Domestic violence is a serious social problem that has not received enough attention for a long time. Domestic violence differs from other forms of agression by the fact that it occures in private, behind closed door between people who is close to each other. Violent and threatened peroson are emotionally and materially connected so it is more difficult for the victim to leave the offender. In addition, victims often do not confess with their situation, so it makes domestic violence very latent phenomenon. The aim of this thesis is to clarify domestic violence through its features, forms, causes and profile of the violent and threatend person and to interpret the current effective legal regulation focusing on criminal aspects of substantive and procedural law. This thesis consists of four parts. The introductory chapter defines some basic terms that are related to domestic violence. In particular, the term of domestic violence, key features, the cycle of domestic violence, its forms and causes. In addition, there is defined the profile of violent and threatened person. There are also summarized specific characters in context with women, men, children, seniors and LGBT people. This chapter also describes devastating implications of domestic violence on victims. The second chapter deals with the...

The aim of this study was to explore the emotional labour of domestic violence shelter workers. A qualitative approach was used and four professionals were interviewed. The interviewees described that they were expected to provide different types of services which include empowering their clients so that they can survive independently after leaving the shelter. The findings showed that the shelter workers hide or suppress different types of emotions, especially when they are frustrated or emotionally affected by the client's situation. According to the workers, they experienced stress as a consequence of the emotional labour, and they expressed that working in the field of domestic violence had made it difficult for them to trust men. Making a difference in the lives of the clients was described as a source of motivation and help them to cope with the negative aspects of the shelter work. Even though the findings cannot be generalised, the study provides comprehensive information about how emotional labour in this particular context can be perceived. The shelter workers described that the levels of satisfaction they get from helping clients resolve their problems were more significant than the negative consequences of emotional labour.

La violence conjugale est une problématique préoccupante dans les temps modernes ; l’enfant exposé à cette violence, entre ses parents, trouve des difficultés importantes dans la construction d’un lien d’attachement avec ceux-ci. Le concept d’attachement n’est pas défini par la psychanalyse, il s’invite comme concept articulateur, notamment en ce qui concerne le débat sur le surgissement de la théorie de l’attachement. C’est à l’appui d’un modèle théorico-clinique transversal croisant la théorie de l’attachement et la psychanalyse que cette recherche tente de déterminer dans quelle mesure la violence conjugale altère la qualité du lien d’attachement de l’enfant exposé. La sécurité du lien permet à l’enfant d’explorer l’environnement et de consolider ses représentations, sauf dans le cas d’exposition à la violence conjugale où l’insécurité plane sur le lien de l’enfant avec ces figures d’attachement. Quand le père bat la mère, l’enfant y exposé perçoit une attaque du lien, et la sécurité du lien de l’enfant avec son parent dépend de la sécurité du lien entre les parents. L’exposition à violence conjugale affecte la qualité du lien de l’enfant avec son parent, l’insécurité de l’attachement semble être traumatisante et génère des conflits identificatoires. La violence conjugale altère les capacités représentatives de l’enfant, les figures d’attachement le sidèrent dans un contexte de froideur relationnelle, ils offrent de la haine au lieu de l’amour, de l’insécurité au lieu de la confiance. / The domestic violence is a worrisome problem in modern times; the child exposed to this violence, between his parents, finds important difficulties in the construction of a link of attachment with these. The concept of attachment is not defined by the psychoanalysis, it invites himself as articulator concept, in particular as regards the debate on the appearance of the theory of the attachment. This is in support of a cross-theoretical clinical model crossing the attachment theory and psychoanalysis that this research attempts to determine the extent to which domestic violence alters the quality of the attachment link of the exposed child.Safety of the link allows the child to explore the environment and to strengthen its representations, except in the case of exposure to domestic violence where insecurity hovers over the link between the child and the attachment figures. When the father beats the mother, the child y exposed perceives an attack of the link, and the safety link between the child and his parents depends on the safety of the link between the parents.Exposure to domestic violence affects the quality of the link between the child and his parents, the insecurity of the attachment seems to be traumatic and generates identifying conflicts. Domestic violence distorts the representative capacities of the child, the attachment figures bewilder him in a context of relational coolness, they offer hatred instead of love, insecurity rather than confidence.

