This dissertation will attempt to answer question whether, in terms of the right to dignity in s10 and the prohibition of unfair discrimination in s9 of the South African Constitution, the State must recognise in law a third gender for transgender individuals who do not identify as either male or female. It does so, first, by asking whether the failure by the state to provide for the legal recognition of a third gender violates transgender person's right to dignity. Second, the enquiry proceeds to discuss whether s9(3) of the Constitution (which prohibits unfair discrimination on any ground, including on the listed grounds of sex, gender and sexual orientation) requires the state to recognise a third gender. After discussing the lived experiences of transgender persons in South Africa, the thesis reviews the terminology and concepts relevant to this area of study, in order to lay the foundation for the subsequent examination of relevant case law, the Constitutional Court's approach to dignity, and the analysis of the application of s(9)(3). I submit that transgender persons fall within the Constitutional Court's definition of a vulnerable group in that they have suffered past patterns of disadvantage, they constitute a minority in South Africa and are subject to stereotyping and bias. Despite the Constitutional Courts erroneous pronouncement that transsexualism falls under the umbrella of sexual orientation, it is argued, rather, that since the expression of their gender identity by gender nonconforming persons shares many of the characteristics of the specified grounds listed in s9(3), unfair discrimination can be found on a ground analogous to those grounds listed in the Constitution. The failure to allow for recognition of a third gender is thus under-inclusive. It cannot be justified under the limitations analysis. Further, if objections were to be raised by the state that recognition is not feasible or affordable and is, hence, justified, I conclude that because there are ways to accommodate individuals who do not identify as binary which are not unduly taxing on the State, this argument would fail.

Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS) / The protection of sexual minorities’ civil rights and freedoms is paramount in a democratic state considering that these rights are infringed upon on a daily basis through violent crimes such as corrective rape, murder and physical assault. This study intends to establish whether sexual minorities’ democratic rights are being protected and whether political parties are facilitating this process, and if not, why not? In addition, this study will address the question: what is the role of political parties’ in a democratic state, and how do these roles enable the protection of civil rights, inclusivity, and equality? To answer these questions, I will engage in critical discourse analysis of key documents and speeches from the three largest political parties in South Africa: the African National Congress (ANC), the Democratic Alliance (DA), and the Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF).

This dissertation provides a comparative and connected political history of taxation and inequality in the French colonial empire between 1900 and the 1950s. It explores the archives of the French metropolitan state and of various French colonial states in North Africa, Southeast Asia and West Africa, parliamentary debates, the writings and personal papers of colonial officials and theorists, the publications of imperial watchdog organizations, settler, reformist, and anticolonial press outlets as well as literary production in order to probe the ways in which colonial tax regimes were established, debated, resisted and transformed. This political history of colonial taxation thus follows two complementary analytical strategies: it describes the workings of imperial fiscal power and it captures a sense of political possibility.The imperative to preserve the precarious and highly unequal fiscal bargain of fin-de-siècle metropolitan France led to the transfer of the tax burden of empire onto colonized populations. This dissertation argues that this turn to colonial “financial autonomy” in 1900 spawned decades of endemic austerity in the empire, setting the tone for future debates about the legitimacy of taxation and tax fairness in the French imperial state. It also recovers the violence of colonial fiscal seizures and examines the performative role of racial constructions and colonial knowledge in the concrete deployment and justification of French colonial fiscal power. This dissertation ultimately seeks to destabilize the category of “colonial taxation” and argues that at least until the First World War, colonized populations mostly perceived French taxation as the “price of defeat” rather than any sort of legitimate contribution to the common good. Furthermore, the imposition of direct and indirect taxes was often a highly violent endeavor. Early political activists sometimes sought to advance their own vision of fair taxation but they were firmly stonewalled by colonial authorities. Colonial fiscal power only “normalized” overtime. New potentialities arose after the conflict. The war reconfigured the world order and opened the way for a renovated politics of colonial taxation both in France and in the empire. Fiscal inequities became increasingly politicized, especially as reliance on private investment effectively gave greater bargaining power to European settlers and firms operating in the empire. French colonial authorities responded by brandishing the virtues of corporatism and this re-organized but did not curtail the influence of economic elites on the making of tax policies. Fiscal modernization was timidly debated in various colonies in the 1920s and 1930s and income taxes were sometimes implemented. Yet colonial solutions to the “problem” of colonial fiscal inequities (repression, the doling out a modicum of “representation”, corporatist anti-politics) faced significant backlash as the economic upheavals of the Great Depression began to kick in. The synchronous and empire-wide tax revolts of the 1930s considerably raised the stakes of tax politics as tax resistance became a prime tool for early nationalist groups eager to enter colonial public spheres on their own terms. Despite reformist efforts, WWII and the postwar period saw the continuity of this system of imperial fiscal exception exemplified for instance by the tax avoidance practices of colonial firms who used the empire as a tax shelter.

