Je utilise le AFM et le HS-AFM pour étudier les caractéristiques mécaniques du cellule du cristallin et aussi des protéines de membrane de la cellule, AQP0 et Connexon. L’énergie d'interaction de la AQP0 est -2.7 kBT, très nécessaire pour former les microdomaines de jonctions (junctional microdomain). Aussi c' est la première fois qu il est possible de voir des protéines individuel et son mouvement en cellules vivants. La formation de microdomaines est important pour la transparence du cristallin, et le AQP1 ne le peux faire. / I used the AFM and HS-AFM for characterise the eye lens and the eye lens membrane protein, AQP0 and connexon.A QP0-AQP0 interaction energy is -2.7kBT, it is important for the formation of junctional microdomains, which keep the distance between the cells lens and lens transparency. this is the first report which is present time the visualization of unlabelled membrane proteins on living cells under physiological conditions. AQP1 can not maintain the lens transparency because it does not form junctional microdomains.

Cette thèse est une contribution au domaine des cubulations de groupes hyperboliques au sens de Gromov. Nous nous intéressons au cas particulier des groupes fondamentaux de variétés hyperboliques réelles compactes. La philosophie inspirée dans ce domaine par les travaux de M. Sageev est que si un groupe hyperbolique possède suffisamment de sous-groupes de codimension 1 quasi-convexes, alors il agit géométriquement sur un complexe cubique CAT(0) de dimension finie. Nous démontrons un critère précis de cubulation pour les groupes fondamentaux de variétés hyperboliques compactes, à l'aide de constructions d'espaces à murs quasi-isométriques à l'espace hyperbolique réel. Nous nous restreignons par la suite au cas particulier de la dimension 3 et plus particulièrement aux 3-variétés hyperboliques compactes virtuellement fibrées sur le cercle. Nous exploitons alors une construction de surfaces immergées incompressibles dites coupées-croisées due à D. Cooper, D. Long et A. Reid dans une telle 3-variété M pour fabriquer des sous-groupes de surface de son groupe fondamental~G. En raffinant des arguments de J. Masters et en exploitant la structure de l'application de Cannon-Thurston, nous parvenons à construire des sous-groupes de surfaces quasi-convexes de G en quantité suffisante pour que leurs ensembles limites permettent de séparer toutes les paires de points distincts du bord du revêtement universel de M. En conséquence de cette construction, G agit géométriquement sur un complexe cubique CAT(0) de dimension finie. D. Wise soulève alors la question de savoir si ce groupe G peut agir géométriquement et également virtuellement co-spécialement (au sens de F. Haglund et D. Wise) sur un complexe cubique CAT(0). Une réponse positive résoudrait les conjectures selon lesquelles G est large et le premier nombre de Betti virtuel de M est infini. Nous faisons remarquer que pour obtenir une réponse positive à cette question, il suffit de trouver une surface coupée-croisée virtuellement plongée dans un revêtement fini fibré sur le cercle de M. Nous concluons en présentant des conditions algébriques, puis géométriques et cohomologiques suffisantes pour qu'une surface coupée-croisée donnée soit virtuellement plongée. / This thesis contributes to the study of geometric actions of word-hyperbolic groups on finite dimensional CAT(0) cube complexes. We are mainly interested in the case of fundamental groups of closed hyperbolic manifolds. The philosophy coming from pioneer work of M. Sageev is that a hyperbolic group with sufficiently many quasi-convex codimension one subgroups acts geometrically on a finite dimensional CAT(0) cube complex. We prove a precise criterion for cubulation in the case of closed hyperbolic manifolds, by constructing spaces with walls quasi-isometric to real hyperbolic space. We next focus on the case of three dimensional closed hyperbolic manifolds which are virtually fibered over the circle. In this setting, we use a construction of incompressibly immersed cut-and-cross-join surfaces due to D. Cooper, D. Long and A. Reid that yields surface subgroups of the fundamental group G of the 3-manifold M. By expanding on work of J. Masters and using the structure of the Cannon-Thurston map, we are able to build many quasi-convex surface subgroups of G whose limits sets may be used to separate any pair of distinct points in the boundary of the universal cover of M. As a consequence, G acts geometrically on a finite dimensional CAT(0) cube complex. D. Wise then asks if it is possible that G acts both geometrically and virtually co-specially (in the sense of F. Haglund and D. Wise) on a CAT(0) cube complex. A positive answer would solve the long-standing conjectures that G is large and M has infinite virtual first Betti number. We then explain why finding a virtually embedded cut-and-cross-join surface in a finite cover of M would be enough to solve this problem. Finally, we give some algebraic and then geometric and cohomological sufficient conditions for a given cut-and-cross-join surface to virtually embed.

