Die Zulieferindustrie im Automobilbereich sieht sich heutzutage hochkomplexen Systemen bei der Entwicklung von Verbrennungsmotoren gegenüber. Applikationssteuergeräte mit passendem Datenstand werden selten von Fahrzeugherstellern an Dritte für die Entwicklung am Verbrennungsmotor bereitgestellt. Eine Alternative bieten Prototypensteuergeräte mit individuellen Softwarepaketen, die in ihrer Funktionalität auf die Bedürfnisse der Entwicklungsingenieure zugeschnitten sind. Die FlexECU von ETAS ist ein gutes Beispiel für solch ein offenes, kostengünstiges und seriennahes Prototypensteuergerät. Hauptbestandteil dieser Arbeit ist die Entwicklung und Integration eines Momentemodells in eine vorhandene Motorsteuerungssoftware sowie die Applikation dieses Modells am Motorprüfstand. Die Motivation für die Erweiterung der jetzigen Motorsteuerungssoftware um das Momentemodell ist, den Entwicklungsingenieuren ein möglichst seriennahes Steuergeräteumfeld bei der Erarbeitung innovativer verbrauchs- und schadstoffoptimierter Konzepte für den Verbrennungsmotor bereitzustellen. Bei der Evaluation wird gezeigt, dass die Integration und die Funktion des Momentenmodells grundsätzlich gelungen ist. Diese Arbeit bildet den Grundstein für eine umfangreiche Entwicklung, die noch einige Zeit in Anspruch nehmen wird, bis eine voll umfängliche abgesicherte Software geschaffen ist. / Nowadays, the automotive supplier industry is confronted with highly complex systems for the development of internal combustion engines. Vehicle manufacturers very rarely provide third party developers with their engine control units with calibration access and matching description and data files for internal combustion engines. An alternative are prototype control units with individual software packages, which in their functionality are adapted to the needs of development engineers. One example for such an open, cost-effective and field-proven control system development platform is FlexECU from ETAS. The essential part of this thesis is the development and integration of a torque-based system structure for an existing engine management system and the calibration of this model on an engine test bench. The motivation for this improvement is to provide development engineers with a control unit environment as close to serial as possible for the development of consumption- and emission-optimized concepts for internal combustion engines. The evaluation shows that integration as well as functionality of the torque-based system structure has generally been achieved. This thesis lays the foundations for an extensive development of this system – although the creation of a fully verified and validated software will still take some time.

Les anticorps monoclonaux (mAb) sont d’importants agents thérapeutiques largement utilisés dans le traitement de cancers. Ces protéines recombinantes complexes sont généralement produites dans des lignées cellulaires de mammifères et l’industrie pharmaceutique a développé des procédés robustes permettant d’obtenir de grandes quantités d’anticorps monoclonaux de qualité constante. Une tendance générale observée aujourd’hui est d’éviter l’utilisation de produits d’origine animale dans ces procédés. En effet, ces composés représentent un risque de contamination du médicament par des agents infectieux et les autorités règlementaires renforcent leurs exigences pour leur retrait des procédés de fabrication. Ces composés sont par ailleurs mal définis et posent des problèmes de variabilité des procédés de production. L’objectif de ce projet était de développer un milieu sans dérivés animaux pour la culture d’une lignée cellulaire Sp2/0 utilisée par la société Merck Serono pour exprimer un anticorps monoclonal thérapeutique. Le procédé de fabrication actuel contient de la sérum albumine bovine (BSA) et de l’EX-CYTE (concentré commercial de lipoprotéines et acides gras) extraits de sérum bovin. Le retrait des deux composés du milieu de culture a entrainé une diminution de la productivité du procédé de 87% et il a été observé que l’EX-CYTE et la BSA étaient essentiels pour la survie de notre lignée cellulaire Sp2/0. La BSA a permis à elle seule de remplacer l’EX-CYTE dans le procédé et a été utilisée comme modèle pour le développement d’un remplacement sans dérivés animaux. Une étude de caractérisation de la préparation de BSA a été effectuée afin d’identifier les facteurs responsables de son activité promotrice pour la croissance cellulaire. Les lipides représentaient une partie importante de cette activité mais un rôle significatif d’autres protéines contaminantes a été révélé. Enfin, un supplément lipidique sans dérivés animaux a été développé. Ce supplément était constitué d’un mélange de quatre acides gras (les acides oléique, linoléique, palmitique et stéarique) couplés à de la sérum albumine humaine recombinante (rHSA). Le supplément acides gras-rHSA a permis de remplacer l’EX-CYTE et la BSA et un milieu sans composés d’origine