Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2018-11-05T18:46:12Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Dyego Oliveira Almeida - 2018.pdf: 32110237 bytes, checksum: 4d30b2227be666802bbb2e5437450fc2 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-11-06T10:03:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Dyego Oliveira Almeida - 2018.pdf: 32110237 bytes, checksum: 4d30b2227be666802bbb2e5437450fc2 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-06T10:03:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Dyego Oliveira Almeida - 2018.pdf: 32110237 bytes, checksum: 4d30b2227be666802bbb2e5437450fc2 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-10-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The urban growth of the population and the deforestation of greenareas are one of the most critical problems currently in Brazil. Due to mobilization of rural people to the urban, high solar irradiation and the deforestation, the Government is creating sustainable actions sustainable in order to enlarge the green areas and permeable. In this perspective, to promote this mapping effectively in large areas necessary to the use of technologies of recognition of facial features. Low-resolution satellite imagery have low cost and great coverage area coverage, and therefore apply them in identifying features is advantageous over other types of images. However, to accomplish this identification is computationally complex due to the different features present in images of this type. This work proposes an effective method of digital processing of low resolution images in the identification of features, in particular the pertinent green aáreas with average accuracy of 80.5% and detection of buildings with an average accuracy of 63%. / O crescimento urbano da população e o desmatamento de áreas verdes são um dos problemas mais críticos atualmente no Brasil. Devido a mobilização da população rural para o âmbito urbano, elevação da irradiação solar e o desmatamento, o governo está criando ações sustentáveis a fim de ampliar as áreas verdes e permeáveis. Nesta perspectiva, para promover esse mapeamento de forma eficaz em grandes áreas se faz necessário o uso de tecnologias de reconhecimento de feições. Imagens de satélite de baixa resolução possuem baixo custo e grande abrangência de área, e portanto aplicá-las na identificação de feições é vantajoso em relação a outros tipos de imagens. No entanto, realizar essa identificação é computacionalmente complexo devido as diferentes características existentes em imagens desse tipo. Este trabalho propõe um método eficaz de processamento digital de imagens de baixa resolução na identificação de feições, em particular as pertinentes a áreas verdes com acurácia média de 80,5% e detecção de edificações com precisão média de 63%.

Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Based on the systemic approach of the landscape and social uses, analyzed the urban environmental quality of the city of Garanhuns from indicators of the public green areas. The indicators make it possibility to analyze and visualize the public green areas in the urban landscape of Garanhuns, acting as qualitative and quantitative indicators. The objective of the research is to analyze the environmental quality of the city of Garanhuns through indexes applied to public green areas and their social uses. The landscape corresponds to an inheritance of natural elements and human constructions on a natural substrate of different historical moments in an environmental system open to internal and external energy exchanges under constant anthropic influence. From this perspective the environmental quality made possible by the public green areas contributes to certain balance in the relationship between society and nature. The methodological procedures involved the theoretical contextualization of the theme, field research, elaboration of cartographic material, use of available tools and operationalized in Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Through these procedures and established parameters, it was observed the spatialisation of green areas, the phytogeographic dynamics, tree density and shading indices, the surface temperature variation, the urban densification and social uses such as environmental quality indicators here analyzed. The results showed that the presence of vegetation is a factor for a balanced environmental system and that tree diversity offers greater plasticity and beautifies the urban landscape. The dominance of the vegetation of the green areas studied is the 66.7% predominant by exotic origin; two of the public green areas are 100% composed of exotic afforestation; only 33.3% of the studied spaces present dominance by native species. The better the index the higher the quality of green areas. However, even if some index did not have was framed at the expected parameter, this not evidenced a lower environmental quality, case the vegetation of the AVPs was in harmony with the public equipments and the passage tracks. This was verified in some squares that reached tree diversity indices below one arboreal individual per square meter or shading indices less than 30% for commercial area or 50% for residential area. Satisfactory indexes contribute to a better social use of the studied areas, in addition, social uses are more diverse in parks due to the diversity of equipment and ample space, which leads them to be more frequented. / Com base na abordagem sistêmica da paisagem e usos sociais, analisa-se a qualidade ambiental urbana da cidade de Garanhuns a partir de indicadores das áreas