O free-riding (trapaça) e a coordenação são dois tipos de problemas potenciais em contratos de incentivo em grupo, especificamente, em contratos de incentivo baseado em meta orçamentária de grupo. A orientação de valor social (SVO - Social Value Orientation), medida de diferença individual que classifica as pessoas em individualistas - maximizadores do interesse próprio, competidores - maximizadores da vantagem relativa, e pró-sociais - maximizadores do resultado do grupo -, é fator importante que tem implicações no desenho dos contratos de incentivo em grupo. O estudo de Upton (2009) revelou que, com base na orientação de valor social dos indivíduos, os indivíduos de orientação pró-social apresentam maior desempenho e menor probabilidade de trapacear sobre as contribuições dos membros do grupo do que os indivíduos de orientação individualista e competidora. Além disso, para as empresas que adotam este tipo de contrato para o fornecimento de incentivo em grupo, a seleção de trabalhadores com preferência do tipo pró-social seria mais adequada para assegurar a produtividade do trabalho em grupo, e assim melhorar o desempenho empresarial. Nesse contexto, este trabalho busca mostrar que embora a SVO seja uma importante consideração para o desenho do contrato, outro fator tal como a identidade do grupo é também um elemento a ser incorporado neste processo, uma vez que um dos grandes desafios para resolver os problemas de uma situação de dilema social, como a do contexto de incentivo em grupo, é promover o comportamento cooperativo em ambiente de produção em grupo. Portanto, manipulações baseadas na ativação da identidade, processo pelo qual os indivíduos manifestam suas preferências em recompensas individuais ou do grupo, poderiam ter influência no desempenho de grupos com diferentes tipos de SVO. O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar o papel moderador da ativação da identidade no efeito da SVO sobre o desempenho de grupo em contrato de incentivo baseado em meta orçamentária de grupo. Em um experimento, 135 estudantes de curso de graduação de quatro (4) Instituições de Ensino Superior do Estado da Paraíba realizaram um jogo repetido de dilema de bem público nas condições experimentais de identidade pessoal e identidade de grupo. Os resultados indicaram significância estatística do efeito principal da identidade no desempenho de grupo, enquanto a SVO não teve efeito significativo. Encontraram-se evidências de moderação da SVO no efeito da ativação da identidade de grupo nos grupos de participantes com SVO individualista e competidor, confirmando assim a hipótese de transformação de motivos. Porém, nenhum efeito foi observado nos grupos de participantes com SVO pró-social, refutando desta forma a hipótese de ampliação de motivos. / Free-riding and coordination are two types of potential problems in group incentive contracts, specifically in incentive contracts based on budget target group. The social value orientation (SVO - Social Value Orientation), individual difference measure that classifies people in individualistic - maximizers of self-interest, competitors - maximizing the relative advantage, and prosocial - maximizing the outcome of the group -, is an important fator which has implications for the design of group incentive contracts. Upton (2009) revealed that based on the social value orientation of individuals, pro-social value orientation of individuals have higher performance and less likely to free-ride on the contributions of members of the group than individuals having individualistic value orientation and competitor. In addition, for companies that adopt this type of contract for the supply of incentive group, the selection of workers prefer the pro-social type would be best suited to ensure the group in labor productivity, and improving business performance. In this context, this thesis seeks to show that while the SVO is an important consideration for the contract design, other factors such as group identity is also an element to be incorporated in this process, since one of the major challenges to solve the problems of a social dilemma situation as the group incentive context, is to promote cooperative behavior in group production environment. Therefore, manipulations based on the activation of identity, the process by which individuals manifest their individual preferences rewards or group could have an influence on the performance of groups with different types of SVO. This study aimed to investigate the moderating role of identity activation in the effect of the SVO on the group of performance incentive contract based on budgetary target group. In one experiment, 135 students of undergraduate course of four higher education institutions of the Paraíba State conducted a repeated game of public good dilemma in the experimental conditions of personal identity and group identity. The results showed statistically significant main effect of identity in the group of performance, while the SVO had no significant effect. They have found evidence of moderation in SVO effect of group identity activation in groups of participants with SVO individualistic and competitive, thus confirming the hypothesis of transformation motives. However, no effect was observed in groups of participants with pro-social SVO, thereby disproving hypothesis amplification motives.

The privatization of K-12 education in Canada is not new. The public and private sectors feel like natural elements of the Canadian education system because they have existed side by side since confederation. However, this thesis challenges that tradition and argues that private education undermines collective responsibility for education as a shared, public good by catering to private interests and isolating students from the public realm. Not only does private education reinforce the likelihood of socio-economic stratification, but the concept of a “public good” is increasingly destabilized as social services like education are privatized. Why, then, does the privatization of K-12 education continue to be an insignificant political issue in Canada? This question is particularly pertinent at a time when neoliberalism is in full swing in the United States, and all the time more apparent in Canada. Neoliberalism’s emphasis on the precedence of economic ideals over concerns for social welfare and democratic participation has transformed the way that we understand “value”. Drawing on a broad range of scholars including Charles Taylor, Richard Pildes, Janice Gross Stein, Henry Giroux, Francois-Lyotard and Michel Foucault, this thesis argues that the values involved in the very concept of private education reinforce, and are reinforced by, neoliberal views about the place of the individual within society, and that these values are detrimental to the concern for education as shared, public good. / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate

The thesis deals with Public Private Partnership in the European Union and Czech Republic. On the grounds of analysis, it aims to asses impacts of providing public goods especially by course of PPP projects. PPP issue is defined generally, considering all basic elements by way of theoretical information. A comparative view of current PPP situation and development in Czech Republic and Great Britain was an important contribution while handling the selected topic. An analysis of EU task of implementing PPP projects in member states and financing these projects from EU funds is no less important. In the analytical part, emphasis is put on the origins and history of PPP, legal regulations of PPP and the institutional framework in particular countries. Number of instances of practice are mentioned too. As regards Czech Republic, one part of the thesis is devoted to the barriers to development.

Au cours des débats relatifs à la future Politique agricole commune (PAC) pour la période 2014-2020, nous avons pu constater un recours de plus en plus fréquent à la notion de bien public, permettant de justifier le maintien de cette politique dans un contexte de dérégulation et de libéralisation économique de plus en plus marqué. En nous appuyant sur un cadre théorique original, construit à la croisée de l’économie rurale française, de l’ancienne économie institutionnaliste américaine et de la théorie de la régulation, cette thèse propose de s’interroger sur le rôle joué par la notion de bien public dans la recherche d’un nouveau compromis entre les différents acteurs et groupes d’intérêts impliqués dans ces débats. Le premier chapitre de cette thèse, propose un état de l’art de la notion de bien public en sciences économiques et met en évidence que cette notion apparaît finalement peu stabilisée dans ce champ disciplinaire. Face à ce premier résultat, nous proposerons de stabiliser cette notion pour la suite de notre thèse, en nous appuyant sur un cadre d’analyse d’économie politique élargi.Dans un second chapitre, nous interrogerons les origines de cette notion dans les débats européens relatifs à la PAC, ainsi que son interprétation et son lien avec la notion de multifonctionnalité agricole précédemment mobilisée dans ces débats. Finalement, nous mettrons en évidence à travers un dernier chapitre, l’existence d’interprétations différenciées de la notion de bien public selon certains États membres et régions étudiés, en rapport direct avec les intérêts défendus par les principaux groupes d’acteurs participants aux débats régionaux et nationaux relatifs à la future PAC. / During the debates about the future common agricultural policy for the 2014-2020 period, we noticed an increasingly use of the concept of public good in order to justify the continuation of this policy in a context of deregulation and economic liberalization.Drawing on an original theoretical framework that built at the crossroads of the French rural economy, of the former U.S. institutional economics and of the theory of regulation, this thesis proposes to examine the role played by the notion of public good dealing with a new agreement between the different actors and interests involved in the CAP debate.The first chapter of this thesis offers a state of the art of the concept of public good in economics and highlights the notion that finally appears somewhat stabilize in this area. In line with this first result, we propose to stabilize this concept for the rest of our argument by relying on a broader political economy framework of analysis.In the second chapter, we examine the origins of this notion in the European debates about the CAP, its interpretation by the European commission and its relationship with the concept of agricultural multifunctionality previously mobilized in these debates.Finally, we highlight through the last chapter , the existence of different interpretation of the concept of public good by some Member States and regions studied, linked with the interests defended by key stakeholder groups involved in the regional and national debates about the future CAP.

Este trabalho busca analisar políticas de redução das taxas de homicídios em municípios da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, baseadas especificamente na restrição do horário de funcionamento de bares. O objetivo geral é analisar comparativamente a implementação da chamada Lei Seca nesta região, considerando a necessidade de coordenação da ação de diversos atores para a sua efetivação. A hipótese principal é que os resultados alcançados pela Lei Seca dependem da articulação entre diversos atores (estatais e civis) ligados à segurança pública, de um desenho institucional bem delimitado para garantir a coordenação desses agentes e da fiscalização das ações. Os processos de implementação da lei foram analisados comparativamente, bem como o consórcio de instituições e atores civis responsáveis pela elaboração, execução e fiscalização da lei. O trabalho baseou-se em pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, levantamento de estatísticas criminais e entrevistas qualitativas com agentes envolvidos na formulação e implementação dessa política pública. Esta análise se insere nos debates sobre a articulação entre instituições responsáveis pela segurança pública, participação da sociedade civil, municipalização da segurança pública, relação entre o consumo de álcool e homicídios e outros, mas a contribuição pretendida refere-se especialmente ao debate sobre a produção de bens coletivos. Pode-se concluir que os resultados da interação entre os atores envolvidos e a cooperação para a efetivação da política analisada dependem de investimentos dos atores públicos para o estabelecimento de condições iniciais de implementação baseadas no diálogo e convencimento dos demais atores, aproximando-se assim daquilo que a literatura passou a denominar governança colaborativa. / This thesis aims to analyze policies to reduce homicide rates in cities within the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, based on restricting bars business hours. The overall objective is to analyze the implementation of the Dry Law in the area, taking into consideration the need to coordinate the action of many players in order to make it effective. The main assumption is that Dry Law results depend on the joint effort from various players in public safety (state and civil), a well-defined institutional structure to ensure coordination of these agents and actions surveillance. The law implementation process was analyzed, as well as the consortium of institutions and civil players responsible for the preparation, enforcement and supervision of the law. The work was based on literature and documents review, crime statistics and qualitative interviews with stakeholders involved in the formulation and implementation of this public policy. This analysis is part of the debates about the articulation among institutions responsible for public safety, civil society participation, municipalization of public safety, the relation between alcohol consumption and homicide and others. Nevertheless, the contribution is intended to refer specifically to the debate on the production of collective goods. In conclusion, results from the interaction among players and cooperation to put this policy into effect depend on public players investment in order to establish initial conditions for implementation, based on dialogue and persuasion of other players, approaching what literature has defined as \"collaborative governance\"

