This dissertation includes three papers that address various aspects of the economics of labour and the family. The dissertation integrates the discussion on the following issues: (1) the allocation of housework and childcare in Canadian two-earner households (2) the effect of family policy reform on time allocation and labour supply in two-parent families (3) effect of anticipated divorce and divorce duration on male and female labour supply. The first paper Time Allocation Gender Gap in Native-born and Foreign-born Families in Canada focuses on the difference between the housework and childcare share produced by foreign-born husbands compared to Canadian-born husbands. This empirical analysis employs the data from the Canadian General Social Survey. The results show that foreign-born husbands have a lower share of housework and childcare compared to their Canadian-born counterparts. The second paper The effect of Quebec childcare policy change on the labour market outcomes and time distribution in the family analyzes the effect of the childcare policy change that took place in Quebec in 1997-2000. The results show that the introduction of “$5 per day” daycare subsidized by the Quebec government increased the labour supply of married mothers and also affected the allocation of time husbands and wives spend on housework and childcare. The data from this project were drawn from 1996 and 2001 Canadian Census. The third paper Labour supply of Australian men and women before and after divorce studies the changes in the labour supply of men and women before and after divorce. The data for empirical analysis employs 12 waves of Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey (HILDA). The outcome suggests that men and women do not change labour participation and weekly working hours in anticipation of divorce. Women increase labour force participation and weekly hours worked as a result of divorce. Men’s labour supply does not change in response to divorce.

Hensikten med denne studien er å få mer kunnskaputifra et folkehelseperspektiv, om hvordan forståelsen og bruken av fenomenet mobbing, kan påvirke hvordan barnet opplever trivsel i barnehagen. Metode: I arbeidet ble fenomenografi brukt som tilnærmingsmetode, samt triangulering og emergent design. Pedagoger fra to barnehager, utvalgt på bakgrunn av ulik deltagelse i kurs i forhold til fenomenet, ble intervjuet med semistrukturel intervju guide. Dokumenter angående mobbeforebyggende arbeid ble analysert. En pedagogisk mobbeforebyggende undervisningstime for fire og femåringer ble observert. Ansatte innen statlige, fylkesmannsetaten og kommunale avdelinger, med legal, kontrollerende eller støttende mandat ble oppsporet og intervjuet angående deres mandat og rolle i det mobbeforebyggende arbeid forbarnehage. Resultat: Ansvaret for mobbeforebyggende arbeid funnet å væreopp til barnehagelederes egetiniativ. I forhold til folkehelsearbeid på systemnivåer fremkom det et svakt lovmessig mandat for at statlig, fylkesmannsetaten og kommunalt nivå skalkunne kontrolere og forebygge mobbing i barnehagen. Alle tre eksterne nivå hadde struktur for å distribuere oppdatert informasjonangående mobbeforebygging til barnehagene. Innhenting av informasjon var opp til den individuelle barnehage.Bruk av mobbebegrepet i barnehagemiljøet gav emosjonell respons angående aksept av mobbing. Ulik aksept gaulik bruk av begrepet. Dette påvirket innhentingen av tilrettelagt mobbeforebyggende informasjon og utvikling av barnehagens policy. Bruk av ulike definisjoner av mobbebegrepet ga rom for varierte tolkninger av episodermed hensyn til psykososial adferd blandt barna. Konklusjonen: Den svake lovhjemmel for kontroll fra stat, fylkesmann og kommune av barnehagens psykososiale miljø medfører at barnehagen og dens stab emosjonelle tolkning av mobbing blir grunleggende for mobbeforbygging i teoriog praksis. Derved blir det opptil foreldrene å sjekke ut det forebyggende mobbearbeid i den enkelte barnehagen. / Aim: This study aimed to explore how the use and understanding of bullying can influence a child’s ability to thrivein the psychosocial milieu of childcare centers. Method: This study used a phenomenographic approach, including triangulation