animale a finalement été obtenu. / Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are important therapeutics widely used for cancer therapy. Mammalian cell lines are usually employed to produce these complex recombinant proteins and the pharmaceutical industry has developed robust processes that deliver large quantities of mAbs with a sustained quality. A general trend observed today is to avoid the use of animal-derived components in such processes. Indeed, these compounds represent a potential risk of contamination of the final drug product with infectious agents and regulatory authorities are putting pressure for their removal from manufacturing processes. Such compounds are also ill defined and source of variability for the production processes. The goal of this project was to develop an animal-derived component free (ADCF) medium for the culture of an Sp2/0 cell line used by the company Merck Serono to express a therapeutic mAb. The manufacturing process currently used contains bovine serum albumin (BSA) and EX-CYTE (a commercial concentrate of lipoproteins and fatty acids) sourced from bovine serum. The removal of both components from the cell culture medium decreased the productivity of the process by 87%. EX-CYTE and BSA were found to be essential for the survival of our Sp2/0 cell line. BSA, which was found to replace EX-CYTE in the process, was used as a model for the development of an animal-derived component free replacement. A characterization of the BSA preparation was carried out to identify the factors responsible for its growth-promoting activity. Lipids accounted for a major part of the activity of the BSA preparation but a significant role of other protein contaminants was revealed. Finally, an animal-derived component free lipid supplement was developed. This supplement consisted in a mixture of four fatty acids (FA) (oleic, linoleic, palmitic and stearic acids) complexed with recombinant human serum albumin (rHSA). The FA/rHSA supplement could substitute for EX-CYTE and BSA and an ADCF medium was finally obtained.

Les hétérostructures de taille nanométrique comprenant des matériaux supraconducteurs (S) en contact avec des matériaux métalliques (N) ou ferromagnétiques (F) présentent des propriétés surprenantes. L'effet de proximité dans les structures F/S/F se manifeste par l'effet vanne de spin. Dans les jonctions S/F/S, on voit l'apparition d'une transition de phase 0-p. Ces propriétés dépendent des paramètres internes du ferromagnétiques. Dans la première partie, nous étudions l'influence d'un décalage énergétique et d'une différence de masse effective pour expliquer l'effet de vanne de spin inverse qui se manifeste dans certaines hétérostructures F/S/F. On étudie la transition de phase 0-p dans le cas de décalage énergétique et d'anisotropie des surfaces de Fermi.La seconde partie est consacré à l'étude de l'effet paramagnétique sur le diagramme (H,T) des bicouches S/N et S/S. On demontre qu'il se forme une phase de supraconductivité induite par champ magnétique à fort champ magnétique et faibles températures. Calculée en présence d'un phase supraconductrice inhomogène de type Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinikov (FFLO), on s'interesse également à l'influence des impuretés sur cette nouvelle phase supraconductrice à fort champ magnétique.La troisième partie est dévolue à l'étude des multicouches supraconducteur/métal normal(N). Le but de cette partie est d'étudier l'influence du nombre de couche et de décalage d'énergie sur la température critique, la densité d'état des multicouches S/N/.../N épaisses et de l'effet Josephson dans les multicouches S/N/.../N/S. / The atomic-scaled heterostructures with superconducting and ferromagnetic materials exhibit astonishing properties. For example, the proximity effect in the F/S/F sandwiches leads to the spin-valve effect. In the S/F/S junctions, one can observe 0-p phase transiton. These effects depend on the ferromagnetic properties.In the first part, we study the influence of energy shift and effective mass difference to explain the inverse spin valve effect. We also study the 0-p phase diagram and its dependence on the energy shifts and anisotropic sprectra in S/F/S junctions.The second part is devoted to the study of paramagnetic effet on the (H,T) phase diagram of the S/N and S/S bilayers. We demonstrate the formation of a superconducting field induced phase for high magnetic fields and low temperature. Calculated in presence of the superconducting inhomogeneous Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinikov (FFLO) state, we study the influence of the impurities on this new superconducting phase.The last part deals with the study of superconducting-normal metal(N) multilayers. We calculate the influence of the number of layers and energy shift on the density of state, the thermodynamical properties of the S/N/.../N thick multilayer and the Josephson current in the S/N/.../N/S thick junctions.

