentos para demonstrar tanto as funcionalidades do módulo bem como da avaliação dos algoritmos de processamento de sinais propostos, e obtendo ao final projeções econômicas para o protótipo. Os resultados obtidos mostraram eficiência, flexibilidade e interoperabilidade do sistema proposto. / The present paper proposes a system to manage, control and monitor a group of LED luminaires of a street lighting system, being able to control the light intensity of the luminaire and monitoring the power consumption, detection of pedestrians, fault conditions, environmental parameters such as temperature and humidity. Additionally, the system contains a voltage sensor coupled to the grid in order to monitor and manage the power quality parameters. Basically, the system can be divided in three essential parts. The first one regards the smart module, called in this work as SM, which has the responsibility to sensing the parameters stemming from power grid as well as luminaire. The second part is the control module (CM), which has the aim to coordinate the data received from each smart module, storing and subsequently sending the data to the supervisory system. Besides, the control module also has temperature and humidity sensors in order to check and register environmental conditions, providing, in this way, reliability of the measured data. The supervisory system (SS) consists of the final part of the proposed system and it is responsible to save the data in a local memory, to analyze and to monitor problems or even possible faults and sending commands to each CM and/or a respective SM. With the aim to evaluate the proposed system, it was performed experiments to demonstrate the system operation as well as the quality analysis capability. Due to the energy savings potential provided by the technology, it was also studied the economic feasibility of the prototype, aiming a future commercial product. The results have shown that the proposed system is scalable, flexible and efficient.

Os diodos emissores de luz – Light Emitting Diodes – (LEDs) são uma fonte de luz que estão sendo introduzidas comercialmente, mas com discreta base científica nesta modalidade fototerapêutica. O presente estudo comparou os efeitos angiogênicos da luz laser coerente e colimada à luz LED ausente de coerência e colimação em feridas induzidas em ratos, com fluências diferentes. O modelo experimental consistia da indução de uma ferida circular no quadríceps de 120 ratos, utilizando um “punch” com 15 mm de diâmetro. Os animais foram divididos aleatoriamente em 5 grupos: laser (660 nm) e LED (635 nm), sendo cada um ajustado a 5 J/'CM POT.2' e 20 J/'CM POT.2', além do controle. Após 6 horas da indução das feridas, os grupos tratados recebiam aplicação pontual de contato, e irradiados a cada 24 horas. A angiogênese foi analisada por meio da histomorfometria (H.E), e a contração das feridas pelo software de planimetria, sendo estudados os resultados no 3º, 7º, 14º e 21º dias pós-lesão. Os achados da análise histológica no 3º dia foram determinantes para induzir uma grande eficiência na proliferação de vasos sanguíneos dos grupos tratados em relação ao controle, demonstrando uma taxa próxima da constante no 7º dia, e com discreto aumento no 14º dia, porém com destaque para a tecnologia LED a 5 J/'CM POT.2' (p '< OU =' 0,05). No 21º dia, os grupos fototratados com fluência de 5 J/'CM POT.2' apresentavam valores estatísticos com maior eficiência na angiogênese quando comparados com o grupo laser a 20 J/'CM POT.2, sugerindo que fluências elevadas podem induzir um processo do tipo saturação. Não ocorreu diferença da neovascularização no centro e nas margens da ferida (p '< OU =' 0,05), sugerindo que ocorria uma fotobiomodulação de toda a lesão, favorecendo o crescimento homogêneo dos vasos sanguíneos. Tanto o laser quanto o LED não apresentaram resultados significativos na redução da área das feridas. As fototerapias a laser e LED de baixa intensidade sugeriram que a coerência e a colimação não eram fatores decisivos para induzir alterações nas funções celulares, e sim a banda de absorção do espectro eletromagnético. Ambas as fontes de luz vermelha ajustadas a fluências de 5 J/'CM POT.2' podem demonstrar resultados expressivos no estímulo angiogênico em pele lesada / The light emitting diodes (LEDs) are a source of light that have been commercially introduced, but still with a lack in its scientific basis in this phototherapeutic modality. The present study compared the angiogenics effects of the laser and LED illumination in induced wounds in rat, with fluencies different. The experimental model consisted of the induction of a circular wound on the quadriceps of 120 rats, using a “punch” with 15 mm diameter. Animals were divided randomyzed in 5 groups: laser and LED each device with a dosage of 5 J/'CM POT.2' and 20 J/'CM POT.2', and control. After 6 hours of the induction of the wounds, the treated groups received contact of punctual application, and irradiated every 24 hours. The angiogenesis was studied through the histomorphometric (H.E) and the wounds contraction was photographed and analyzed in the planimetrical software in the 3rd, 7th, 14th and 21st lesion induced days. The discoveries of the histological analysis in the 3rd day revealed larger efficiency in the proliferation of the blood vessels in all irradiated groups in comparison to controls, being a rate near of the constant in the 7th day, following to discreet improves in the 14th, even so with prominence for the LED with 5 J/'CM POT.2'. In the 21st day, the groups phototreatment with fluence of 5 J/'CM POT.2' showed similar statistically values in the larger efficiency in the angiogenesis, when to compare to laser with 20 J/'CM POT.2', suggesting high fluencies can induced a saturation process. The average of the area reduction of the wound didn't present similar statistician values of the treated groups in relation to the control (p '< OU =' 0,05). The phototherapeutic laser and LEDs of low intensity they suggested that the coherence and the collimation were not decisive factors to induce alterations in the cellular functions, but the band of the spectrum electromagnetic. The both red source of light agreements to fluencies of the 5 J/'CM POT.2', they can demonstrate expressive results in the incentive ulcerated skin angiogenic