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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Education is among the industries shifting today to answer evolving global needs and opportunities. Influential organizations and thought leaders are calling for reimagining of teaching and learning. To prepare students for college and professions, an increasing number of K-12 independent schools are beginning to focus on deep learning experiences and building key “21st century skills” and competencies. These schools are also interested in their public purpose both as institutional citizens of their local communities and to connect their students to local and global communities. These connections provide students with an authentic context for application of learning and for community contribution. There is also now an opportunity to coordinate curricular goals with developmental goals related to students’ social-emotional growth and social responsibility. This study used online surveys taken by students and their teachers to explore whether high school courses with public good themes and experiences in independent schools nurture the development of 21st century skills in students. The eight skills studied were: Critical thinking, collaboration, communication, creativity and innovation, self-direction, global connections, local connections, and the use of technology. The skills were measured through frequency ratings of forty-eight classroom practices. Findings show that both students and teachers believe these courses do nurture each skill – some with greater emphasis. Students reported critical thinking, communication, self-direction and making local connections as the skills most learned in their courses, while teachers reported that students most learned these same skills with the addition of collaboration. Teachers use a number of practices in the classroom to develop 21st century skills and most students found the practices relevant to their course.

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BACKGROUND: Today’s societal changes, including high rate of change and increasing information flows, are increasing the demand on the individual mental capacity. It becomes increasingly difficult to analytically process all the different dilemmas and everyday decisions as individuals have a limited mental capacity available to make these decisions. Thus, it has been suggested that ego-depleted relies more heavily on intuition, which is less burdensome, when making decision. However little is known about to what extent intuitive decisions differ from analytic. Are ego-depleted individuals more or less likely to maximize outcome in moral dilemmas involving conflicting values? Do ego depleted individuals become more or less willing to cooperate? Do ego depleted individuals become more or less altruistic? Is our intuition more or less in accordance with Homo Economicus?AIM: Starting from a Dual Process perspective on decision-making the aim of this study is to examine how ego depletion affects moral judgment and pro-social decisions.METHOD: A laboratory experiment involving 115 subjects, using real monetary incentives, was conducted among students at Linköping University. Subjects were randomized into one of two treatments. Everything was identical across treatments except for the initial ego-depletion manipulation. Using a standard paradigm for ego-depletion subjects in treatment 1 were put under high cognitive load while subjects in treatment two were put under low cognitive load. Subjects faced 16 questions divided into four different decision tasks: Moral dilemmas, Public Goods game, two types of Dictator Game where the type of sacrifice subjects could make in order to contribute money to charity was varied.RESULTS: Subjects in the high cognitive load treatment made fewer consequentialists moral judgments compared to other subjects (p = 0.075). The effect is especially strong when looking only at high-conflict dilemmas such as Crying Baby. No difference between treatments was found for the public goods games. In the dictator game involving monetary sacrifice subjects donated less money to charity when put under high cognitive load. However the finding was not significant (p = 0.292). No difference was found in the dictator game involving effort as personal sacrifice since almost everyone chooses to donate to charity.CONCLUSION: According to The Dual Process perspective this essay shows that intuitive thinking does not evidently lead to that they makes decision that more or less is in accordance with Homo Economicus. The connection between ego depletion and pro-social decisions is more complex. Further research needs to investigate which different mental shortcuts that individuals uses in various types of pro-social decisions and why intuitive and analytical decision-making differ between different decisions. Further research within the area can identify potential mechanisms and policies that can support individuals’ capacity to make decisions in accordance with their own and society’s preferences.

Challenges in global politics like climate change, maritime piracy and fighting highly contagious diseases concern global public goods. The related policy decisions are mostly made by teams. In contrast, economic models of global public goods typically assume a single rational decision-maker. We use a laboratory experiment to compare team decisions to decisions of individuals in a finitely repeated public good game with and without a costly punishment option. Teams of three participants coordinate on decisions either by majority or unanimity rule. We find that in absence of a punishment option teams contribute more to the public good than individuals. With a punishment option subsequently to the contribution decision team treatments exhibit a less frequent use of anti-social punishment and lower levels of social as well as anti-social punishment. Extreme preferences for punishment are eliminated by the majority decision rule. Overall, team decisions are closer to the social optimum and teams yield higher net payoffs when compared to individuals.