verdes públicas. Os indicadores possibilitam analisar e visualizar espacialmente as áreas verdes públicas na paisagem urbana de Garanhuns, atuando como indicadores de caráter qualitativo e quantitativo. O objetivo norteador da pesquisa é analisar a qualidade ambiental da cidade de Garanhuns através de índices aplicados as áreas verdes públicas e dos seus usos sociais. A paisagem corresponde a uma herança dos elementos naturais e das construções humanas sobre um substrato natural de diferentes momentos históricos em um sistema ambiental aberto a trocas de energia internas e externas sob constante influência antrópica. Nessa perspectiva a qualidade ambiental possibilitada pelas áreas verdes públicas contribui para certo equilíbrio na relação sociedade e natureza. Os procedimentos metodológicos envolveram a contextualização teórica do tema, pesquisa de campo, elaboração de material cartográfico, uso das ferramentas disponíveis e operacionalizadas em ambiente de Sistemas de Informações Geográficas (SIGs). Por meio desses procedimentos e de parâmetros estabelecidos, observou-se a espacialização das áreas verdes, a dinâmica fitogeográfica, índices de densidade e sombreamento arbóreo, a variação da temperatura da superfície, o adensamento urbano e os usos sociais como os indicadores de qualidade ambiental aqui analisado. Os resultados permitiram constatar que a presença da vegetação de fato contribui para um sistema ambiental equilibrado e que a diversidade arbórea oferece maior plasticidade e embeleza a paisagem urbana. A dominância da vegetação das áreas verdes estudadas é de 66,7% predominado pela origem exótica; duas das áreas verdes públicas são 100% composta por arborização exótica; apenas 33,3% dos espaços estudados apresentam a dominância por espécies nativas. Quanto melhor o índice maior é a qualidade das áreas verdes. No entanto, ainda que algum índice não tenha se enquadrado no parâmetro esperado, isso não evidenciou uma qualidade ambiental inferior, quando a vegetação das AVPs estivesse em harmonia com os equipamentos públicos e as trilhas de passagem. Caso verificado em algumas praças que atingiram índices de diversidade arbórea abaixo de um individuo arbóreo por metro quadrado ou índices de sombreamento inferior a 30% para área comercial ou de 50% para área residencial. Índices satisfatórios contribuem para um melhor uso social das áreas estudadas, além disso, os usos sociais são mais variados nos parques devido à diversidade de equipamentos e amplo espaço, o que os leva a serem mais frequentados.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:46:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernanda Xavier.pdf: 4633636 bytes, checksum: 44f0b43041f631c89e4d0e9680f12c4e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-07 / The urban quality of an environment is closely linked to its ecosystem and the quality of life that it provides. Its relationship with urban green space has proved solid, and , among many benefits, these places promote opportunities for physical activity (PA). In Presidente Prudente - SP, the Parque do Povo is the main public green space for recreation and sports in the city, distinguished by its active use, which can be seen every day. This study aims to investigate the relationship between urban environmental quality and PA practice, and discuss how the environment can act in health promotion strategies. The level of physical activity and characteristics of use/ park users were collected through the System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC), instrument that is based on systematic observations (scans) of preselected target areas. It was also used a questionnaire applied to 200 park users 18+, on assorted days and times. Data collection was done during the first half of 2015, and 19,105 individuals were observed. The park proved to be a significant local for PA practice, since sedentary activities represented only 27% of the total observed. The adult population represented 59% of the sample, and males 65%. Few children were seen in the park on weekdays and few elderly people were seen on weekends. Men engaged in more vigorous activities than women, and occupied the block with more sports facilities in disproportionately greater numbers. Nighttime was the most attended in total (53%), and the blocks with more equipment and facilities stood out for its use. Most park users lives in its vicinity and has higher level. The reasons related to health were the most featured for PA practice. Among the respondents, 95% said that the park is a place that motivates them to perform AF, and the factor "green environment" was the most valued for the park selection. The study showed a positive relationship between environmental quality brought by the park and the PA practice. These results may be related to the implementation process of the place and its consequent social and economic rise, which led to the predominance of middle / upper class users, who tend to be more aware and available for the pursuit of health through physical activity. The amount of vegetation proved to be a crucial factor and closely related to the psychological motivation of users. The results clarify that certain times of the day and week, as well as other user preferences should be considered by managers and professionals to increase the effectiveness of programs aimed at promoting health. These incentive programs could enhance the use of these spaces, increase the AF level held in these locations, and also work with its diverse and democratic use. / A qualidade urbana de um ambiente está intimamente ligada ao seu ecossistema e