A violência doméstica contra a mulher é um fenômeno mundial que não se restringe a determinada raça, classe econômica, idade ou religião. As agressões são divididas em variados tipos como: psicológicas, físicas e sexuais, porém, no relacionamento abusivo, elas acontecem de forma sobreposta. Este estudou objetivou investigar as percepções de violência em mulheres agredidas por seus parceiros, como elas justificam a violência sofrida e quais são os efeitos disso na sua vida. Suas percepções sobre o relacionamento, sobre si mesma, sobre seu parceiro e como isso contribui para que muitas permaneçam nesses relacionamentos abusivos. A pesquisa foi realizada na Delegacia de Defesa da Mulher de Ribeirão Preto, com sete mulheres que denunciaram seus agressores e, assim, foram encaminhadas ao atendimento psicossocial, do Grupo de Estudos e Atenção à Violência Doméstica e Abuso Sexual GEAVIDAS, realizado por psicólogos e assistentes sociais, na própria Delegacia. A investigação foi orientada pela abordagem qualitativa. Foram realizadas observações participantes que resultaram num diário de campo e entrevistas semi-estruturadas, realizadas individualmente, com permissão para serem gravadas e transcritas na íntegra. Os temas investigados nas entrevistas foram sobre a família de origem dessas mulheres, sua família atual (parceiro e filhos), os episódios de agressões sofridas, as expectativas com relação ao Boletim de Ocorrência e à Delegacia de Defesa da Mulher e seus planos futuros. A partir da análise dos resultados foi possível verificar que as mulheres percebem seus parceiros como ingratos e individualistas, que eles não sabem ser companheiros, muitas vezes não são provedores da casa e muito menos cuidadores da família, como notamos que seria o esperado de um homem para elas. Isso afeta a auto-estima e a autoconfiança delas, fazendo com que se sintam desamparadas e desanimadas com relação à vida. Elas acreditam que, por terem exercido seu papel de mulher dedicada, disposta a qualquer sacrifício pelos parceiros, mereciam uma maior consideração da parte deles, o que não acontece. Porém, parece haver uma forte idealização das mulheres pelos companheiros que faz com que elas permaneçam com eles à espera de alguma mudança, além de serem dependentes emocionalmente deles e algumas dependentes economicamente também. Concluímos que as lutas contra a violência doméstica e pela libertação das mulheres devem ser acompanhadas por outra luta: a de libertação dos homens, pois ambos sofrem pressões para desempenharem papéis estereotipados pela sociedade, que no caso do homem deve ser o poderoso e no caso da mulher, a frágil e submissa. Com isso, ambos são mutilados na sua individualidade de ser o que realmente desejam. Sendo assim, é necessário que o ser humano aprenda a ser solidário, a respeitar as diferenças do outro e a amar, pois somente assim saberemos conviver em relações de troca e reciprocidade. / The domestic violence against woman is a world phenomenon that doesn\'t limit race, economical class, age or religion. The aggressions are divided in varied types as: psychological, physics and sexual, however, in the abusive relationship, they happen in a concomitant way. This research aimed to study the violence perceptions in women battered by your partners. How women justify the suffered violence and which are the effects in their lives. Their perceptions about the relationship, about themselves, about their partner and how it contributes to many of women stay in those abusive relationships. The research was accomplished at the Police Station of Woman´s Defense at Ribeirão Preto, with seven women, that denounced their aggressors and, that were taken to a social attendance of a Group of Studies and Attention to Domestic Violence and Sexual Abuse - GEAVIDAS, accomplished by psychologists and social workers, in the own Police Station. The investigation was guided by the qualitative approach. There were accomplished participant observations that resulted in a field diary and semi-structured interviews, applied individually, with permission recording and transcribing them in complete. The themes investigated in the interviews were about their origin´s family and current family (partner and children), the episodes of aggressions, their expectations to the Bulletin of Occurrence and the Police Station of Woman´s Defense, and their future plans. The results showed us that the women notice your partners as ingrate and individualistic, that they don\'t know how to be a partner, they dont provide the house and they are not \"care-takers\" of the family as we noticed that would be expected of a man for them. That affects their self-esteem and their self-confidence, they feel depressed and abandoned. They believe they had done their dedicated woman´s role, disposed to any sacrifice for their partners and that they deserve a larger consideration of their part, what doesn\'t happen. However, there is a strong women´s idealization for their partners that make them wait for some change, besides they are emotionally dependent to them and, some of women are dependent economically also. We ended that the fights against the domestic violence and for the women\'s liberation they should be accompanied by other fight: the men\'s liberation, because both suffer pressures to play stereotyped roles at society, as in the man\'s case that he should be the powerful one and in the woman\'s case, that she should be the fragile and submissive. With that, both are mutilated in their individuality to be what they really want to be. Being like this, it is necessary that the human being learns how to be solidary, to respect the differences of others and how to love, therefore we will only know how to live together with reciprocity.

