The knowledge regarding certain issues in polymer crystallization e.g. the possible existence of short–lived mesophases remains inconclusive due to experimental limitations. Polymers undergo chain folding upon crystallization, which introduces some complications that are not found in crystallization of low molar mass materials. Chain–folded crystals are far from their equilibrium shape and they rearrange rapidly at the crystallization temperature. This, together with the slow experimental techniques traditionally used, impedes the observation of the originally formed structures. To approach this problem, molecularly constrained polymer structures (in which the crystallizing chains are fixed at one end whereas the other end is free to move) have been studied by X–ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, polarized optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The crystallization studies performed in star–branched polyesters showed that the dendritic cores have a pronounced effect on the crystallization of the linear poly(ε–caprolactone) (PCL) arms attached to them. The star–branched polymers showed slower crystal rearrangement, higher equilibrium melting point, higher fold surface free energy, moderately lower crystallinity, and a greater tendency to form spherulites in comparison with linear PCL. The crystal unit cell was the same in both linear and star–branched PCL. Single crystals of the star–branched polymers were more irregular and showed smoother fold surfaces than linear PCL crystals. No sectorial preference was observed in the crystals of the star–branched polymers upon melting while the single crystals of linear PCL showed earlier melting in the {100} sectors than in the {110} sectors. Some of the differences observed can be attributed to the dendritic cores, which must be placed in the vicinity of the fold surface and thus influence the fold surface structure, the possibility of major crystal rearrangement and the presence of a significant cilia phase during crystal growth causing diverging crystal lamellae and consequent spherulite formation. The attachment of the many crystallizable chains to a single core reduces the melt entropy, which explains the higher equilibrium melting point of star–branched PCL. The crystallization behavior of a series of poly(ethylene oxybenzoate)s was also studied. The polymers showed a profound tendency for crystal rearrangement during melting even at high heating rates. The Hoffman–Weeks extrapolation method was found to be unsuitable to calculate the equilibrium melting point of the samples studied because the melting point vs. crystallization temperature data were sensitive to the variations in crystallisation time, which led to significant variations in the equilibrium melting points obtained. / QC 20100914

The flow pattern has widely been recognized to have an impact on the exogenous non-metallic inclusion generation in the gating system and mold flux entrapment in the uphill teeming process. Thus, a well-controlled flow pattern during the teeming process can improve the quality of ingots and further increase the yield during steel production. The current study focused on investigating and optimizing the flow pattern of steel in the gating system and molds to improve steel cleanliness during the initial filling moment. A mathematical model considering a trumpet was initially compared to a reduced model only considering part of the runner channel. Thereafter, the influence of swirl blades implemented at the bottom of the vertical runner on the improvement of initial filling conditions in the molds was investigated in a model considering the entire mold system including a trumpet. The effects of a swirl blade orientation on a swirling flow were further discussed. The simulation results, when utilizing swirl blades, were also verified by plant trials performed at Scana Steel. In addition, a new novel swirling flow generation component, TurboSwirl, was studied in a model considering the entire mold system including a trumpet. The model was based on modifications of the refractory geometry at the elbow of the runners near the mold without the usage of an inserted flow control device in the gating system. Owing to its great potential for improving the flow pattern