Soit K/F une extension quadratique modérément ramifiée de corps locaux non archimédiens. Soit GLm (D) une forme intérieure de GLn (F) et GLμ (∆) = (Mm (D) ⊗ K)× . Alors GLμ (∆) est une forme intérieure de GLn (K), les quotients GLμ (∆)/GLm (D) et GLn (K)/GLn (F) sont des espaces symétriques. En utilisant la paramétrisation de Silberger et Zink, nous déterminons des critères de GLm (D)-distinction pour les cuspidales de niveau 0 de GLμ (∆), puis nous prouvons qu’une cuspidale de niveau 0 de GLn (K) est GLn (F)-distinguée si et seulement si son image par la correspondance de Jacquet-Langlands est GLm (D)-distinguée. Puis, dans le cas particulier où μ = 2 et m = 1, nous regardons le cas des séries discrètes de niveau 0 non cuspidales, en utilisant le système de coefficients sur l’immeuble associé à la représentation, donné par Schneider et Stuhler. / Let K/F be a tamely ramified quadratic extension of non-archimedean locally compact fields. Let GLm (D) be an inner form of GLn (F) and GLμ (∆) = (Mm (D)⊗K)× . Then GLμ (∆) is an inner form of GLn (K), the quotients GLμ (∆)/GLm (D) and GLn (K)/GLn (F) are symmetric spaces. Using the parametrization of Silberger and Zink, we determine conditions of GLm (D)-distinction for level zero cuspidal representations of GLμ (∆). We also show that a level zero cuspidal representation of GLn (K) is GLn (F)-distinguished if and only if its image by the Jacquet-Langlands correspondence is GLm (D)-distinguished. Then, we treat the case of level zero non supercuspidal representations when μ = 2 and m = 1 using the coefficient system of the Bruhat-Tits building associated to the representation by Schneider and Stuhler.

O trabalho analisa os registros escritos produzidos por quatro professoras que atuavam com dois grupos de crianças de 2 a 3 anos em um Centro de Educação Infantil da rede municipal de educação da cidade de São Paulo e que participavam de um processo de formação continuada realizado por uma organização não-governamental ao longo de dois anos. A análise dos registros dos dois grupos apontou que a maioria das atividades mencionadas é realizada coletivamente, ou seja, a mesma proposta é oferecida para todas as crianças, ao mesmo tempo, o que sugere que as crianças têm longo período de espera. Os registros mostraram que o trabalho com as sequências de leitura proposto pelo projeto de formação trouxe um diferencial à rotina das crianças, que passaram a escutar histórias lidas todos os dias e um repertório de enredos, imagens e personagens passou a fazer parte do cotidiano dos dois agrupamentos. Os dados apreendidos dos registros revelaram uma ausência de conhecimentos sobre a natureza do papel de professor de crianças pequenas. Muitas de suas formas de agir são emprestadas do ensino fundamental. A sequência dos registros, porém, revela que as professoras passaram a considerar cada vez mais o ponto de vista das crianças. A análise feita apontou que os registros diários das práticas pelas professoras podem ser instrumentos estruturantes do trabalho por elas realizado, e que devem ser incorporados na prática dos coordenadores pedagógicos responsáveis pela formação continuada das equipes nas unidades. / The present dissertation aims to analyze the written records produced by four teachers in charge of two groups of children aged between 0-3 at a school which belongs to São Paulos City Council network. For a period of two years these teachers underwent a process of continuous formation by a non-governamental organization of Education for Teachers. The analyses of the records regarding both groups showed that most of the activities mentioned by the teachers were carried out in a collective way; in other words, the same task was proposed to all the children at the same time, which indicates that the latter were kept waiting for long periods of time. The records reveal that the work done on reading sequences as proposed in the teachers Training Course provided the childrens life at school with a distinguishing new element: they were given the opportunity to listen to stories which were read to them each and every day so that both groups were able to include in their daily routine a repertoire of plots, characters and images. However, the data collected from the teachers written material revealed their unawareness of important forms of knowledge regarding the nature of their role in teaching very young children. It was found that these teachers employed the kind of actions typically used at Elementary or Grade School. Nonetheless, the analysis of the sequence of their written records makes it clear that these teachers increasingly came to take into account the childrens point-of-view. The conclusion that can be drawn from the careful analysis of daily written records of their teaching is that they constitute a structuring element in the work carried out and should, therefore, be incorporated into the practice of school coordinators, responsible for the continuous training of their teams.