Thesis advisor: Natana DeLong-Bas / This thesis analyzes intimate partner violence (IPV, also referred to as domestic violence) in Muslim communities in the U.S. from a legal, psychological, and theological perspective. IPV is a global issue—it is in no way confined to one ethnicity or religion. However, every community has its own set of challenges to face when dealing with IPV. This thesis assesses the risk factors that may be present in Muslim communities in the U.S.— risk factors include behaviors and beliefs that may harm victims of IPV as they seek help, support, and safety. It is equally important to assess sources of strength found within the community that help victims fight oppression, re-gain self-esteem, live in safety, and face their experiences of IPV with a resilient spirit. This thesis is a resource for all advocates who work with Muslim IPV victims and will enable them to use an Islamic framework to help bring healing and restoration to survivors of IPV. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2016. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Arts and Sciences Honors Program. / Discipline: Theology.

Thesis advisor: Thomas O'Hare / Domestic violence is a widespread social problem impacting an estimated 6.2 million women in the United States each year (Department of Justice, 2008). The purpose of this study was to determine the existence, prevalence, and degree of disparity in prosecution and sentencing based on domestic violence status, victim-offender characteristics, and victim-offender relationship. The study specifically looked at cases of assault and battery, which is the most prevalent type of offense in domestic violence (Buzawa, Buzawa, and Stark, 2012; Payne & Wermeling, 2009). This study utilized simple random sampling, involved an archival analysis of court records, and examined a ten-year period (2000-2010) at Salem District Court in Essex County, Massachusetts. This investigation found that the likelihood of a case not being prosecuted was affected by whether or not it was a domestic violence incident. Fifty-five percent of domestic violence cases resulted in dismissal, while only 45% of the non-domestic violence cases were dismissed. If prosecuted, 84% of domestic violence cases resulted in a suspended sentence, while only 21% of the non-domestic violence cases that were charged resulted in a suspended sentence. The results also showed that the degree of social closeness between a victim and offender influences the likelihood that a case will be prosecuted. For instance, an offender who assaults a family member or an acquaintance is more likely to be prosecuted than one who assaults an intimate partner. In addition, among prosecuted cases, domestic violence offenses resulted in shorter sentences and less severe sanctions relative to other offenses. The most significant implication of this study is that domestic violence victims continue to receive unequal treatment by the criminal justice system. Policy makers and those in the advocacy field can utilize this information to improve the prosecutorial and judicial response to domestic violence and to better guide victims through the judicial process. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2014. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Social Work. / Discipline: Social Work.

Thesis advisor: Lisa Goodman / As domestic violence (DV) shelters have proliferated across the country over the last three decades, there has been a corresponding increase in the number of rules to which shelter residents must adhere. This qualitative content analysis study represents the first research to explore IPV survivors' experiences living with emergency DV shelter rules. Eight clusters emerged from interviews with 11 survivors: 1) Entering the shelter in a vulnerable state; 2) Perceiving staff-resident relationships as empowering or disempowering; 3) Making sense of the rules in the context of these relationships; 4) Experiencing staff enforcement as collaborative or hierarchical; 5) Experiencing the rules' impact on daily life; 6) Coping with rules; 7) Coping in the shelter generally; and 8) Making recommendations. Results suggest that less boundaried staff-resident relationships, less restrictive rules, and flexible, consistent, and collaborative enforcement lead to more positive experiences for residents. Recommendations are made for shelter practice and future research. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2010. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Counseling, Developmental, and Educational Psychology.