This diploma thesis deals with a spatial imaging of targets using time-domain radar responses on the max(t,0) pulse. The problem is formulated for both perfectly electrically conductive and dielectric objects. The main aim of the thesis includes a code implementation calculating the profile functions of an unknown object from the mentioned time responses and a code for the subsequent reconstruction of an object in the MATLAB environment. A graphical user interface was created for testing purposes. The 3D probability function technique was used for the final reconstruction. The implemented technique achieves interesting results, which are presented in the final part of this thesis.

This Master`s thesis concern with problematic of connection analog sensors with voltage output 0-10V to a ethernet communication network. Due to a quick evolution and an application ethernet nets to industry and building technologies is possible to use this solution for connection remote diagnostics and setting of existing analog sensors without bus communication interfaces on instrumentation level of field bus networks. The converter is based on Rabbit module, which can be used like webserver for setting, calibration and data recording. For purpose of wide converter use the data output will be purvey on ethernet interface by Modbus TCP and on asynchronous serial interface RS232. First part of thesis is aimed on description of existing solutions and introduction with principles of linearization and calibration of A/D converters. Description of communication standard Modbus TCP widely used in industry applications. Second part of thesis describes design a realization of project. Here is described equipment block diagram with detail description of each block and devices used. In the part of implementation is description of device firmware with program function description and control. Last part is engage with module function verification supported with plantz of measurements and tests. The thesis is ended with evaluation results, knowledge and detections found out in development of project.

We describe the regioselective prenylation of 3-bromocarbazole by palladium(0)-catalysed cross coupling with a prenylstannane or a prenylboronate. The procedure is applied to the synthesis of precursors for biologically active carbazole alkaloids.

Die Zulieferindustrie im Automobilbereich sieht sich heutzutage hochkomplexen Systemen bei der Entwicklung von Verbrennungsmotoren gegenüber. Applikationssteuergeräte mit passendem Datenstand werden selten von Fahrzeugherstellern an Dritte für die Entwicklung am Verbrennungsmotor bereitgestellt. Eine Alternative bieten Prototypensteuergeräte mit individuellen Softwarepaketen, die in ihrer Funktionalität auf die Bedürfnisse der Entwicklungsingenieure zugeschnitten sind. Die FlexECU von ETAS ist ein gutes Beispiel für solch ein offenes, kostengünstiges und seriennahes Prototypensteuergerät. Hauptbestandteil dieser Arbeit ist die Entwicklung und Integration eines Momentemodells in eine vorhandene Motorsteuerungssoftware sowie die Applikation dieses Modells am Motorprüfstand. Die Motivation für die Erweiterung der jetzigen Motorsteuerungssoftware um das Momentemodell ist, den Entwicklungsingenieuren ein möglichst seriennahes Steuergeräteumfeld bei der Erarbeitung innovativer verbrauchs- und schadstoffoptimierter Konzepte für den Verbrennungsmotor bereitzustellen. Bei der Evaluation wird gezeigt, dass die Integration und die Funktion des Momentenmodells grundsätzlich gelungen ist. Diese Arbeit bildet den Grundstein für eine umfangreiche Entwicklung, die noch einige Zeit in Anspruch nehmen wird, bis eine voll umfängliche abgesicherte Software geschaffen ist.:Abkürzungsverzeichnis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I Verzeichnis der Formelzeichen und Symbole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II Variablenverzeichnis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V Abbildungsverzeichnis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII Tabellenverzeichnis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VIII 1. Einleitung 1 1.1. Aufgabenstellung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 1.2. Zielsetzung und Aufbau der Arbeit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2. Stand der Technik 4 2.1. Steuerung und Regelung von Ottomotoren . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.2. Architektur Motorsteuerungssoftware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.3. Das Momentenmodell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 3. Theoretische Grundlagen 15 3.1. Innermotorische Drehmomentenerzeugung . . . . . . . . . . .15 3.2. Eingriffsmöglichkeiten und deren Geschwindigkeit . . . . . .18 4. Modellierung des Momentenmodells 20 4.1. Entwicklungsumgebung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 4.2. Modellbildung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 5. Versuch 34 5.1. Versuchsplanung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 5.2. Versuchsträger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 5.2.1. ETAS FlexECU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 5.2.2. Simulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 5.2.3. Versuchsmotor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 5.2.4. Motorprüfstand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 5.3. Applikationssoftware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 5.3.1. ETAS INCA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 5.3.2. ETAS MDA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 5.3.3. ETAS ASCMO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 6. Vorstellung der Ergebnisse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 6.1. Ergebnisse der Applikation des Momentemodells . . . . . . 45 6.2. Evaluierung der Drehmomentumsetzung des Momentenmodells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 6.3. Evaluierung der Untersysteme des Momentenmodells . . 62 7. Zusammenfassung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 Literatur- und Quellenverzeichnis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Eidesstattliche Erklärung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76 Anlagenverzeichnis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 / Nowadays, the automotive supplier industry is confronted with highly complex systems for the development of internal combustion engines. Vehicle manufacturers very rarely provide third party developers with their engine control units with calibration access and matching description and data files for internal combustion engines. An alternative are prototype control units with individual software packages, which in their functionality are adapted to the needs of development engineers. One example for such an open, cost-effective and field-proven control system development platform is FlexECU from ETAS. The essential part of this thesis is the development and integration of a torque-based system structure for an existing engine management system and the calibration of this model on an engine test bench. The motivation for this improvement is to provide development engineers with a control unit environment as close to serial as possible for the development of consumption- and emission-optimized concepts for internal combustion engines. The evaluation shows that integration as well as functionality of the torque-based system structure has generally been achieved. This thesis lays the foundations for an extensive development of this system – although the creation of a fully verified and validated software will still take some time.:Abkürzungsverzeichnis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I Verzeichnis der Formelzeichen und Symbole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II Variablenverzeichnis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V Abbildungsverzeichnis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII Tabellenverzeichnis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VIII 1. Einleitung 1 1.1. Aufgabenstellung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 1.2. Zielsetzung und Aufbau der Arbeit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2. Stand der Technik 4 2.1. Steuerung und Regelung von Ottomotoren . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.2. Architektur Motorsteuerungssoftware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.3. Das Momentenmodell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 3. Theoretische Grundlagen 15 3.1. Innermotorische Drehmomentenerzeugung . . . . . . . . . . .15 3.2. Eingriffsmöglichkeiten und deren Geschwindigkeit . . . . . .18 4. Modellierung des Momentenmodells 20 4.1. Entwicklungsumgebung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 4.2. Modellbildung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 5. Versuch 34 5.1. Versuchsplanung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 5.2. Versuchsträger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 5.2.1. ETAS FlexECU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 5.2.2. Simulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 5.2.3. Versuchsmotor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 5.2.4. Motorprüfstand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 5.3. Applikationssoftware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 5.3.1. ETAS INCA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 5.3.2. ETAS MDA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 5.3.3. ETAS ASCMO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 6. Vorstellung der Ergebnisse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 6.1. Ergebnisse der Applikation des Momentemodells . . . . . . 45 6.2. Evaluierung der Drehmomentumsetzung des Momentenmodells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 6.3. Evaluierung der Untersysteme des Momentenmodells . . 62 7. Zusammenfassung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 Literatur- und Quellenverzeichnis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Eidesstattliche Erklärung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76 Anlagenverzeichnis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

This work aims at improving the understanding of the fundamental physics behind molecular doping of organic semiconductors, being a requirement for efficient devices like organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) and organic photovoltaic cells (OPV). The underlying physics is studied by electrical conductivity and thermoelectrical Seebeck measurements and the influences of doping concentration and temperature are investigated. Thin doped layers are prepared in vacuum by thermal co-evaporation of host and dopant molecules and measured in-situ. The fullerene C60, known for its high electron mobility, is chosen as host for five different n-dopants. Two strongly ionizing air-sensitive molecules (Cr2(hpp)4 and W2(hpp)4) and three air-stable precursor compounds (AOB, DMBI-POH and o-MeO-DMBI-I) which form the active dopants upon deposition are studied to compare their doping mechanism. High conductivities are achieved, with a maximum of 10.9 S/cm. Investigating the sample degradation by air-exposure, a method for regeneration is proposed, which allows for device processing steps under ambient conditions, greatly enhancing device fabrication possibilities. Various material combinations for p-doping are compared to study the influence of the molecular energy levels of host (MeO-TPD and BF-DPB) and dopant (F6-TCNNQ and C60F36). Corrections for the only estimated literature values for the dopant levels are proposed. Furthermore, the model system of similar-sized host pentacene and dopant F4-TCNQ is studied and compared to theoretical predictions. Finally, a model is developed that allows for estimating charge carrier mobility, density of free charge carriers, doping efficiency, as well as the transport level position from combining conductivity and Seebeck data.:1 Introduction 2 Fundamentals of Organic Semiconductors 2.1 Conventional Semiconductors 2.2 Organic Semiconductors 2.3 Seebeck Effect 2.4 Correlation of Seebeck Coefficient and Charge Carrier Density 3 Experimental 3.1 Seebeck Setup 3.2 Materials 4 Air-Sensitive n-Dopants in C60 4.1 Conductivity 4.2 Thermoelectric Measurements 4.3 Morphology 4.4 Degradation 4.5 Conclusion 5 Air-Stable n-Dopants in C60 5.1 Conductivity 5.2 Thermoelectric Measurements 5.3 Morphology 5.4 Conclusion for AOB and DMBI-POH 5.5 o-MeO-DMBI-I 6 p-Dopants in Amorphous Hosts 6.1 Conductivity 6.2 Thermoelectric Measurements 6.3 Degradation 6.4 Conclusion 7 Pentacene p-Doped by F4-TCNQ 7.1 Conductivity Changes after Preparation 7.2 Relation of Conductivity to Doping Concentration 7.3 Comparison of Seebeck Energy and Activation Energy 7.4 Conclusion 8 Estimating the Doping Efficiency and the Mobility 8.1 Lower Limit of the Mobility 8.2 Lower Limit of the Doping Efficiency 8.3 Conclusions