of steel during the initial filling moment, the effect of TurboSwirl on steel cleanliness was also studied. The results showed that the initial filling conditions during the uphill teeming process can be improved by using a swirl blade or a TurboSwirl in the gating system. This makes it possible to further decrease the initial position of mold powder bags. In addition, it reduces the possibilities of exogenous non-metallic inclusion generation in the gating system as well as mold flux entrapment in the mold during the uphill teeming process. However, the utilization of swirl blades created a considerable amount of droplets when steel entered the molds during the first couple of seconds, which also was verified by the plant trials. The introduction of TurboSwirl showed a greater potential than a swirl blade due to a more evenly distributed swirling flow. The DPM model adopted in the simulations revealed that the TurboSwirl can improve steel cleanliness by increasing the non-metallic inclusion collision rate both with respect to Stokes and turbulent collisions. / <p>QC 20130204</p>

Commonly used thermoplastic biodegradable polymers are generally brittle and lack appreciable elasticity at physiological temperature and thereby fail to mimic the elastic nature of many human soft tissues such as blood vessels. Thus, there is a need for biomaterials which exhibit elasticity. Biodegradable elastomers are promising candidates whose elasticity more closely parallels that of soft tissues. In this research, we developed hybrid biodegradable elastomers comprised of organic and inorganic polymer components in a block copolymer system: poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), respectively. A block structure maintains the distinct properties of the PCL and PDMS components. These elastomers may be useful for the tissue engineering of soft tissues as well as for shape memory polymer (SMP) devices. Tri-block macromers of the form PCLn-block-PDMSm-block-PCLn were developed to permit systematic variations to key features including: PDMS block length, PCL block length, PDMS:PCL ratio, and crosslink density. The macromer was capped with acrylating groups (AcO) to permit their photochemical cure to form elastomers. Thus, a series of biodegradable elastomers were prepared by photocrosslinking a series of macromers in which the PCL blocks varied (n = 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40) and the PDMS block was maintained (m = 37). All elastomers displayed hydrophobic surface properties and high thermal stability. These elastomers demonstrated systematic tuning of mechanical properties as a function of PCL block length or crosslink density. Notable was strains at break as high as 814% making them suitable for elastomeric bioapplications. Elastomers with a critical PCL block length (n = 30 or 40) exhibited shape memory properties. Shape memory polymers based on an organic-inorganic, photocurable silicon-containing polymer system is a first of its kind. This SMP demonstrated strain fixity of 100% and strain recovery near 100% after the third thermomechanical cycle. Transition from temporary to permanent shape was quite rapid (2 sec) and at temperatures near body temperature (60 degrees C). Lastly, porous analogues of the biodegradable elastomers were created using a novel porogen - salt leaching technique. Resulting porous elastomers were designed for tissue engineering scaffolds or shape memory foams.

Αντικείμενο της παρούσας εργασίας ήταν η σύνθεση μιας σειράς τριπολυμερών και ενός πεντασυσταδικού συμπολυμερούς, καθώς και η μελέτη του τρόπου αυτό-οργάνωσής τους σε αραιά υδατικά διαλύματα στα οποία μεταβάλλεται το pH. Τα συμπολυμερή που συντέθηκαν είχαν δομικές μονάδες πολυ(βίνυλο-2-πυριδίνη) P2VP, πολυ(αιθυλενοξείδιο) PEO και πολύ(ε-καπρολακτόνη) PCL. Για την σύνθεση αυτών χρησιμοποιήθηκαν πρόδρομα συμπολυμερή δυο και τριών συστάδων, τα οποία είχαν συντεθεί μέσω ζωντανού ανιονικού πολυμερισμού, και στην συνέχεια με την μέθοδο του πολυμερισμού διάνοιξης δακτυλίου {Ring Opening Polymerization(ROP)} πραγματοποιήθηκε η προσθήκη της ε-CL. Η προσθήκη αυτή πραγματοποιήθηκε με αντίδραση του [Sn(Oct)2] με το ελεύθερο υδροξύλιο του αιθυλενοξειδίου δημιουργώντας έτσι ένα σύμπλοκο που αποτελεί τον εκκινητή, σύμφωνα με τον