and emergent design. Usinga semi-structured interview guide, we interviewed staff membersat two childcare centerswith different attendancerates, who had attended prior information sessions regarding the phenomenon.We analyzed documents regarding anti-bullyingpolicies and observed a pedagogic anti-bullyingprogram session for 4-and 5-year-old children. We also identified and interviewed personnel at different external department levels, all havinga legislative, controlling, or supporting mandate for anti-bullyingpolicies, regarding their role in creating a safe psychosocial milieu in childcare. Result: Regarding public health, data analyses revealed a weak legislative mandate at the external state level. Consequently, weak mandates for legislative and control at the county and council levels hindered enforcement ofa safe psychosocial milieu for children in childcare facilities. All three governmental levels distributed positive, encouraging, and updated information to each childcare center, but application of information occurred only at the initiative of each center. The use of bullying terminology in the childcare facility generated an emotional response, resulting in different levels of acceptance and different use of terminology describing bulling. This influenced the center’s use of governmental information and the creation of their own anti-bulling policy. Utilization of different terminology allowed varied interpretations of incidents regarding psychosocial behavior among the children. Conclusions: Weak legislative control regarding governmental enforcement of children’s right to a safe psychosocial milieu leaves the development and utilization of anti-bullying policies in the hands of individual childcare centers. Presently, parents must check each childcare center regarding anti-bullyingpolicy. / <p>ISBN 978-91-86739-96-6</p>

This study focuses on the effects of the cash for care policy (CFC, in Swedish vårdnadsbidrag) on female employment in Sweden. The CFC was introduced in Sweden in 2008. It consists of a flat-rate sum paid by the municipalities to parents of children between age one and three, who decide to provide care for their children and do not use publicly subsidized daycare. The policy has been the object of heated political and social debates. The main object of the reform is increasing parents’ “freedom to choose”, but the policy is also feared to be a “housewife trap” by those opposing the reform. The study provides an overview of the use of CFC during the first years since its introduction, and an estimate of short-term effects of the use of CFC on female employment. Since it is voluntary for the municipalities to adopt the policy, municipalities have been analyzed as in a quasi-experiment, where some have been “treated” with the CFC policy, and some have not. First, female employment trends in similar types of treated and control municipalities were compared. Secondly, linear regressions were used to estimate the effects of the CFC policy on changes in female employment rates after the introduction of the policy, controlling for various characteristics of the municipalities such as: urban/rural areas, shares of highly educated women, shares of low educated women, shares of foreign-born women, total fertility rates. The study shows that, in general, the municipalities that offered the policy had higher female employment rates than the municipalities that did not offer it. Nevertheless, in rural areas the adoption of CFC had negative effects on female employment. On average, in rural areas female employment growth rates relative to years 2007-2012 in municipalities offering the policy were 2.42 percentage points lower than in control municipalities, all else being equal. Negative effects of CFC on female employment in municipalities with high shares of low educated women, high shares of foreign-born women and high fertility rates were not confirmed. The CFC policy has been recently adopted, mostly in urban municipalities and the proportion of parents that used CFC has been relatively low. Long terms effects of CFC on female employment will likely be dependent on whether the policy will be more widely used in the future and where.