A investigação, aqui apresentada, buscou conhecer e analisar o cuidado institucional à criança e adolescente em situação de risco social, sob a visão de seus familiares e da equipe de profissionais que atua no abrigo da cidade de Jardinópolis, SP. A metodologia adotada é de abordagem qualitativa e utilizou-se como instrumentos de coleta de dados o mapa censitário, a observação livre e a entrevista semiestruturada, aplicada aos funcionários do abrigo e aos pais das crianças e adolescentes ali institucionalizados. Quanto à análise desses dados, escolhe-se a análise de conteúdo, modalidade temática. Identificou-se, a partir da caracterização do espaço pesquisado e dos atores estudados que as crianças e adolescentes institucionalizados são em sua maioria meninos, negros e pobres e o motivo pelo qual foram institucionalizados se destaca a negligência. Destacou-se ainda, que as famílias dessas crianças e adolescentes institucionalizados, são, em sua maioria, desempregados, possuem situação financeira desfavorável o que se relaciona ao baixo grau de escolaridade o que por sua vez diminuem as chances dessas famílias de se inserir no mercado de trabalho. A partir das falas dos entrevistados, emergiram três temáticas: o cuidado enquanto contexto de análise, a violência enquanto (re)construção dos espaços e a instituição como espaço de trabalho. Em relação à primeira temática, apreendeu-se que o cuidado se apresenta a partir de ações relacionadas com a alimentação, higiene pessoal, ambiental e cuidados relativos à saúde, sem incluir a prevenção de doenças. Além disso, os cuidadores ressaltam que realizam tais cuidados baseados em suas experiências como pais. Afirmam, também, que não utilizam o conhecimento técnico ao oferecer cuidados às crianças e adolescentes abrigados e que se sentem inseguros para tais prática. Dessa forma, evidencia-se a fragilidade da função cuidadora no arcabouço da construção do papel profissional. Em relação à segunda temática, verificou-se a violência simbólica, psicológica e até física praticada por esses cuidadores, aparecendo de uma forma naturalizada, necessária e integrante das relações de poder perpetradas no contexto institucional. Assim, pode-se pensar o cuidado institucional como mecanismo de controle disciplinar que a partir de Foucault abre-nos a possibilidade de maior compreensão dessa dinâmica de forças, sendo elas indefinidas, mutáveis e transitórias, de acordo com o contexto à qual se inserem. E, por fim, na terceira temática, apreendeu-se que a falta de políticas públicas adequadas e a fragilidade no modelo vigente de atenção à criança e adolescente exercem significativa influência no atendimento dentro das instituições de abrigo. De forma geral, percebese que há muita lacuna na sistematização do cuidado, dificultando que ele possa ser objetivado, mediante planejamento, com definição de objetivos, estratégias e avaliação permitindo que ele seja visto como produção de um trabalho profissional, estruturado nas reais necessidades dessa população. Pensar a criança e o adolescente como atores sociais ativos, envolvidos no cuidado da própria saúde, permite compreender que o cuidado dispensado nessas instituições de abrigamento pode e deve ser entendido como um processo dialético de mútua interação e construção. Os resultados obtidos na presente pesquisa levam a refletir, dialogar e intervir nessa realidade tão pouco conhecida. Acredita-se que a elucidação de tais significados na perspectiva dos atores sociais estudados proporcionará melhor entendimento e aproximação entre quem cuida e quem é cuidado, bem como oferecerá ao profissional subsídios que fundamentem suas ações para o atendimento das necessidades de cuidado institucionalizado manifestadas por essas crianças e adolescentes / The investigation, here presented, looked for to know and to analyze the institutional care to the child and adolescent in situation of social risk, under your relatives\' vision and of the professionals\' team that acts in the shelter of the city of Jardinópolis, SP. The adopted methodology is of qualitative approach and it was used as instruments of collection of data the map censitário, the free observation and the interview, applied to the employees of the shelter and the children\'s parents and adolescents there institutionalized. With relationship to the analysis of those data, it is chosen the content analysis, thematic modality. Identified, starting from the characterization of the researched space and of the actors studied that the children and institutionalized adolescents are in your majority boys, blacks and poor and the reason for which were institutionalized if it detaches the negligence. Still stood out, that those children\'s families and institutionalized adolescents, they are, in your majority, unemployed, possess unfavorable financial situation what he/she links to the bass of education degree that