Les inégalités de revenu affectent-elles la fourniture des biens publics ? Warr a établi en1983 un théorème de neutralité : sous certaines conditions, une redistribution marginale des revenus entre agents n'affecte pas la quantité de bien public fournie par leurs contributions volontaires. Les généralisations de ce résultat par Bergstrom et al. (1986), ont permis de mieux comprendre ce phénomène : les redistributions neutres sont de " faible "amplitude de sorte que les agents dont le revenu a été amputé ont toujours la possibilité de maintenir leur dépense en biens privés, et les ajustements des contributions individuelles laissent inchangée la contribution agrégée au bien public. Itaya et al. (1997) se sont intéressés aux conséquences d'une redistribution non neutre sur le bien-être. Dans les deux premiers chapitres de cette thèse nous testons ces prédictions en laboratoire grâce à un jeu de bien public avec utilités quadratiques. Le premier chapitre considère une redistribution de " faible " amplitude qui ne devrait pas entrainer une modification de la quantité de bien public. En revanche dans le chapitre 2, la redistribution est d'une amplitude telle qu'elle affecte la quantité de bien public fournie et le bien-être de la société. Bien que nous retrouvions en laboratoire certaines prédictions théoriques, notamment au niveau de la modification ou non de la quantité de bien public produit et du bien-être, les prédictions concernant les comportements et les gains individuels sont rarement vérifiées. En particulier, nous observons que, suite à la modification de leur revenu, certains joueurs réduisent ou augmentent moins leur contribution que la théorie ne le prédit et que les agents pauvres sur-contribuent. Il semble enfin que l'émergence d'inégalités n'affecte pas de la même façon les comportements que lorsque ces inégalités préexistent et donc que le sens de la redistribution, selon qu'elle crée ou diminue les inégalités, importe. Dans le chapitre 3, nous étudions plus précisément une redistribution créatrice d'inégalités dans un jeu de bien public linéaire et nous regardons si les hommes et les femmes réagissent de la même façon à ce changement et quelles conséquences cela entraine sur la quantité de bien public fournie. Nous montrons que lorsque les femmes bénéficient de la redistribution,la quantité de bien public produit diminue. Il apparait aussi que les comportements sont modifiés lorsque les sujets connaissent le genre de ceux qui se sont enrichis. / Do income inequalities affect the provision of public goods? Warr established in 1983 a theorem of neutrality : under some conditions, a marginal redistribution of endowments among agents does not affect the amount of public good provided by their voluntary contributions. Generalizations of this result by Bergstrom et al. (1986), helped to better understand this phenomenon: neutral redistributions are those of "low" amplitude, so that agents whose income decreases can maintain their consumption of private goods, and adjustments of individual contributions leave unchanged the aggregate contribution to the public good. Itaya et al. (1997) have focused on the consequences of a non-neutral redistribution on welfare. In the first two chapters of this thesis we test these predictions in the laboratory using a public good game with quadratic utility functions. The first chapter considers a redistribution of a "low" amplitude that should not modify the amount of public good supplied. However in Chapter 2, we run a redistribution of a "high" magnitude so that it affects the amount of public good provided and the social welfare. Although some theoretical predictions are found in the laboratory, such as the modification or not of the amount of public good and of the welfare, predictions on individual behaviors and payoffs are rarely verified. In particular, we note that following a modification of their endowment, some subjects decrease or increase their contribution less than theory predicts and that poor agents over-contribute. It further appears that the emergence of inequalities does not affect behaviors in the same way than when these inequalities preexist and thus that the direction of the redistribution, depending on whether it creates or decreases inequalities, matters. In Chapter 3 we study more precisely a redistribution that creates inequalities in a linear public good game and we test wether men and women respond similarly to the modification of their endowment and what are the consequences on the supply of the public good. We show that when women become rich, the quantity of public good provided decreases. It also appears that behaviors are modified when the rich gender is common knowledge.

This paper studies the contribution behavior and cooperation of subjects in different immigration situations via a dynamic public good game. This dynamic environment, in which a subject’s income at the end of the decision will become an endowment for the next decision, also offers an opportunity to study growth as measured by group income and inequality via the Gini coefficient. Overall, contribution does not converge to zero, nor does it decrease over time, and subjects are very contributive in nature. The best scenario to boost contributions among subjects is when immigrants reduce a subject’s income in the current period, but promise to increase growth in the future. In all treatments, inequality significantly increases over time for the unsuccessful group (below the median group income), while the successful group (above the median group income) mostly has lower inequality with a constant, or slightly increasing, trend. There is a positive relationship between growth and inequality in the treatment where immigrants have no impact on subjects’ income, and also where immigrants reduce subjects’ income without future promise. This positive relationship implies that the group growth can be achieved only with an increase in inequality (or less cooperation between subjects). However, a slightly negative relationship occurs in the scenario where the immigrants reduce subjects’ income in the current period, but promise to increase growth in the future. This negative relationship implies that group growth can be achieved without any inequality (or more cooperation between subjects). The overall findings in this paper provide insights into the contribution behavior and cooperation of subjects, when considering the different economic impacts of immigrants in their society.