from Seebeck Measurements 8.4 Assuming a Constant Transport Level 8.5 Applying the Models to p-Doped Data 8.6 Conclusion 9 Summary and Outlook 9.1 Summary 9.2 Outlook / Diese Arbeit untersucht organische Halbleiter und den Einfluss von molekularer Dotierung auf deren elektrische Eigenschaften, mit dem Ziel effizientere Bauelemente wie organische Leuchtdioden oder Solarzellen zu ermöglichen. Mittels Leitfähigkeitsuntersuchungen sowie thermoelektrischen Seebeck-Messungen werden die Einflüsse der Dotierkonzentration sowie der Temperatur auf die elektrischen Eigenschaften dünner dotierter Schichten analysiert. Das Abscheiden der Schichten durch Koverdampfen im Vakuum ermöglicht eine in-situ Analyse. Das Fulleren C60, bekannt für besonders hohe Elektronenbeweglichkeit, wird als Wirt für fünf verschieden n-Dotanden, zwei extrem stark ionisierende luftreaktive (Cr2(hpp)4 und W2(hpp)4) sowie drei luftstabile (AOB, DMBI-POH und o-MeO-DMBI-I), verwendet. Dies ermöglicht Schlüsse auf die unterschiedlichen zugrunde liegenden Dotiermechanismen und das Erreichen von Leitfähigkeiten von bis zu 10.9 S/cm. Für einen der luftreaktiven Dotanden wird die Probendegradation an Luft untersucht und eine Regenerationsmethode aufgezeigt, die Prozessierungsschritte in Luft erlaubt und somit entscheidend für zukünftige Bauelementfertigung sein könnte. Verschiedene p-dotierte Materialkombinationen werden untersucht, um den Einfluss der molekularen Energieniveaus von Wirt (MeO-TPD und BF-DPB) und Dotand (F6-TCNNQ und C60F36) auf die Dotierung zu studieren. Dies ermöglicht Schlussfolgerungen auf die in der Literatur bisher nur abgeschätzten Energieniveaus dieser Dotanden. Ferner werden die Eigenschaften des bereits theoretisch modellierten Paares Pentacen und F4-TCNQ mit den Vorhersagen verglichen und die Abweichungen diskutiert. Abschießend wird ein Modell entwickelt, das die Abschätzung von Dotiereffizienz, Ladungsträgerkonzentration, Ladungsträgerbeweglichkeit sowie der Position des Transportniveaus aus Leitfähigkeits- und Seebeck-Messungen erlaubt.:1 Introduction 2 Fundamentals of Organic Semiconductors 2.1 Conventional Semiconductors 2.2 Organic Semiconductors 2.3 Seebeck Effect 2.4 Correlation of Seebeck Coefficient and Charge Carrier Density 3 Experimental 3.1 Seebeck Setup 3.2 Materials 4 Air-Sensitive n-Dopants in C60 4.1 Conductivity 4.2 Thermoelectric Measurements 4.3 Morphology 4.4 Degradation 4.5 Conclusion 5 Air-Stable n-Dopants in C60 5.1 Conductivity 5.2 Thermoelectric Measurements 5.3 Morphology 5.4 Conclusion for AOB and DMBI-POH 5.5 o-MeO-DMBI-I 6 p-Dopants in Amorphous Hosts 6.1 Conductivity 6.2 Thermoelectric Measurements 6.3 Degradation 6.4 Conclusion 7 Pentacene p-Doped by F4-TCNQ 7.1 Conductivity Changes after Preparation 7.2 Relation of Conductivity to Doping Concentration 7.3 Comparison of Seebeck Energy and Activation Energy 7.4 Conclusion 8 Estimating the Doping Efficiency and the Mobility 8.1 Lower Limit of the Mobility 8.2 Lower Limit of the Doping Efficiency 8.3 Conclusions from Seebeck Measurements 8.4 Assuming a Constant Transport Level 8.5 Applying the Models to p-Doped Data 8.6 Conclusion 9 Summary and Outlook 9.1 Summary 9.2 Outlook

[pt] Desenvolver e construir uma prótese ou órtese com fácil adaptação para o usuário ainda é um grande desafio na área de engenharia em geral. Além disso, o uso de elementos eletromecânicos insere a autonomia e a portabilidade como fatores de dificuldade na construção. Outro ponto é que variações de fatores humanos, como espasticidade, tônus muscular ou alterações decorrentes de doenças como paralisia cerebral ou lesão nervosa, interferem na construção do aparelho. Deste modo, a construção de uma órtese é um trabalho desafiador e multidisciplinar, que envolve uma análise profunda e detalhada desde a aplicação até a construção propriamente dita. O uso de técnicas de indústria 4.0 para tornar a órtese confortável, leve e de facil uso é fundamental para isso, assim como a análise e processamento de biosinais e o controle, fazendo com que cada etapa estaja ligada e ajustada para que o funcionamento esteja correto. Esta tese tem como objetivo avaliar os métodos teóricos e experimentais de construção e avaliação dinâmica de uma bio-órtese de membros superiores utilizando o conceito de indústria 4.0, processos de manufatura digital, otimização