μηχανισμό εισαγωγής-σύμπλεξης. Ο χαρακτηρισμός των πολυμερών που συντέθηκαν πραγματοποιήθηκε μέσω της Χρωματογραφίας Αποκλεισμού Μεγεθών (SEC) και της Φασματοσκοπίας Πυρηνικού Μαγνητικού Συντονισμού (NMR). Στην συνέχεια προβήκαμε στη μελέτη αραιών υδατικών διαλυμάτων συναρτήσει του pH δυο πολυμερών από αυτά που συνθέσαμε, του πεντασυσταδικού PCL-PEO-P2VP-PEO-PCL και του τριπολυμερούς P2VP-PEO-PCL. Η μελέτη αυτή έγινε μέσω πειραμάτων σκέδασης του φωτός (στατική σκέδαση στις 900 και δυναμική σκέδαση) και μέσω της Ηλεκτρονικής Μικροσκοπίας Σάρωσης (SEM). Τα πολυμερή αυτά αποτελούνται από P2VP της οποίας η συμπεριφορά διαφοροποιείται με τις αλλαγές του pH μετατρέποντάς την σε έναν κατιονικό υδρόφιλο πολυηλεκτρολύτη σε χαμηλές τιμές αυτού, ενώ καθίσταται ηλεκτρικά ουδέτερη καθώς το pH αυξάνει, με αποτέλεσμα να γίνεται υδρόφοβη λόγω της αποπρωτονίωσής της. Η συμπεριφορά αυτή της P2VP σε συνδυασμό με τον υδρόφιλο χαρακτήρα του PEO και τον υδρόφοβο χαρακτήρα της PCL σε όλες τις τιμές του pH, οδήγησε στην δημιουργία πολυμοριακών συσσωματωμάτων σε ορισμένη περιοχή του pH. Μάλιστα το πεντασυσταδικό πολυμερές σχηματίζει σφαιρικά μικκύλια στην συγκεκριμένη περιοχή. Τέλος πρέπει να αναφερθεί ότι η πρωτοτυπία της παρούσας εργασίας εστιάζεται στο γεγονός ότι δεν έχουν μελετηθεί στο παρελθόν συμπολυμερή PCL με PEO και P2VP. Η ιδιότητα των συμπολυμερών που συνθέσαμε να σχηματίζουν πολυμοριακά συσσωματώματα και μικκύλια, ίσως αποβεί πολύ χρήσιμη σε πολλούς τομείς της βιομηχανίας και της βιοϊατρικής. / This project deals with the synthesis of triblock and pentablock copolymers, which were studied in aqueous solutions as a function of pH. The copolymers, which we synthesized, were Poly(2-vinil pyride)-Poly(ethylene oxide)-Poly(ε-caprolactone) (P2VP-PEO-PCL) and Poly(ε-caprolactone)-Poly(ethylene oxide)-Poly(2-vinil pyride)- Poly(ethylene oxide)-Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL-PEO-P2VP-PEO-PCL). The triblock and pentablock copolymers were synthesized via the method of Ring Opening Polymerization (ROP), using as initiator the stannous octoate [Sn(Oct)2]. For the triblock copolymers’ synthesis we used the diblock P2VP-PEO, which was synthesized via the method of living anionic polymerization, and for the pentablock copolymer’s synthesis we used the triblock PEO-P2VP-PEO, which was synthesized via the same method. The molecular weights and polydispersities were determined by Size Exclusion Chromatography and their compositions by 1H NMR. The properties of these copolymers were studied in aqueous solutions as a function of pH, by several experimental techniques such as static and dynamic light scattering and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The copolymers self organized in different nano structured self-assemblies which depend on the solution pH exhibiting therefore a stimuli responsive behavior.

La toxina-ε, produïda per la soca D de Clostridium perfringens, és la principal responsable de l’enterotoxèmia en animals de granja. Produeix un edema generalitzat, uns efectes citotòxics molt greus al ronyó (mort de les cèl•lules epitelials dels túbuls distals) i també efectes neurològics (mort neuronal provocada per excitotoxicitat). Tots aquests efectes porten finalment a la mort de l’animal. Actualment existeixen tractaments preventius de la toxina mitjançant la vacunació, però encara es desconeix el mecanisme d’acció letal, el seu receptor i els primers passos que porten a la citotoxicitat. Amb la finalitat d’estudiar el comportament d’aquesta toxina, al nostre laboratori vàrem produir una proteïna de fusió formada per la toxina-ε i la proteïna verda fluorescent GFP (toxina-ε-GFP). Aquesta eina va ser de gran utilitat, ja que es comportava igual que la toxina-ε nativa i podia localitzar-se de manera directa utilitzant microscòpia de fluorescència. De fet, injeccions i.v de toxina-ε-GFP a ratolí, varen revelar un edema generalitzat i una mort de les cèl•lules epitelials dels túbuls distals del ronyó de manera idèntica a la toxina nativa. A més, també mostrava citotoxicitat en cultius de la línia cel•lular MDCK, on heptameritzava a la membrana cel•lular, formava porus i provocava la mort cel•lular (Soler-Jover et al., 2004). L’objectiu d’aquesta tesi va ser aprofundir en el coneixement de les primeres etapes de