Cette thèse a pour objet l'étude des éléments radioactifs qui peuvent altérer le bon fonctionnement des composants électroniques au niveau terrestre. Ces éléments radioactifs sont appelés émetteurs alpha. Intrinsèques aux composants électroniques, ils se désintègrent et émettent des particules alpha qui ionisent la matière du dispositif électronique et déclenchent des SEU (Single Event Upset). Ces travaux visent à évaluer la fiabilité des circuits digitaux due à cette contrainte radiative interne aux composants électroniques. Dans ce but, tous les émetteurs alpha naturelles ou artificielles susceptibles de contaminer les matériaux des circuits digitaux ont été identifiés et classés en deux catégories : les impuretés naturelles et les radionucléides introduits. Les impuretés naturelles proviennent d'une contamination naturelle ou involontaire des matériaux utilisés. Afin d'évaluer leurs effets sur la fiabilité, le SER (Soft Error Rate) a été déterminé par simulations Monte-Carlo pour différents nœuds technologiques dans le cas de l'équilibre séculaire. Par ailleurs, avec la miniaturisation des circuits digitaux, de nouveaux éléments chimiques ont été suggérés ou employés dans la nanoélectronique. Les radionucléides introduits regroupent ce type d'élément naturellement constitué d'émetteurs alpha. Des études basées sur des simulations Monte-Carlo et des applications analytiques ont été effectués pour évaluer la fiabilité des dispositifs électroniques. Par la suite, des recommandations ont été proposées sur l'emploi de nouveaux éléments chimiques dans la nanotechnologie. / This work studies radioactive elements that can affect the proper functioning of electronic components at ground level. These radioactive elements are called alpha emitters. Intrinsic to electronic components, they decay and emit alpha particles which ionize the material of the electronic device and trigger SEU (Single Event Upset).This thesis aims to assess the reliability of digital circuits due to this internal radiative constraint of electronic components. For that, all alpha-emitting natural or artificial isotopes that can contaminate digital circuits have been identified and classified into two categories: natural impurities and introduced radionuclides.Natural impurities result from a natural or accidental contamination of materials used in nanotechnology. To assess their effects on reliability, the SER (Soft Error Rate) was determined by Monte Carlo simulations for different technology nodes in the case of secular equilibrium. Besides, a new analytical approach was developed to determine the consequences of secular disequilibrium on the reliability of digital circuits.Moreover, with the miniaturization of digital circuits, new chemical elements have been suggested or used in nanoelectronics. The introduced radionuclides include this type of element consisting of natural alpha emitters. Studies based on Monte Carlo simulations and analytical approches have been conducted to evaluate the reliability of electronic devices. Subsequently, recommendations were proposed on the use of new chemical elements in nanotechnology.