This thesis examines the establishment and maintenance of an early childhood playgroup project in an Australian university setting. It examines the playing out of the intention of a university to create a collaborative partnership with an early childhood playgroup initiative within a higher education policy climate actively promoting such endeavours. The study documents the struggle to establish the playgroup project, elaborating the conditions that enabled and/or constrained its inclusion into a university setting. To do so, it investigates the contextual and relational issues that sustained or impeded the operationalisation of the playgroup project, identifying the stakeholders and the parts they played in supporting the initiative. The aim of the study is to generate new knowledge of a little-researched area, namely that of partnerships between universities and the community in the area of early childhood education. The study is underpinned by the feminist theoretical work of Dorothy Smith (1987), and so takes the everyday world as problematic, using this standpoint as an analytic framework through which to observe and understand women's lives as they worked to establish the playgroup project in the university setting. Additionally the work of Marilyn Strathern (1997) concerning the audit culture of universities was used to enhance Smith's epistemological approach. The data collection methods for the study were in-depth interviews, participant observations and document analysis. In-depth, unstructured interviews were conducted with seventeen women involved with the playgroup project. The sample comprised ten playgroup parents, four women from the Centre for Human Services, and three lecturers from the Child and Family Studies section of the School for Human Services. Additionally participant observations were completed and recorded as field notes. The majority of these took place in the playgroup rooms. The collection and examination of documentation associated with the playgroup project focused on significant documents ranging from emails and parking permits, to government and university policy imperatives. These documents were analysed as texts mediating the playgroup initiative. Findings detailed the conditions that enabled and/or constrained the inclusion of the playgroup project into a university setting. It was found the playgroup project was enabled by: government and university policies encouraging university and community partnership; a genuine intention on behalf of the university to promote partnerships with the community; thematics in the discourse of early childhood education promoting the profession's caring nature; and, committed people who worked to ensure the continuation of the playgroup project. It was found that the playgroup project was constrained by: government and university policies promoting research agendas; a partnership that was not collaborative in nature; disagreements about decision-making and leadership within the playgroups; the hierarchical nature of the university; and, differing notions of work and play that made the playgroups difficult to sustain. The study identified factors that enabled and/or constrained a specific community and university partnership in relation to early childhood education. In doing so it begins to fill a gap in the literature in this area. Findings from this study may be used to inform early childhood professionals and academics by expanding their awareness of the issues involved in undertaking a partnership such as this one. The implications that flow from the study included the need for greater understanding of the anthropology of the university and its systemic organisation, a formal contract for the partnership specifying the obligations of each party and outlining expectations, and the inclusion of committed people, prepared to work toward genuine collaborative partnerships.

Thesis (D. Min.)--Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, 1994. / Includes his "Outline for seminar: Winning the spiritual war." (1992). Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 124-126).

Background: Since the 1980’s incidents of workplace violence have been recognised as a serious problem within social care. It has been found to be particularly rife within residential settings and children’s homes in particular have been found to be one of the most violence-prone settings. And yet, there is a lack of literature on the prevalence and psychosocial impact of workplace violence on staff in residential units for looked after and accommodated children (LAAC). Method: Given the limited literature on residential childcare workers a systematic review was conducted on research of violence towards social workers in child and family services to achieve a better understand of violence within child and family social care generally. An empirical study was also conducted with staff of Local Authority residential units within Central Scotland. The aim of the empirical study was to explore staffs’ experience of workplace violence perpetrated by LAAC in residential settings, using the qualitative methodology Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Results: The systematic review showed that studies were mostly of medium methodological quality; verbal aggression towards social workers in child and family services was common place; physical violence was comparatively rare; and that all forms of violence impacted on wellbeing and practice. The empirical study had similar findings, but also provided new insights into how staff cope with workplace violence, particularly in the context of young peoples’ life experiences. Conclusion: Violence perpetrated by LAAC in residential units appeared to be lessening and a move towards more behaviour management was aiding staff to better understand the roots of violence. This in turn was found to help staff cope better with the emotional impact of violence. Management need to be mindful of the impact violence has on staff and continue providing training programs to better equip staff to understand violence and support LAAC to manage their aggression.