la intoxicació per la toxina-ε, caracteritzant la seva unió i distribució en els diferents òrgans i sistemes, en especial el renal i nerviós. Per dur a terme aquest objectiu general, vàrem realitzar dues aproximacions experimentals: 1. Vàrem incubar la toxina-ε-GFP sobre seccions de teixits, on vàrem observar la seva unió a la mielina tant del SNC com del SNP. També vàrem veure que en el sistema renal, la toxina-ε-GFP reconeixia cèl•lules epitelials dels túbuls distals i col•lectors del ronyó, així com cèl•lules de l’uroteli. Els estudis realitzats en aquest treball (tractaments amb pronasa E, detergents, Nglicosidasa F i beta-eliminació) apunten que el receptor podria tractar-se d’una Oglicoproteïna tant en el sistema nerviós com en el renal, i que un ambient lipídic (o la integritat de la membrana) seria necessari per permetre la unió de la toxina-ε al seu receptor. A més, els estudis realitzats amb cross-linkers en les cèl•lules MDCK han permès identificar una proteïna d’uns 36 kDa (Annexina A2) que podria actuar com a correceptor o intervenir en l’oligomerització i formació de porus a la membrana plasmàtica. Mitjançant un assaig d’ELISA en cèl•lules MDCK, vàrem observar que només hi ha un sol lloc d’unió per a la toxina-ε, i aquest és saturable i d’alta afinitat. 2. Vàrem reproduir a ratolí els efectes de la toxina injectant i.v dosi letals de toxina-ε- GFP, i vàrem estudiar la seva distribució en el sistema nerviós. Vàrem veure que la toxina-ε-GFP a banda d’unir-se a les cèl•lules endotelials també era capaç de travessar la barrera hematoencefàlica (BHE) i arribar així al parènquima del cervell, on provocaria la mort neuronal ja fos d’una manera directa o indirecta (Soler-Jover et al., 2007). Donat l’interés en trobar nous vehicles capaços de travessar la BHE, vàrem analitzar aquesta propietat en diferents mutants de toxina-ε, tot i que encara no hem identificat cap mutant que hagi perdut la capacitat tòxica però no seva capacitat invasiva. La futura identificació del receptor de la toxina-ε, la formació dels heptàmers i la seva inserció a la membrana són, sens dubte, els grans reptes que ajudaran a caracteritzar el mecanisme d’acció de la toxina-ε de Clostridium perfringens. / ε-Toxin, produced by Clostridium perfringens type D, is the main agent responsible for enterotoxaemia in livestock. ε-Toxin accumulates specifically in the renal and nervous system were it produces the death of the epithelial cells from the distal tubules and neurons, respectively. Vaccines are very useful in the prevention of the ε-toxin intoxication, but nothing is known about the receptor and the first intoxication steps. We produced a recombinant ε-toxin protein with the green fluoresence protein GFP (ε- toxin-GFP) which is a useful tool because it behaves as the native ε-toxin and it can be detected by fluorescence (Soler-Jover et al., 2004). The aim of this thesis is to go into detail in the knowledge of the first steps in the intoxication pathway, characterizing the binding and distribution of the ε-toxin in different organs and tissues, especially in the renal and nervous system. To achieve this aim we performed two experimental approaches. On one hand, we incubated the ε-toxin-GFP on tissue sections, were its binding to myelin from CNS and PNS was observed. We also observed binding of ε-toxin to the urothelium and epithelial cells from distal and collecting tubules in the kidney. Our work revealed that the receptor in the nervous and renal system could be an Oglycoprotein, and that a lipidic environment (or the membrane integrity) would be required for the binding of ε-toxin to its receptor. In addition, an ELISA-based binding assay revealed a single high-affinity binding site for ε-toxin in MDCK cells. Moreover, cross-linking experiments identified a 36 kDa protein (Annexin A2) which could be involved in the membrane pore formation step. On the other hand, we reproduced in mice the in vivo effects by injecting i.v ε-toxin- GFP. The toxin crossed the BBB and penetrated the brain parenchyma producing neuronal death (Soler-Jover et al., 2007). We are interested in the finding of new vehicles to cross the BBB. In fact, some ε-toxin mutants have been studied but no one is able to cross the BBB without producing cell damage and animal death.