L’objectif de cette thèse est de développer un nouveau matériau photopolymère pouvant être microstructuré dans la gamme de longueur d'onde du proche infrarouge (NIR). Le but final de ce travail est de proposer des solutions innovantes pour l'intégration de micro-optique sur les VCSELs (Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser), sources lumineuses miniaturisées utilisées dans de nombreuses applications en optique, photonique, capteurs ou biologie. Le verrou technologique principal a consisté à développer et étudier le photopolymère adéquat pour la microfabrication déclenchée par le VCSEL. La difficulté principale tient à la longueur d'onde de photopolymérisation qui est fixé par le VCSEL et qui a obligé à développer un système moléculaire nouveau pour une polymérisation radicalaire à 780 et 850 nm. Une part importante du travail a consisté à étudier les mécanismes photophysiques et photochimiques des matériaux permettant de proposer des systèmes efficaces, sur le plan de la photophysique, de la photochimie de photopolymérisation et également une approche originale a été développée pour appréhender de façon quantitative les phénomènes de diffusion du colorant dans la matrice polymère. Sur la base des systèmes moléculaires proposés, la démonstration de l'intégration de microlentilles sur VCSEL par ce procédé innovant a pu être démontré. Les VCSELs lentillés ont été caractérisés et des propriétés très intéressantes pour la focalisation ont été démontrées. / The objective of this thesis is to develop a new photopolymer material that can be microstructured in the wavelength range of near-infrared (NIR). The ultimate aim of this work is to propose innovative solutions for micro-optical integration on VCSELs (Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser). These miniaturized light sources are used in many applications in optics, photonics, sensors or biology. The main technological challenge was to develop and explore a new photopolymer compatible with a microfabrication initiated by the VCSEL. The main difficulty was to develop a new molecular system for radical polymerization at 780 and 850 nm, which is the wavelength emitted by the VCSEL. An important part of the work consisted to study the photophysical and photochemical mechanisms of this photopolymer in order to provide efficient systems in terms of photophysics, photochemistry of the photopolymerization. An original approach was developed to quantitatively apprehend the phenomena dye diffusion in the polymer matrix. Based on the proposed molecular systems, demonstrating the integration of microlenses on VCSELs by this innovative process could be shown. The lensed VCSELs have been characterized and very interesting properties for focusing have been demonstrated.

In this dissertation, we study the optical property of 2D graded photonic super-crystals (GPSCs) for photon management. We focused primarily on manipulation and control of light by using the newly discovered GPSCs which present great opportunity for electromagnetic wave control in photonic devices. The GPSC has been used to explore the superior capability of improving the light extraction efficiency of OLEDs. The enhancement of extraction efficiency has been explained in term of destructive interference of surface plasmon resonance and out-coupling of surface plasmon through phase matching provided by GPSC and verified by e-field intensity distributions. A large light extraction efficiency up to 75% into glass substrate has been predicted through simulation. We also study the light trapping enhancement in GPSCs. Broadband, wide incident angle, and polarization independent light trapping enhancement is achieved in silicon solar cells patterned with the GPSCs. In addition, novel 2D GPSCs were fabricated using holographic lithography through the interference lithography by two sets of multiple beams arranged in a cone geometry using a spatial light modulator (SLM). Finally, we also report a fabrication of GPSCs with a super-cell size of 12a×12a by using e-beam lithography. Diffraction pattern from GPSCs reveals unique diffraction properties. In an application aspect, light emitting diode arrays can be replaced by a single light emitting diode shinning onto the diffraction pattern for a uniform fluorescence.

This thesis deals with the characterization back side of solar cells. In order to describe the quality of material from the point of view of a back side solar cell, the method of photoluminescence, the method of light emitting from micro plasma and LBIC (Light Beam Induced Current) is used. Gained results are compared with the results of front side analysis. Next, the thesis describes back side potential.

This work is focused on description how the light impact human live, description of light sources and finally design and construction of light source with adjustable colour temperature and luminous flux. In introduction is mentioned the process of vision and how the light impact humans. In next part is characterization of currently used light sources, their construction, properties, benefits and drawback with their main parameters. Important part of this chapter is more extensive description of light emitting diodes with their operational parameters. The last two parts is focused on design and measuring the parameters of created light source with adjustable colour temperature and luminous flux and evaluating the results.