Ce travail porte sur la réalisation de capteurs interdigités (IDT pour InterDigital Transducer) sur des supports piézoélectriques. L’enjeu est double puisqu’il s’agit premièrement de disposer de capteurs efficaces pour générer des ondes de surface acoustiques (SAW pour Surface Acoustic Wave) afin de caractériser la qualité des revêtements et des surfaces de structures. Le deuxième objectif de cette étude est de rendre ces capteurs IDT flexibles afin qu’ils puissent s’adapter non seulement aux différentes géométries planes ou non mais aussi pour qu’ils soient capables de supporter les déformations des structures au cours de leur utilisation. En général, les matériaux piézoélectriques sont rigides et le caractère souple des matériaux est souvent en opposition avec les performances piézoélectriques de ces derniers ; nous avons donc développé des matériaux qui répondent à ces deux exigences : la performance piézoélectrique et la souplesse. Enfin, nous avons privilégié des technologies relativement bon marché pour développer ces capteurs afin d’envisager par la suite, un contrôle continu des structures en intégrant ces capteurs à demeure sur ces dernières. / This work deals with the realization of interdigital sensors (IDT for InterDigital Transducer) on piezoelectric substrates. There is a dual challenge since firstly, the aim is to have efficient sensors to generate surface acoustic waves (SAW) in order to characterize the quality of the coatings and structure surfaces. The second objective of this study is to make these IDT sensors flexible so as to adapt to different geometries of structures and to be able to put up with the deformations of structures in use. Typically, piezoelectric materials are rigid and the flexible nature of the materials is often in opposition to the piezoelectric performance of the latter. We developed materials that meet these two requirements: piezoelectricity and flexibility. Finally, we gave greater importance to relatively cheap technologies to develop these sensors because this allows then to consider continuous monitoring (structural health monitoring) by incorporating these sensors permanently on the structures to be tested.

Šiame eksperimente buvo nagrinėjama pH įtaka Cr (VI) ir Cu (II) jonų pašalinimui iš vandeninių tirpalų, naudojant metalinę geležį Fe (0), kai tirpalų pH vertės buvo nuo 2 iki 6, purtymo procese, uždaruose ir atviruose induose. Kadangi Cr (VI) ir Cu (II) jonų koncentracijų sumažėjimas tirpale priklauso nuo geležies paviršiaus, tai labai svarbu ją tinkamai paruošti: išvalyti ir aktyvuoti. Maksimalus Cr (VI) jonų pašalinimo efektyvumas buvo esant pH vertei 2, o Cu (II) jonų atveju, kai pH vertė 4 uždaruose induose ir atviruose induose – chromo atveju pH 6, vario atveju, kai pH 4. Pašalinimo įvertinimui naudojamos kalibraciniės kreivės pagal kurias apskaičiuojamos likusiųjų jonų koncentracijos, matuojant tirpalų optinius tankius. Metodas yra pigus ir patikimas, nes pašalinima didelė dalis sunkiųjų metalų jonų. / The effects of pH on Cr (VI) and Cu (II) ions removal from solutions by Fe (0) was investigated by batch shaking process. Since the presence of ferrous iron in the solution is mainly responsible for Cr (VI) and Cu (II) reduction the surface of iron must be purified and activated. The maximum Cr (VI) removal efficiency was found at pH 2 and in Cu (II) case it was pH 4 without oxygen and in case with open jar it was for Cr (vi) removal pH 6 and for Cu (II) removal pH 4. Remained concentrations of Cu (II) and Cr (VI) ions were investigated using calibrated graphs and analysis of optical density. This study confirmed that this method is cheap because we can use wasted iron and effective of removing most of heavy metal ions from solutions.