abstract: This research project provides a unique perspective of the role of the concept of collaborative leadership between the Arizona Subsidized Child Care Program and its key stakeholder network. The process involved was to frame the research and its findings using the Team Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire's (TMLQ's) Assessment Scales. The research project sought to explore whether collaborative leadership in the policy-making process between the Arizona Subsidized Child Care Program and its key stakeholders actually does exist and, if so, to what extent. The research questions for the dissertation are, as follows: (1) What leadership styles does the Arizona Subsidized Child Care Program, through its various managers, exhibit and are these styles truly collaborative?; and (2) Are the leadership relationships between the key child care stakeholder groups and the Arizona Subsidized Child Care Program actually collaborative? The study employed a mixed-method approach (both quantitative and qualitative research methods) by means of an online survey, interviews, and document analysis. ii Based on this study's findings, the program exhibits collaborative leadership concepts with its stakeholder network. In addition, a positive correlation between the use of collaborative leadership concepts and participant perceptions of satisfaction, extra effort, and effectiveness was documented. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Public Administration 2010

Submitted by Lafaiete Santos Santiago (lafaiete.santiago@ucsal.br) on 2016-11-14T17:09:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FONTOURA CS 2014.pdf: 1494697 bytes, checksum: 837f4601523ccdcc7124c7a0ea3952f5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rosemary Magalhães (rosemary.magalhaes@ucsal.br) on 2017-01-13T14:26:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 FONTOURA CS 2014.pdf: 1494697 bytes, checksum: 837f4601523ccdcc7124c7a0ea3952f5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-13T14:26:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FONTOURA CS 2014.pdf: 1494697 bytes, checksum: 837f4601523ccdcc7124c7a0ea3952f5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-25 / O trabalho remunerado feminino tem causado impacto nas famílias e no cuidado dos filhos. Diante disso, a presente dissertação de mestrado objetiva a conhecer as concepções e práticas de mães de crianças (com idades entre dois e cinco anos) sobre família, cuidado e educação de filhos, comparando as visões das que trabalham com as das que não estão inseridas no mercado de trabalho. Optou-se por estudo qualitativo. Foram entrevistadas 10 mães de classe média: cinco delas inseridas no mercado de trabalho e as outras cinco não. As mães foram acessadas em clínica pediátrica de Salvador-Ba. Para a coleta de dados foi construído um roteiro de entrevista com questões predominantemente abertas. Como procedimentos, a mestranda convidou mães de crianças atendidas na referida clínica a participarem da pesquisa considerando os critérios de inclusão. As mães assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido e foram entrevistadas em local de conveniência para elas. Tais entrevistas foram gravadas e transcritas. As respostas obtidas foram descritas e construiram-se categorias apartir delas. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Maternidade Climério de Oliveira (COM/UFBA). Os principais resultados foram: a família foi concebida como base de tudo e sentido da vida das mães. A maternidade foi considerada tarefa positiva, mas complexa, envolvendo responsabilidade e amor incondicional. As concepções de educação envolveram principalmente a orientação/ensino, o estabelecimento de limites e a transmissão de valores. Verificou-se sobrecarga de atribuições conferidas às mães acerca dos trabalhos domésticos e os direcionados à educação e cuidados dos filhos. No entanto, constatou-se que mães que trabalham contam com rede maior de apoio no cuidado e educação dos filhos, incluindo familiares e não familiares predominantemente do sexo feminino. Conforme as entrevistadas, suas famílias educam as crianças estabelecendo limites e transmitindo valores e orientações. Parece haver um consenso entre as participantes dos dois grupos de que há um maior tempo de dedicação aos filhos por parte das mães que não trabalham. Também ficou evidente a necessidade de se considerar a qualidade do tempo disponível, não apenas a quantidade. Conclui-se que a maternidade é central na vida dessas mulheres. Mesmo mais sobrecarregadas, as que trabalham contam com rede de apoio nos cuidados dos filhos e apresentam satisfação pessoal e profissional proporcionada pelo trabalho. As que não trabalham reconhecem a importância da presença delas junto aos filhos, porém, por vezes, sentem-se com muitas demandas familiares e desejavam um tempo para suprir suas necessidades pessoais e profissionais, aspirando retornar ao mercado de trabalho. Aponta-se para a necessidade de estudos futuros aprofundando a complexidade da relação família e trabalho. / The inclusion of women in the labor market has had an impact in families and in their childcare practices. This master’s dissertation thus aims to research the concepts and practices of mothers with two- to five-year-old children regarding family, childcare, and child-rearing, comparing the perspectives of mothers who are in the labor market with those who are not. A qualitative method for this study was chosen. Ten middle-class mothers were interviewed; five of whom are in the labor market and five who are not. The mothers were met in a pediatric clinic in Salvador-BA. For data collection, an interview script was constructed with primarily open questions. The researcher invited mothers of children who were treated at the aforementioned clinic to participate in the