you/they reduce the chances of those families of interfering in the job market for your time. Starting from the interviewees\' speeches, three emerged thematic: \" the care while analysis \" context, the violence while (re)construction of the spaces \" and \" the institution as work space. In relation to the first thematic, it was apprehended that the care comes starting from actions related with the feeding, hygiene personal, environmental and relative cares to the health, without including the prevention of diseases. Besides, the caretakers point out that accomplish such cares based on your experiences as parents. They affirm, also, that don\'t use the technical knowledge when offering cares to the children and sheltered adolescents and that feel insecure for such practice. In that way, the fragility of the function caretaker\'s insert is evidenced in the context of the construction of the professional paper. In relation to thematic second, the violence symbolic, psychological was verified and even physics practiced by those caretakers, appearing in a naturalized way, necessary and integral of the relationships of power perpetrated in the institutional context. Like this, it can be thought the institutional care as control mechanism to discipline that starting from Foucault these he/she opens us the possibility of larger understanding of that dynamics of forces, being them indefinite, changeable and transitory, in agreement with the context to which you/they interfere. And, finally, in the thematic third, it was apprehended that the lack of appropriate public politics and the fragility in the effective model of attention to the child and adolescent exercise significant influence inside in the attendance of the shelter institutions. In a general way, it is noticed that there is a lot of gap in the sistematização of the care, hindering that he can be aimed at, by planning, with definition of objectives, strategies and evaluation allowing him to be seen as production of a professional work, structured in the real needs of that population. To think the child and the adolescent as active social actors, involved in the care of the own health, he/she allows to understand that the care released in those shelter institutions it can and it should be understood as a process dialogue of mutual interaction and construction. The results obtained in the present he/she researches they take to contemplate, to dialogue and to intervene in such little known reality. It is believed that the elucidation of such meanings in the studied social actors\' perspective will provide better understanding and approach among who he/she takes care and who is taken care, as well as he/she will offer to the professional subsidies that base your actions for the attendance of the needs of institutionalized care manifested by those children and adolescents

A violência está presente nos diferentes espaços da sociedade brasileira, se configurando como um grave problema de saúde pública. Ela se materializa principalmente contra pessoas em situação peculiar de desenvolvimento, como crianças e adolescentes. Nosso estudo teve como objetivo conhecer e analisar, sob a ótica de adolescentes vítimas de violência doméstica e abrigados, os fatores de proteção a que estão submetidos e/ou têm acesso. Trata-se de um estudo com abordagem qualitativa, se delineando como pesquisa social estratégica, modalidade estudo de caso. Para a coleta de dados, foram realizados grupos focais, entrevistas semi-estruturadas e observação participante. Participaram dos grupos focais 17 adolescentes vítimas de violência doméstica e abrigados na ONG - Cidade dos Meninos, no município de Campinas - SP; destes, sete participaram das entrevistas individuais. A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio da análise de conteúdo, modalidade temática. Emergiram dois núcleos temáticos principais: Contexto do abrigo; e Rede social. No primeiro núcleo, foi discutido o contexto do abrigo, que apesar dos esforços realizados contemporaneamente, ainda mantém um ambiente autoritário, com regras e punições freqüentes; os adolescentes ressaltam a importância do vínculo e confiança estabelecidos com alguns funcionários, atuando como fatores de proteção; a religiosidade e o ensino formal e profissionalizante também são evidenciados como proteção. No segundo núcleo, a violência doméstica aparece como fator de risco que aumenta consideravelmente a vulnerabilidade destes sujeitos; o conceito de desfiliação é discutido para compreensão da perda de referências pelos adolescentes. A rede social externa é abordada, e os sujeitos ressaltam a vizinhança e os equipamentos de assistência social como fatores de proteção para interrupção do ciclo de violência; a rua atua como espaço de convivência, e \"acolhedora\" para crianças e adolescentes que experienciam a violência em seus lares. Entendemos que estas considerações