multiestrutural, processamentos de biossinais e técnicas de controle não linear. Este estudo foi motivado pelo avanço do uso da manufatura digital no campo da biomedicina, pelo grande desafio sob o ponto de vista de controle, pela variabilidade que esses processos podem ter na construção de órteses na melhoria da qualidade de vida das pessoas com deficiência. / [en] Developing and building a prosthesis or orthosis with easy adaptation for the user is still a major challenge in the engineering area in general. In addition, the use of electromechanical elements inserts autonomy and portability as factors of difficulty in construction. Another point is that variations in human factors, such as spasticity, muscle tone or changes resulting from diseases such as cerebral palsy or nerve damage, interfere with the construction of the device. Therefore, the construction of an orthosis is a challenging and multidisciplinary job, which involves a deep and detailed analysis from the application to the actual construction. The use of Industry 4.0 techniques to make the orthosis comfortable, lightweight, and easy to use is fundamental to this, as is the analysis and processing of biosignals and control, making sure that each step is connected and adjusted so that it functions correctly. This aims to evaluate the theoretical and experimental methods of construction and dynamic evaluation of a bio-orthosis of upper limbs using the concept of industry 4.0, digital manufacturing processes, multi-structural optimization, bio-signal processes and non-linear control techniques. This study was motivated by the advancement of the use of digital manufacturing in the field of bio-medicine, by the great challenge from the point of view of control, by the variability that these processes can have in the construction of orthoses in improving the quality of life of people with disabilities.

Yes / In this review paper, a comprehensive study on the concept, theory, and applications of composite right/left-handed transmission lines (CRLH-TLs) by considering their use in antenna system designs have been provided. It is shown that CRLH-TLs with negative permittivity (ε <; 0) and negative permeability (μ <; 0) have unique properties that do not occur naturally. Therefore, they are referred to as artificial structures called “metamaterials”. These artificial structures include series left-handed (LH) capacitances (C L ), shunt LH inductances (L L ), series right-handed (RH) inductances (LR), and shunt RH capacitances (CR) that are realized by slots or interdigital capacitors, stubs or via-holes, unwanted current flowing on the surface, and gap distance between the surface and ground-plane, respectively. In the most cases, it is also shown that structures based on CRLH metamaterial-TLs are superior than their conventional alternatives, since they have smaller dimensions, lower-profile, wider bandwidth, better radiation patterns, higher gain and efficiency, which make them easier and more cost-effective to manufacture and mass produce. Hence, a broad range of metamaterial-based design possibilities are introduced to highlight the improvement of the performance parameters that are rare and not often discussed in available literature. Therefore, this survey provides a wide overview of key early-stage concepts of metematerial-based designs as a thorough reference for specialist antennas and microwave circuits designers. To analyze the critical features of metamaterial theory and concept, several examples are used. Comparisons on the basis of physical size, bandwidth, materials, gain, efficiency, and radiation patterns are made for all the examples that are based on CRLH metamaterialTLs. As revealed in all the metematerial design examples, foot-print area decrement is an important issue of study that have a strong impact for the enlargement of the next generation wireless communication systems. / This work was supported in part by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Gobierno de España (MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE) under Grant RTI2018-095499-B-C31, in part by the Innovation Programme under Grant H2020-MSCA-ITN-2016 SECRET-722424, and in part by the financial support from the U.K. Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) under Grant EP/E022936/1.