à qualidade de vida que o mesmo lhe proporciona. Sua relação com espaços verdes urbanos tem se mostrado sólida, e, entre inúmeros benefícios, esses locais promovem oportunidades para a prática de atividades físicas (AF). Em Presidente Prudente SP, o Parque do Povo é o principal espaço verde público de lazer e esportes da cidade, destacando-se por seu uso ativo, que pode ser observado todos os dias. Este trabalho tem como objetivo verificar a relação entre qualidade urbana ambiental e a prática de AF, e discutir como o ambiente pode agir em estratégias de promoção de saúde. O nível de AF e características do uso/usuários do parque foram coletados através do System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC), instrumento que se baseia em observações sistemáticas (scans) de áreas alvo pré-selecionadas. Também foi feito o uso de questionário aplicado a 200 frequentadores do parque maiores de 18 anos, em dias da semana e horários alternados. A coleta de dados foi realizada durante o primeiro semestre de 2015 e 19.105 indivíduos foram observados. O parque mostrou-se um ambiente significativo para a prática de AF, já que as atividades sedentárias representaram apenas 27% do total observado. A população adulta representou 59% da amostra, e o gênero masculino 65%. Poucas crianças foram vistas no parque nos dias de semana e poucos idosos foram vistos aos finais de semana. Os homens se envolveram mais em atividades vigorosas do que as mulheres, e ocuparam a quadra com mais instalações esportivas em número desproporcionalmente maior. O período noturno foi o mais frequentado no total (53%), e as quadras com mais equipamentos e instalações destacaram-se por seu uso. A maioria dos usuários do parque reside nas suas proximidades e possui nível superior. Os motivos relacionados a saúde foram os mais destacados para a prática de AF. Entre os respondentes, 95% afirmaram que o parque é um local que os motiva a praticar AF, sendo o fator ambiente verde o mais valorizado para escolha do local. O trabalho mostrou uma relação positiva entre a qualidade ambiental trazida pelo parque e a prática de AF. Esses resultados podem estar relacionados ao próprio processo de implantação do local e sua consequente elevação socioeconômica, que ocasionou o predomínio de usuários de classe média/alta, tendencialmente mais conscientes e disponíveis para a busca de saúde através da AF. A quantidade de vegetação mostrou-se um fator imprescindível e intimamente relacionada à motivação psicológica dos usuários. Os resultados encontrados esclarecem que determinados períodos do dia e da semana, bem como outras preferências dos usuários devem ser consideradas por gestores e profissionais para o aumento da eficácia de programas voltados à promoção da saúde. Esses programas de incentivo poderiam potencializar o uso desses espaços, aumentar o nível de AF realizado nesses locais, e, ainda, colaborar com seu uso diverso e democrático.

Phenacoccus peruvianus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is an invasive mealybug of Neotropical origin, first reported in the Mediterranean Basin in Almeria (Spain) in 1999. In the following years the mealybug spread into other Mediterranean regions and has also been recorded in Portugal and France, as well as in Sicily, Corsica and the Balearic Islands. Phenacoccus peruvianus is a polyphagous species and damages economically important ornamental plants. Since this was a relatively unknown species, during the first years of invasion, the mealybug was managed by the application of chemical treatments with wide-spectrum pesticides. However, the latest European directive on pesticide use reduces or even forbids pesticide applications in a wide range of urban green areas, giving significant priority to biological control (European Parliament and Council 2009). This thesis sets the basis for introducing biological control into a P. peruvianus management program in urban landscapes, focusing on its characterization, sampling, biology and control. In order to facilitate the identification of this and other mealybug species, we characterised 33 mealybug populations infesting crops and ornamental plants in Eastern Spain, using a combination of molecular and morphological techniques. This characterisation led to the identification of ten mealybug species and made routine identification possible through DNA sequencing or the use of derived species-specific molecular tools. The sequences obtained also add to the phylogenetic knowledge of the Pseudococcidae family and provide insight into the invasion history of some species. Phenacoccus peruvianus populations were high in bougainvillea plants during spring and summer, declining to almost undetectable levels in autumn and winter. The mealybug was mainly found in bracts and there were no significant migrations between plant strata. Phenacoccus peruvianus showed a high aggregated distribution on bracts, leaves and twigs. We recommend a binomial sampling of 200 leaves and an action threshold of 55% infested leaves for IPM purposes in urban landscapes. Its most abundant natural enemies were found to be the primary parasitoids Acerophagus n. sp. near coccois and Leptomastix epona Walker (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). We also identified several predator species from the Anthocoridae, Coccinellidae, Chamaemyiidae, and Chrysopidae families. Phenacoccus peruvianus populations were lower during the second and third year of the survey, coinciding with an increase in the parasitoid Acerophagus sp. populations, which displaced the native L. epona. Differential female offspring and resource