This work aims at improving the understanding of the fundamental physics behind molecular doping of organic semiconductors, being a requirement for efficient devices like organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) and organic photovoltaic cells (OPV). The underlying physics is studied by electrical conductivity and thermoelectrical Seebeck measurements and the influences of doping concentration and temperature are investigated. Thin doped layers are prepared in vacuum by thermal co-evaporation of host and dopant molecules and measured in-situ. The fullerene C60, known for its high electron mobility, is chosen as host for five different n-dopants. Two strongly ionizing air-sensitive molecules (Cr2(hpp)4 and W2(hpp)4) and three air-stable precursor compounds (AOB, DMBI-POH and o-MeO-DMBI-I) which form the active dopants upon deposition are studied to compare their doping mechanism. High conductivities are achieved, with a maximum of 10.9 S/cm. Investigating the sample degradation by air-exposure, a method for regeneration is proposed, which allows for device processing steps under ambient conditions, greatly enhancing device fabrication possibilities. Various material combinations for p-doping are compared to study the influence of the molecular energy levels of host (MeO-TPD and BF-DPB) and dopant (F6-TCNNQ and C60F36). Corrections for the only estimated literature values for the dopant levels are proposed. Furthermore, the model system of similar-sized host pentacene and dopant F4-TCNQ is studied and compared to theoretical predictions. Finally, a model is developed that allows for estimating charge carrier mobility, density of free charge carriers, doping efficiency, as well as the transport level position from combining conductivity and Seebeck data. / Diese Arbeit untersucht organische Halbleiter und den Einfluss von molekularer Dotierung auf deren elektrische Eigenschaften, mit dem Ziel effizientere Bauelemente wie organische Leuchtdioden oder Solarzellen zu ermöglichen. Mittels Leitfähigkeitsuntersuchungen sowie thermoelektrischen Seebeck-Messungen werden die Einflüsse der Dotierkonzentration sowie der Temperatur auf die elektrischen Eigenschaften dünner dotierter Schichten analysiert. Das Abscheiden der Schichten durch Koverdampfen im Vakuum ermöglicht eine in-situ Analyse. Das Fulleren C60, bekannt für besonders hohe Elektronenbeweglichkeit, wird als Wirt für fünf verschieden n-Dotanden, zwei extrem stark ionisierende luftreaktive (Cr2(hpp)4 und W2(hpp)4) sowie drei luftstabile (AOB, DMBI-POH und o-MeO-DMBI-I), verwendet. Dies ermöglicht Schlüsse auf die unterschiedlichen zugrunde liegenden Dotiermechanismen und das Erreichen von Leitfähigkeiten von bis zu 10.9 S/cm. Für einen der luftreaktiven Dotanden wird die Probendegradation an Luft untersucht und eine Regenerationsmethode aufgezeigt, die Prozessierungsschritte in Luft erlaubt und somit entscheidend für zukünftige Bauelementfertigung sein könnte. Verschiedene p-dotierte Materialkombinationen werden untersucht, um den Einfluss der molekularen Energieniveaus von Wirt (MeO-TPD und BF-DPB) und Dotand (F6-TCNNQ und C60F36) auf die Dotierung zu studieren. Dies ermöglicht Schlussfolgerungen auf die in der Literatur bisher nur abgeschätzten Energieniveaus dieser Dotanden. Ferner werden die Eigenschaften des bereits theoretisch modellierten Paares Pentacen und F4-TCNQ mit den Vorhersagen verglichen und die Abweichungen diskutiert. Abschießend wird ein Modell entwickelt, das die Abschätzung von Dotiereffizienz, Ladungsträgerkonzentration, Ladungsträgerbeweglichkeit sowie der Position des Transportniveaus aus Leitfähigkeits- und Seebeck-Messungen erlaubt.

Esta dissertação apresenta um formalismo baseado no Método dos Elementos Finitos (MEF), adequado a análise de descontinuidades coaxiais com simetria axial, entre duas linhas coaxiais quaisquer, incluindo corrugações nos tubos internos e externos. Pelo método de Galerkin-Budnov deduz-se um operador integral bilinear, aplicado ao campo magnético, expandido em todo o domínio da estrutura, coaxial-descontinuidade-coaxial. As portas de entrada e saída da estrutura são posicionadas distantes da descontinuidade, de forma que nelas só haja o modo Transversal Eletromagnético (TEM). O campo magnético procurado e obtido pelo MEF. Os resultados encontrados; perdas de retorno, comportamento do campo magnético e as equi-fases nas portas de entrada e saída da estrutura, foram calculados e confrontados com as do Método de Casamento de Modos (MCM), com um alto grau de concordância. / This paper presents a formalism based on the Finite Element Method (FEM), suitable for analysis of discontinuities with axial symmetry, between any two coaxial lines, including corrugations. The method of Galerkin-Budnov follows a bi-linear integral operator, applied to the magnetic held, expanded in the whole area of the structure, coaxial-discontinuity-coaxial. The input and output ports of the structure are far from of the discontinuity, so that therein there is only the TEM mode. The magnetic held sought is obtained by MEF. The values for the return loss, and the magnetic helds at both ports were calculated and compared with those yielded by Modes Matching Technique, showing good agreement.