Η αθηρωματική νόσος είναι η κύρια αιτία καρδιαγγειακών νοσημάτων (CVD). Σύμφωνα με τον WHO το 2004 οι θάνατοι λόγω CVD ήταν 17.1 εκατομμύρια, το 29% των θανάτων παγκοσμίως. Η παθογένεια της νόσου είναι πολυπαραγοντική και οφείλεται σε περιβαλλοντικά και γενετικά αίτια, ένα από τα οποία είναι οι λιπιδαιμικές διαταραχές. Μελέτες τόσο in vitro όσο και in vivo σε ανθρώπους και πειραματόζωα καταδεικνύουν την απολιποπρωτεΐνη Ε (ApoE) ως κομβικό μόριο στη μεταφορά και το μεταβολισμό των λιποπρωτεϊνών, οι οποίες αποτελούν τα μεταφορικά μέσα των λιπιδίων. Η ΑpoE εκφράζεται σε ποικίλους ιστούς, όπως ο λιπώδης ιστός, τα ενδοθηλιακά κύτταρα, τα μακροφάγα και ο εγκέφαλος, αν και η κύρια θέση παραγωγής της είναι το ήπαρ. Στις δράσεις της ΑpoE περιλαμβάνονται η ηπατική πρόσληψη των λιποπρωτεϊνών, η ενεργοποίηση ενζύμων που συμμετέχουν στον μεταβολισμό των λιποπρωτεϊνών (LCAT, CETP, HL) η μεταφορά χοληστερόλης από περιφερικούς ιστούς στο ήπαρ με στόχο την κάθαρση και τελικώς τη ρύθμιση της ομοιόστασης του ισοζυγίου της χοληστερόλης στο αίμα. Η απομάκρυνση VLDL και υπολειμμάτων χυλομικρών από την κυκλοφορία μέσω της αγρίου τύπου (wt) ΑpoE προϋποθέτει την ύπαρξη λειτουργικών υποδοχέων LDLr. Στους ανθρώπους μεταλλάξεις ή πλήρης έλλειψη έκφρασης του LDLr οδηγεί στη εμφάνιση Οικογενής υπερχοληστερολαιμίας (FH). Στην περίπτωση της ομόζυγης Οικογενής υπερχοληστερολαιμίας (HoFH) οι ήδη υπάρχουσες φαρμακολογικές προσεγγίσεις είναι αναποτελεσματικές, με συνέπεια οι ασθενείς να καταλήγουν πρόωρα. Παρά τις ωφέλιμες δράσεις της wt ApoE στο μεταβολισμό των λιποπρωτεϊνών, η θεραπευτική της αξία είναι περιορισμένη καθώς σε συγκεντρώσεις άνω των φυσιολογικών επιπέδων στο πλάσμα επάγει συνδυαστική υπερλιπιδαιμία. Η διερεύνηση της δομής και των λειτουργικών θέσεων της ΑpoΕ οδήγησε στην κατασκευή μιας τεχνητά μεταλλαγμένης μορφής, της ΑpoE4mut1 , η οποία όχι μόνο δεν προκαλεί διαταραχή λιπιδίων αλλά έχει και βελτιωμένες δράσεις σε σχέση με την wt ΑpoE. Η έρευνα που αναλύεται στην εργασία αυτή ξεκίνησε με σκοπό να μελετηθεί η αναγκαιότητα έκφρασης λειτουργικού υποδοχεά LDLr για την εκδήλωση των βελτιωμένων βιολογικών δράσεων της ΑpoE4mut1. Συγκεκριμένα, σε υπερχοληστερολαιμικά ποντίκια με ταυτόχρονη έλλειψη στην ΑpoE και τον LDLr (ApoE-/- x LDLr-/-) χορήγηση της μεταλλαγμένης μορφής ΑpoE4mut1 μέσω αδενοϊών οδήγησε σε μείωση των επιπέδων χοληστερόλης στο αίμα τους. Το γεγονός αυτό καταδεικνύει μια νέα ιδιότητα της ΑpoE4mut1 πολλά υποσχόμενη όσον αφορά στην ανακάλυψη νέων θεραπευτικών κατευθύνσεων για την ομόζυγη οικογενή υπερχοληστερολαιμία (ΗoFH). / Atherosclerosis is a focal disease that constitutes the main cause of coronary heart disease (CHD) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). According to WHO an estimated 17.1 million people died from CVDs in 2004, representing 29% of all global deaths. The initial formation and progression of atheromatic lesions involves a complex interplay of both genetic and environmental factors, such as dyslipidemias. In vitro and in vivo studies, both in animal models and humans, have established that apolipoprotein E has a key role in the metabolism of lipoproteins, which are the main transport vehicles of the lipids in the circulation. ApoE is mainly synthesized by the liver and secondary by other tissues, such as fat tissue, macrophages, brain. The protein is involved in the efficient hepatic uptake of lipoprotein particles, the activation of enzymes, such as LCAT, CETP, which participate to metabolic pathways of lipoproteins, and the stimulation of reverse cholesterol transport from peripheral tissues to the liver. Therefore, ApoE is capable of regulating cholesterol homeostasis in plasma. The expression of functional LDLr is required by wild type ApoE, in order to perform the clearance of lipoprotein particles. In humans mutations or total deficiency in LDLr result in a disease called Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH). Homozygote