Magister Legum - LLM / The South African apartheid regime brought about many injustices. These injustices were mostly directed at people of colour, women and people with disabilities. People with disabilities were neglected, discriminated against and largely marginalised.1 A person is considered as having a disability in terms of the Code of Good Practice on the Key Aspects on the Employment of Persons with Disabilities,2 if they have a physical or mental impairment, which is a long term or recurring impairment and which significantly limits their prospects of entry into or any advancement within the workplace.

Several researchers have identified discrimination and profiling as examples of oppression and threats to the democratic process. Scholarly literature provides little evidence on the experiences, beliefs, and attitudes of young adult Arab American Muslims post-9/11. This study addressed the attitudes and lived experiences of young adult Arab American Muslims between the ages of 18 and 25 regarding discrimination and profiling experienced in the District of Columbia Metropolitan area since the passage of the American Patriot Act. A phenomenological research study was conducted using Benet's polarities of democracy as the theoretical framework with a focus on diversity and equality. Data were collected from young adults between the ages of 18 and 25 living in a large east coast metropolitan area using participant interview and then coded to identify themes. Participants mainly agreed on noticeable differences in their treatment related to diversity and equality on campus, in the workplace, and in social public settings. Often, participants agreed that they have been targeted through additional measures such as political and media rhetoric which also negatively impacts their seeking of diversity and equality. Overall, the results of this study not only highlight the challenges this group faces but also indicates that the polarity pair of diversity and equality has not been leveraged well, thereby creating a mental concentration camp for participants. Lastly, this study may provide positive social change by allowing US Congress to better understand the negative consequences of the US Patriot Act.

The aim of this study is to examine the differences in news reporting regarding the Swedishfemale Olympic team in Football and the Swedish mens’ UEFA European football championship team. To achieve this, the paper will conduct a quantitative analysis on all the articles written during the chosen championships on the Swedish website Fotbollskanalen.se.The material used for this paper is all collected from Fotbollskanalen.se’s archive where over600 articles were found within both championships. Furthermore, the thesis will provide an analysis by applying framing and gender theories to critically review the articles fromFotbollskanalen.se. The result will highlight the differences and similarities in the reporting regarding both genders.

Mental illness carries a pervasive stigma. Research uncovered several theories to explain stigma, including the Attribution Theory, the Biological Model, Belief in a Just World (BJW), and Social Dominance Orientation (SDO). Previous research identified a mediational pathway in which BJW influenced SDO, and where SDO predicted stigmatizing beliefs and intent to discriminate. There is a lack of research examining BJW and SDO from within the framework of mental illness controllability. This study attempted to fill in the gap within stigma literature by examining if perceived mental illness controllability influences the BJW-SDO- Stigma model. Analyses failed to replicate the previously found model. The replication failure could be due to using different measures for BJW and stigma, sample differences, possible inadequate power, and possible spurious original findings. Additionally, findings that a personal mental illness diagnosis and knowing someone with mental illness are associated with greater stigma could account for the replication failure. .

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This essay focuses on studying how Swedish authoritys implemented the program gender mainstreaming in their operation. The study uses the theoretical perspective of foucauldian discourse analysis and Kingsleys representation bureaucacy theory for help to answer the scientific question. In a qualitative analysis I used a WPR analysis on official documents for plans of gender mainstreaming from two choosen authoritys, both of which are part of the government's program of gender mainstreaming. The essay presented results that it is the management of the authoritys that decides which norms and values are to be raised in the authoritys business plans. And the concept of gender equality becomes a political measure based on the messenger's demand for a refund. The results of the representation bureaucracy theory analysis shows that gender mainstreaming is built on the demands from the outside world that make them highlight gender equality and a more representative core business in their plans. / <p>2021-06-04</p>

Syftet med vår studie är undersöka och få en allsidig belysning kring ett lågtröskelboende, som vi har valt att namnge som DD. Vi vill undersöka kring hur personalen går till väga för att uppnå funktionen och målet med verksamheten. Detta är en studie som ha en kvalitativ metod som ansats, därav baseras på sex stycken halvstrukturerade intervjuer. Vi kommer i studien ge en kort redogörelse kring verksamheten. DD är en verksamhet som erbjuder plats för hemlösa personer som har en omfattande problematik bakom sig, där många har blivit utslussade från härbärge till härbärge, boende till boende. Personalen ger de boende en chans till att finna vägen tillbaka till en fungerande vardag.Nyckelord: hemlikhet, hemlöshet, lågtröskelboende och trygghet. / The objective of this study is to investigate and make a comprehensive analysis of a particular shelter, which we refer to as DD. We want to investigate how the staff go about achieving the goals and purposes with the service.. This study uses qualitative methods in the format of six semi-structured interviews. In this study, we will give a short description of the services of DD, which offers homeless people a short-term housing solution. The subjects of the shelter have problematic backgrounds having been excluded from previous shelters, and being transferred between different housing solutions. The staff at DD give the tenants a chance to find their way back to a well-functioning life.