preemption are discussed as the main reasons for this displacement. To obtain further information on the biology of the new parasitoid Acerophagus sp. we determined some traits of its reproductive and feeding strategies. Acerophagus sp. egg load reached its maximum when it was 5 days old with almost 30 mature eggs. Phenacoccus peruvianus second and third nymphal instars and adults were suitable for parasitism and efficient encapsulation was low (10.76 ± 0.31 %). The parasitoid always preferred older instars when different host instars were available. Acerophagus sp. developed as a solitary parasitoid in the second instar and as a gregarious parasitoid in older instars (2¿4 parasitoids per host). Moreover, it reproduced parthenogenetically and all the emerged offspring were females. Immature development lasted between 20 and 22 days at 25°C and 65% HR. Under these conditions, adults lived for longer than 20 days when fed on honey, but fewer than 3 days when fed on naturally occurring sugar sources (host honeydew and Bougainvillea glabra flowers). / Beltrà Ivars, A. (2014). Biology and management of the invasive mealybug Phenacoccus peruvianus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in urban landscapes [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/37233 / TESIS

En el distrito de Villa El Salvador se vienen ejecutando obras de pavimentación de las vías, la ejecutada en la Av. Mateo Pumacahua tramo comprendido entre la Av. Separadora Industrial y la Av. Pachacutec”, trae como consecuencia la disminución de la infiltración y las precipitaciones que se registraron en los últimos años en el distrito han ocasionado aniegos provocando accidentes peatonales y de vehículos. Para dar solución ingenieril a este problema se propone implementar el SISTEMA URBANO DE DRENAJE SOSTENIBLE (SUDS) y que consiste en técnicas de gestión de aguas producidas por las precipitaciones, permitiendo devolver el ciclo del agua a las poblaciones urbanizadas, mejorando la calidad del agua a infiltrar y evitando las inundaciones. Mediante cunetas verdes se recolectará los excedentes de aguas pluviales que proviene de las pendientes altas, el agua recolectada se distribuirá mejorando las áreas verdes de la zona de estudio. El hidrograma Unitario Sintético del SCS fue modelado con el HEC-HMS, cuyos resultados fueron, el caudal de diseño de 0.3 m3/s y el volumen excedente de 6400 m3, por otro lado, el balance hídrico nos mostró un déficit que no permitirá cubrir el 1.5% del mantenimiento de las áreas verdes. Del análisis de las alternativas se escogió las cunetas verdes por ser las económicas y con los mismo beneficios técnicos y ambientales. Las precipitaciones registradas el 08/08/2018 fue de 0.2 mm/h y ocasionaron aniegos en la zona de estudio. Las cunetas verdes fueron diseñadas para eventos extraordinarios, el cual permitirá solucionar los problemas de inundaciones. / In the district of Villa El Salvador, paving works have been carried out on the roads, the one executed on Av. Mateo Pumacahua section between Av. Separadora Industrial and Av. Pachacutec", brings as a consequence the decrease in infiltration and rainfall that was recorded in recent years in the district have caused aniegos causing pedestrian and vehicle accidents. To provide an engineering solution to this problem, it is proposed to implement the SUSTAINABLE URBAN DRAINAGE SYSTEM (SUDS) and that consists of water management techniques produced by rainfall, allowing to return the water cycle to urbanized populations, improving the quality of the water to be infiltrated and avoiding floods. Through ditches the surplus rainwater that comes from the high slopes will be collected, the collected water will be distributed improving the green areas of the study area. The Synthetic Unit hydrograph of the SCS was modeled with the HEC-HMS, the results of which were, the design flow of 0.3 m3 / s and the excess volume of 6400 m3, on the other hand, the water balance showed us a deficit that did not cover 1.5 % of the maintenance of green areas. From the analysis of the alternatives, green ditches were chosen because they are economical and have the same technical and environmental benefits. The rainfall recorded on 08/08/2018 was 0.2 mm / h and caused waterlogging in the study area. The green gutters were designed for extraordinary events, which will allow solving flood problems. / Tesis

Este trabajo de investigación explora los fundamentos para el cuidado y preservación de las Áreas Verdes, teniendo como foco de interés las áreas verdes naturales, desde una perspectiva de la educación ecológica, poniendo especial énfasis en el papel que los espacios de información ecológica pueden desempeñar para fomentar una conciencia medioambiental en el Perú. El trabajo se centra en la búsqueda del interés social para el conocimiento, preservación y conservación de las Áreas Verdes, para que de este modo la prosperidad urbana del país se incremente beneficiando de múltiples formas el desarrollo económico, social y medioambiental del mismo. / This research work explores the basis for Green Areas caring and preservation, having as investigation focus the Nature Green Areas from an Ecological Education perspective, pointing special emphasis in the role who ecological information spaces fulfill to promote an environmental awareness in Perú. The paper focuses on the search for social interest for the knowledge, preservation and conservation of the Green Areas, thereby the urban prosperity of the country goes up benefiting in multiple ways to the economic, social and environmental development itself. / Trabajo de investigación