Esta dissertação apresenta um formalismo baseado no Método dos Elementos Finitos (MEF), adequado a análise de descontinuidades coaxiais com simetria axial, entre duas linhas coaxiais quaisquer, incluindo corrugações nos tubos internos e externos. Pelo método de Galerkin-Budnov deduz-se um operador integral bilinear, aplicado ao campo magnético, expandido em todo o domínio da estrutura, coaxial-descontinuidade-coaxial. As portas de entrada e saída da estrutura são posicionadas distantes da descontinuidade, de forma que nelas só haja o modo Transversal Eletromagnético (TEM). O campo magnético procurado e obtido pelo MEF. Os resultados encontrados; perdas de retorno, comportamento do campo magnético e as equi-fases nas portas de entrada e saída da estrutura, foram calculados e confrontados com as do Método de Casamento de Modos (MCM), com um alto grau de concordância. / This paper presents a formalism based on the Finite Element Method (FEM), suitable for analysis of discontinuities with axial symmetry, between any two coaxial lines, including corrugations. The method of Galerkin-Budnov follows a bi-linear integral operator, applied to the magnetic held, expanded in the whole area of the structure, coaxial-discontinuity-coaxial. The input and output ports of the structure are far from of the discontinuity, so that therein there is only the TEM mode. The magnetic held sought is obtained by MEF. The values for the return loss, and the magnetic helds at both ports were calculated and compared with those yielded by Modes Matching Technique, showing good agreement.

O trabalho analisa os registros escritos produzidos por quatro professoras que atuavam com dois grupos de crianças de 2 a 3 anos em um Centro de Educação Infantil da rede municipal de educação da cidade de São Paulo e que participavam de um processo de formação continuada realizado por uma organização não-governamental ao longo de dois anos. A análise dos registros dos dois grupos apontou que a maioria das atividades mencionadas é realizada coletivamente, ou seja, a mesma proposta é oferecida para todas as crianças, ao mesmo tempo, o que sugere que as crianças têm longo período de espera. Os registros mostraram que o trabalho com as sequências de leitura proposto pelo projeto de formação trouxe um diferencial à rotina das crianças, que passaram a escutar histórias lidas todos os dias e um repertório de enredos, imagens e personagens passou a fazer parte do cotidiano dos dois agrupamentos. Os dados apreendidos dos registros revelaram uma ausência de conhecimentos sobre a natureza do papel de professor de crianças pequenas. Muitas de suas formas de agir são emprestadas do ensino fundamental. A sequência dos registros, porém, revela que as professoras passaram a considerar cada vez mais o ponto de vista das crianças. A análise feita apontou que os registros diários das práticas pelas professoras podem ser instrumentos estruturantes do trabalho por elas realizado, e que devem ser incorporados na prática dos coordenadores pedagógicos responsáveis pela formação continuada das equipes nas unidades. / The present dissertation aims to analyze the written records produced by four teachers in charge of two groups of children aged between 0-3 at a school which belongs to São Paulos City Council network. For a period of two years these teachers underwent a process of continuous formation by a non-governamental organization of Education for Teachers. The analyses of the records regarding both groups showed that most of the activities mentioned by the teachers were carried out in a collective way; in other words, the same task was proposed to all the children at the same time, which indicates that the latter were kept waiting for long periods of time. The records reveal that the work done on reading sequences as proposed in the teachers Training Course provided the childrens life at school with a distinguishing new element: they were given the opportunity to listen to stories which were read to them each and every day so that both groups were able to include in their daily routine a repertoire of plots, characters and images. However, the data collected from the teachers written material revealed their unawareness of important forms of knowledge regarding the nature of their role in teaching very young children. It was found that these teachers employed the kind of actions typically used at Elementary or Grade School. Nonetheless, the analysis of the sequence of their written records makes it clear that these teachers increasingly came to take into account the childrens point-of-view. The conclusion that can be drawn from the careful analysis of daily written records of their teaching is that they constitute a structuring element in the work carried out and should, therefore, be incorporated into the practice of school coordinators, responsible for the continuous training of their teams.