patients with FH (HoFH) do not benefit from the conventional therapies and die prematurely. Despite the central role of wt ApoE in the metabolism of lipoprotein particles, its therapeutic value is reduced due to the limitation that at concentrations higher than physiological, plasma ApoE induces combined hyperlipidemia. Studies on the structure-function relationship of the protein resulted in the generation of a mutant variant ApoE4mut1, which has improved functions regarding wt ApoE4 and does not induce hypertriglyceridemia. The present study was initiated in order to determine whether the improved functions of ApoE4mut1 require the expression of LDLr. The results demonstrated new possible interventions for the treatment of HoFH. In particular, hypercholesterolemic mice with deficiency both in ApoE and LDLr genes (ApoE-/- x LDLr-/-), which expressed through adenovirusmediated gene transfer the mutant ApoE4mut1, showed a decrease in the cholesterol levels. This finding may lead to important therapeutic applications as a new treatment for HoFH when gene therapy becomes a reality in the future.

Abstract DNA polymerase ε from HeLa cells has been purified as a heterodimer of a 261 kDa catalytic subunit and a tightly associated smaller polypeptide, the B-subunit. The cDNAs encoding the B-subunits of both human and mouse Pol ε were cloned and shown to encode proteins with a predicted molecular weight of 59 kDa. These subunits are 90 % identical and share 22 % identity with the 80 kDa B-subunit of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Pol ε. The gene for the human Pol ε B-subunit was localized to chromosome 14q21-q22 by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Primary structure analysis of the Pol ε B-subunits demonstrated that they are similar to the B-subunits of Pol α, Pol δ and archaeal DNA polymerases, and comprise a novel protein family of DNA polymerase associated-B-subunits. The family members have 12 conserved motifs distributed in the C-terminal parts, which apparently form crucial structural and functional sites. Secondary structure predictions indicate that the B-subunits share a similar fold, and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the B-subunits of Pol α and ε form one subfamily, while the B-subunits of Pol δ and the archaeal proteins form a second subfamily. The corresponding eukaryotic and archaeal catalytic subunits are not related, but all have the characteristics of replicative DNA polymerases. This indicates that the B-subunits of replicative DNA polymerases from archaea to eukaryotes belong to the same protein family and perform similar functions. In S. cerevisiae, Pol ε associates with the checkpoint protein Dpb11. In this study, a human protein, TopBP1, with structural similarity to the budding yeast Dpb11, fission yeast Cut5 and the breast cancer susceptibility gene product Brca1 was identified. The human TOPBP1 gene localizes to chromosome 3q21-q23 and encodes a phosphoprotein of 180 kDa. TopBP1 has eight BRCT domains and is also closely related to the recently identified Drosophila melanogaster Mus101. TopBP1 expression is induced at the G1/S boundary and it performs an important role in DNA replication, as evidenced by inhibition of DNA synthesis by TopBP1 antiserum in isolated nuclei. TopBP1 also associates with Pol ε and localizes, together with Brca1 to distinct foci in S-phase, but not to sites of ongoing DNA replication. Inhibition of DNA replication leads to re-localization of TopBP1 and Brca1 to stalled replication forks. DNA damage induces formation of distinct TopBP1 foci that co-localize with Brca1 in S-phase, but not in G1-phase. The role of TopBP1 in the DNA damage response is also supported by the interaction between TopBP1 and the human checkpoint protein hRad9. These results implicate TopBP1 in replication and checkpoint functions.