project, considering the inclusion criteria. The mothers signed the Statement of Informed Consent and were interviewed in locations that were convenient for them. The interviews were recorded and transcribed, and the responses obtained were described and used to construct categories. This study was approved by the Climério de Oliveira Maternity Research Ethics Committee (COM/UFBA). The main results were as follows: mothers viewed family as the basis of everything and the purpose of their lives. Motherhood was considered a positive – albeit complex – duty. The concepts of child-rearing involved mainly guidance/teaching, the establishment of limits and the transmission of values. The study verified an overload of tasks conferred to the mothers, regarding domestic duties as well as those geared towards childcare and child-rearing. However, it can be stated that the mothers in the labor market have a larger support network in their childcare and child-rearing, which includes relatives and non-relatives people. These duties are shared primarily among women. Their families raise their children by establishing limits and transmitting values and guidance. There appears to be a consensus among the members of the two groups that mothers who are not in the labor market have more time to dedicate to their children. It was also evident that the quality of time available, not only the quantity, must be considered. It can be concluded that motherhood is central to the lives of the women interviewed. Although mothers in the labor market are more overloaded, they have a childcare support network and demonstrate personal and professional satisfaction afforded by their work. Mothers outside the labor market recognize the importance of their presence for their children; however, they sometimes feel suffocated by family demands and wish for time to meet their personal and professional needs. Future studies are needed to further research the complexity of the relationship between family and work. Keywords: Motherhood; Family; Child-raising; Childcare. The inclusion of women in the labor market has had an impact in families and in their childcare practices. This master’s dissertation thus aims to research the concepts and practices of mothers with two- to five-year-old children regarding family, childcare, and child-rearing, comparing the perspectives of mothers who are in the labor market with those who are not. A qualitative method for this study was chosen. Ten middle-class mothers were interviewed; five of whom are in the labor market and five who are not. The mothers were met in a pediatric clinic in Salvador-BA. For data collection, an interview script was constructed with primarily open questions. The researcher invited mothers of children who were treated at the aforementioned clinic to participate in the project, considering the inclusion criteria. The mothers signed the Statement of Informed Consent and were interviewed in locations that were convenient for them. The interviews were recorded and transcribed, and the responses obtained were described and used to construct categories. This study was approved by the Climério de Oliveira Maternity Research Ethics Committee (COM/UFBA). The main results were as follows: mothers viewed family as the basis of everything and the purpose of their lives. Motherhood was considered a positive – albeit complex – duty. The concepts of child-rearing involved mainly guidance/teaching, the establishment of limits and the transmission of values. The study verified an overload of tasks conferred to the mothers, regarding domestic duties as well as those geared towards childcare and child-rearing. However, it can be stated that the mothers in the labor market have a larger support network in their childcare and child-rearing, which includes relatives and non-relatives people. These duties are shared primarily among women. Their families raise their children by establishing limits and transmitting values and guidance. There appears to be a consensus among the members of the two groups that mothers who are not in the labor market have more time to dedicate to their children. It was also evident that the quality of time available, not only the quantity, must be considered. It can be concluded that motherhood is central to the lives of the women interviewed. Although mothers in the labor market are more overloaded, they have a childcare support network and demonstrate personal and professional satisfaction afforded by their work. Mothers outside the labor market recognize the importance of their presence for their children; however, they sometimes feel suffocated by family demands and wish for time to meet their personal and professional needs. Future studies are needed to further research the complexity of the relationship between family and work. Keywords: Motherhood; Family; Child-raising; Childcare. The inclusion of women in the labor market has had an impact in families and in their childcare practices. This master’s dissertation thus aims to research the concepts and practices of mothers with two- to five-year-old children regarding family, childcare, and child-rearing, comparing the perspectives of mothers who are in the labor market with those who are not. A qualitative method for this study was chosen. Ten middle-class mothers were interviewed; five of whom are in the labor market and five who are not. The mothers were met in a pediatric clinic in Salvador-BA. For data collection, an interview script was constructed with primarily open questions. The researcher invited mothers of children who were treated at the aforementioned clinic to participate in the project, considering the inclusion criteria. The mothers signed the Statement of Informed Consent and were interviewed in locations that were convenient for them. The interviews were recorded