acerca dos fatores de proteção para adolescentes vitimizados e abrigados devem ser valorizadas e reforçadas pelos serviços de atenção à infância e adolescência, pois contribuem para a promoção da resiliência e, por conseguinte, da saúde desta população. / Violence is present in different places of Brazilian society, becoming a hard problem of public health. It\'s been shown mainly against people in particular situations of development, as children and teenagers. Our study has had as a goal to know and analyze, under the optician of teenagers victims of domestic violence and sheltered people, the protection factors to the ones they\'ve been submitted or have access to. It\'s a study with a qualitative approach, it\'s outlined as social strategic research, a case study kind. For data collection, focused groups, semi structured interviews and participating observations have been made. Seventeen teenagers victims of domestic violence and sheltered people on the ONG participated in the focused groups - Cidade dos Meninos, municipality of Campinas - SP, from these ones, seven participated from individual interviews. The data analyses were made using content analyses, the theme kind. Two main theme centers have appeared: Shelter context; and Social network. On the first center, shelter context was discussed, that besides efforts have been made contemporarily, still keep an authoritary atmosphere with frequent punishment and rules. Teenagers emphasize the importance of bond and confidence established among some employees, acting as protection factors; religiosity, and formal and vocational education shown as protection. On the second center, domestic violence appears as risk factor which increases the vulnerability of these people considerably. The non filiation concept is discussed for the comprehension of reference loss by teenagers. The external social network is approached and the subjects show the neighborhood and social assistance equipments as protection factors to interrupt violence circle; streets act as a living together space and welcoming space for children and teenagers who have experienced violence at home. We believe these considerations about protection factors for teenagers victims and sheltered people must be reinforced through attention services to childhood and adolescence as they contribute to resilience promotion and also to the population health.

Thesis advisor: Lisa A. Goodman / For survivors of intimate partner violence, the very act of seeking help from a domestic violence (DV) shelter can incur enormous costs. One such cost involves what this study calls “parenting surveillance:” that is, DV advocates can observe, monitor, evaluate, and sometimes control survivors’ parenting—activities given added weight through their mandated reporter role. Although parenting surveillance has long been a feature of state intervention into family life, particularly for low-income women of color, it is largely unexplored in the DV shelter system. This is a striking gap for several reasons: First, most DV programs are committed to supporting survivors’ autonomy and empowerment, seemingly at odds with surveillance. Second, shelter surveillance may echo abusive dynamics from which survivors are attempting to escape. Third, survivors consistently cite fears of losing control of their parenting as a barrier to help-seeking. It is critical to understand the extent to which parenting surveillance prevents programs from achieving their own goals, potentially harming survivors, and obstructing their ability to seek help. Using a community-based participatory research approach, this qualitative-descriptive study aimed to explore survivor-mothers’ experiences of parenting surveillance among 12 residents of four shelters. Qualitative content analysis of the data that drew upon constant comparison techniques yielded six clusters: survivor-mothers (1) want and find support in their programs; (2) experience and witness parenting surveillance; (3) describe negative psychological responses to surveillance; (4) report varying effects on parenting and help-seeking related to surveillance; (5) cope with and resist surveillance; and (6) offer recommendations for improvements to DV shelters. Results suggest that although surveillance is a structural phenomenon, survivors perceived and experienced it differentially, based on their own identities and prior experiences, and the nature of their relationships with advocates. For advocates, ameliorating the damaging effects of surveillance involves both pragmatic and relational shifts grounded in empathy for survivor-mothers’ subjective experience of parenting in the context of their histories, identities, strengths, and vulnerabilities. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2019. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Counseling, Developmental and Educational Psychology.