Tissue engineering is receiving tremendous attention due to the necessity to overcome the limitations related to injured or diseased tissues or organs. It is the perfect combination of cells and biomimetic-engineered materials. With the appropriate biochemical factors, it is possible to develop new effective bio-devices that are capable to improve or replace biological functions. Latest developments in microfabrication methods, employing mostly synthetic biomaterials, allow the production of three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds that are able to direct cell-to-cell interactions and specific cellular functions in order to drive tissue regeneration or cell transplantation. The presented work offers a rapid and efficient method of 3D scaffolds fabrication by using optical lithography and micro-molding techniques. Bioresorbable polymer poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) was the material used thanks to its high biocompatibility and ability to naturally degrade in tissues. 3D PCL substrates show a particular combination in the designed length scale: cylindrical shaped pillars with 10μm diameter, 10μm height, arranged in a hexagonal lattice with spacing of 20μm were obtained. The sidewalls of the pillars were nanostructured by attributing a 3D architecture to the scaffold. The suitability of these devices as cell culture technology supports was evaluated by plating NIH/3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblasts and human Neural Stem Cells (hNSC) on them. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis was carried out in order to examine the micro- and nano-patterns on the surface of the supports. In addition, after seeding of cells, SEM and immunofluorescence characterization of the fabricated systems were performed to check adhesion, growth and proliferation. It was observed that cells grow and develop healthy on the bio-polymeric devices by giving rise to well-interconnected networks. 3D PCL nano-patterned pillared scaffold therefore may have considerable potential as effective tool for applications in tissue engineering.

In this project, the flow field characteristics of the simplified 2D rectangular primary sedimentation tank in Syvab wastewater treatment plant were achieved by a transient water-air two phases finite-volume method, applying Volume-Of-Fluid (VOF) model. RNG k-ε turbulence model was also employed to calculate the turbulent kinetic energy and its dissipation rate. The undesired hydraulic phenomenon for solid sedimentation was detected in original tank. To reduce the velocity and turbulence intensity of the influent, two categories of optimization methods were proposed, which are installing the baffle and changing the velocity inlet. The modifying effects of different methods were compared by the velocity profiles and the contours of kinetic energy. It turns out that both ways provide a preferred condition for particle settling. In the end, further research was forecasted and the work direction were given. / I detta projekt uppnåddes 2D modellering av avloppsflödesfältets karaktär hos en förenklade och rektangulär primära sedimenteringsbassäng, Syvab avloppsreningsverk, genom en transient-tvåfas-finita-volymmetoden med vatten och luft, som tillämpades med Volume-Of-Fluid (VOF) modellen. RNG k-ε turbulensmodellen användes även för att beräkna den kinetiska energin av turbulas och dess dissipationshastighet. Detta för att oönskade hydrauliska fenomen har uppmärksammats hos sedimenteringsbassängen hos avloppsreningsverket. För att minska flödeshastigheten och turbulens föreslås två optimeringsmetoder, vilket är att installera skärm och att ändra inloppets hastighet. Eeffekterna av de olika metoderna jämförs med hjälp av hastighets- och kinetisk energiprofiler. Det visar sig att båda metoderna kan ge gynsammare tillstånd för sedimentering av partikelar. Som avslutning ges prognos för den fortsatta forskningen och arbetsriktningen inom ämnet.

The structural evolution of micromolded poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and its miscible blends with noncrystallizable poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME) at the nanoscale was investigated as a function of deformation ratio and blend composition using in situ synchrotron smallangle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and scanning SAXS techniques. It was found that the deformation mechanism of the oriented samples shows a general scheme for the process of tensile deformation: crystal block slips within the lamellae occur at small deformations followed by a stressinduced fragmentation and recrystallization process along the drawing direction at a critical strain where the average thickness of the crystalline lamellae remains essentially constant during stretching. The value of the critical strain depends on the amount of the amorphous component incorporated in the blends, which could be traced back to the lower modulus of the entangled amorphous phase and, therefore, the reduced network stress acting on the crystallites upon addition of PVME. When stretching beyond the critical strain the slippage of the fibrils (stacks of newly formed lamellae) past each other takes place resulting in a relaxation of stretched interlamellar amorphous chains. Because of deformation-induced introduction of the amorphous PVME into the interfibrillar regions in the highly oriented blends, the interactions between fibrils becomes stronger upon further deformation and thus impeding sliding of the fibrils to some extent leading finally to less contraction of the interlamellar amorphous layers compared to the pure PCL / National Natural Science Foundation of China (21204088 and 21134006). This work is within the framework of the RCUK/EPSRC Science Bridges China project of UK−China Advanced Materials Research Institute (AMRI).