and transcribed, and the responses obtained were described and used to construct categories. This study was approved by the Climério de Oliveira Maternity Research Ethics Committee (COM/UFBA). The main results were as follows: mothers viewed family as the basis of everything and the purpose of their lives. Motherhood was considered a positive – albeit complex – duty. The concepts of child-rearing involved mainly guidance/teaching, the establishment of limits and the transmission of values. The study verified an overload of tasks conferred to the mothers, regarding domestic duties as well as those geared towards childcare and child-rearing. However, it can be stated that the mothers in the labor market have a larger support network in their childcare and child-rearing, which includes relatives and non-relatives people. These duties are shared primarily among women. Their families raise their children by establishing limits and transmitting values and guidance. There appears to be a consensus among the members of the two groups that mothers who are not in the labor market have more time to dedicate to their children. It was also evident that the quality of time available, not only the quantity, must be considered. It can be concluded that motherhood is central to the lives of the women interviewed. Although mothers in the labor market are more overloaded, they have a childcare support network and demonstrate personal and professional satisfaction afforded by their work. Mothers outside the labor market recognize the importance of their presence for their children; however, they sometimes feel suffocated by family demands and wish for time to meet their personal and professional needs. Future studies are needed to further research the complexity of the relationship between family and work.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2002-11-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:18:50Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 braga_erm_me_assis.pdf: 348905 bytes, checksum: 863d34a16d5561c8a4246bc76715086c (MD5) / Este trabalho é fruto de nossas inquietações, em relação à educação sexual que as crianças vêm recebendo atualmente, principalmente em creche universitária. Tem como objetivo investigar a compreensão que as educadoras de creche têm acerca das manifestações da sexualidade de crianças de zero a três anos de idade. Considerando que as crianças pequenas manifestam sua sexualidade também no decorrer de seus contatos com tais adultos, abordamos, também, aspectos referentes à formação destes profissionais, especificamente na área da Educação Infantil, como também em um estudo mais aprofundado sobre educação sexual na infância. O desenvolvimento da sexualidade das crianças pequenas foi estudado sob o enfoque dos seguintes teóricos: Sigmund Freud, René Spitz, Jean Piaget e Lev Semenovich Vygotsky, que, com seus estudos contribuíram para explicar a evolução psíquica, afetiva e cognitiva de uma criança. Neste estudo foram entrevistadas oito educadoras de uma creche universitária, da cidade de Maringá-PR, utilizando como instrumento de coleta de dados uma entrevista semi-estruturada, com roteiro previamente estabelecido. A partir da análise das entrevistas foi possível verificar-se que, apesar das recentes informações sobre a sexualidade infantil, as educadoras apresentam dificuldades em educar seus alunos, principalmente pela não educação que tiveram enquanto crianças. / This research happened because of the worries that were brought up by the work about sexual education developed in the university childcare center. The main objective of this study is to investigate the comprehension and knowledge that the childcare center educators have about sexuality of children from 0 to 3 years old. knowing that this children have sexual related behavior during their being with these adults, we also studied how these professionals were prepared, specially on their child education. The children's sexual behavior was studied under the theories of the following authors Sigmund Freud, Rene Spitz, Jean Piaget and Lev Semenovich Vygotsky, who also explained the Psychological, cognitive and affective development. In this paper eight child educators from the University of Maringa Childcare Center were interviewed in the city of Maringa-PR, using as means of data resource a semi-structured previously established schedule. From the interviews' analysis it was possible to see that, although the recent information about child sexuality, the educators had difficulties in educating the children of the childcare center, mostly because they weren't educated like that when they were children.

Globally, developed economies show the largest gender gaps in entrepreneurial activity. This analysis examines one potential cause of low rates of female entrepreneurship, work-family policies, specifically in France. The objective of this paper is to test whether or not there is a relationship between entrepreneurship and childcare accessibility in France, and if this relationship exists, to learn about its nature. Using data from 2009 to 2013, probit regressions are run for different outcomes of entrepreneurial activity with early childhood care aid eligibility as the explanatory variable of interest. These regressions are run separately for men and women and for the whole sample. This paper does not find conclusive evidence that childcare accessibility significantly affects the probability that one is involved in entrepreneurial activity either for women or for the whole sample. However, it does suggest that if the relationship is significant, childcare aid has a negative impact on the decision for entrepreneurship. Finally, I consider other variables closely correlated with childcare financial aid that may negatively impact involvement in entrepreneurial activity.