Esta tese tem por objeto a análise da concessão florestal, instrumento de outorga do uso de florestas públicas em caráter privativo ao particular. Por tratar-se de uma relação jurídica, a análise é detida nos seus elementos componentes, que são basicamente o objeto, partes e regramento jurídico específico, comparando-a com outras espécies de concessão, como a concessão de serviço público e a concessão de uso de bem público. Iniciando-se pelo estudo da tutela jurídica da floresta, uma vez que a concessão florestal também é instrumento de sua proteção, perpassa-se pelo delineamento da concessão e modelos de gestão de florestas públicas em outros países, para se alcançar o ponto principal que é a análise das regras da Lei nº 11.284, de 02 de março de 2006, marco regulatório da gestão de florestas públicas brasileiras. A conclusão procura realçar, dentre outros aspectos, a existência de uma efetiva política pública de gestão das florestas sob o domínio do poder público, erigida sobre o princípio constitucional do desenvolvimento sustentável do meio ambiente. / This thesis focuses on the analysis of the forest concession an instrument which grants the use of public forests for private use. From a legal perspective, the analysis is held in its component parts, which are basically the object, parties and specific legal rules, comparing it to other types of concessions, such as public service concession and authorization of use of public good. The study begins with the legal protection of the forest, given the forest concession is equally a tool of its own protection, and one goes by the concession outline and the management models of public forests in other countries, in order to achieve the main point, which is the analysis of the rules of Law No. 11,284, from 02 March 2006, reglementary limit of public forests management in Brazil. The conclusion seeks to highlight, among other aspects, the existence of an effective public policy for forest management under the control of government, built on the constitutional principle of sustainable development of the environment.

Este trabalho busca analisar políticas de redução das taxas de homicídios em municípios da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, baseadas especificamente na restrição do horário de funcionamento de bares. O objetivo geral é analisar comparativamente a implementação da chamada Lei Seca nesta região, considerando a necessidade de coordenação da ação de diversos atores para a sua efetivação. A hipótese principal é que os resultados alcançados pela Lei Seca dependem da articulação entre diversos atores (estatais e civis) ligados à segurança pública, de um desenho institucional bem delimitado para garantir a coordenação desses agentes e da fiscalização das ações. Os processos de implementação da lei foram analisados comparativamente, bem como o consórcio de instituições e atores civis responsáveis pela elaboração, execução e fiscalização da lei. O trabalho baseou-se em pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, levantamento de estatísticas criminais e entrevistas qualitativas com agentes envolvidos na formulação e implementação dessa política pública. Esta análise se insere nos debates sobre a articulação entre instituições responsáveis pela segurança pública, participação da sociedade civil, municipalização da segurança pública, relação entre o consumo de álcool e homicídios e outros, mas a contribuição pretendida refere-se especialmente ao debate sobre a produção de bens coletivos. Pode-se concluir que os resultados da interação entre os atores envolvidos e a cooperação para a efetivação da política analisada dependem de investimentos dos atores públicos para o estabelecimento de condições iniciais de implementação baseadas no diálogo e convencimento dos demais atores, aproximando-se assim daquilo que a literatura passou a denominar governança colaborativa. / This thesis aims to analyze policies to reduce homicide rates in cities within the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, based on restricting bars business hours. The overall objective is to analyze the implementation of the Dry Law in the area, taking into consideration the need to coordinate the action of many players in order to make it effective. The main assumption is that Dry Law results depend on the joint effort from various players in public safety (state and civil), a well-defined institutional structure to ensure coordination of these agents and actions surveillance. The law implementation process was analyzed, as well as the consortium of institutions and civil players responsible for the preparation, enforcement and supervision of the law. The work was based on literature and documents review, crime statistics and qualitative interviews with stakeholders involved in the formulation and implementation of this public policy. This analysis is part of the debates about the articulation among institutions responsible for public safety, civil society participation, municipalization of public safety, the relation between alcohol consumption and homicide and others. Nevertheless, the contribution is intended to refer specifically to the debate on the production of collective goods. In conclusion, results from the interaction among players and cooperation to put this policy into effect depend on public players investment in order to establish initial conditions for implementation, based on dialogue and persuasion of other players, approaching what literature has defined as \"collaborative governance\"

O free-riding (trapaça) e a coordenação são dois tipos de problemas potenciais em contratos de incentivo em grupo, especificamente, em contratos de incentivo baseado em meta orçamentária de grupo. A orientação de valor social (SVO - Social Value Orientation), medida de diferença individual que classifica as pessoas em individualistas - maximizadores do interesse próprio, competidores - maximizadores da vantagem relativa, e pró-sociais - maximizadores do resultado do grupo -, é fator importante que tem implicações no desenho dos contratos de incentivo em grupo. O estudo de Upton (2009) revelou que, com base na orientação de valor social dos indivíduos, os indivíduos de orientação pró-social apresentam maior desempenho e menor probabilidade de trapacear sobre as contribuições dos membros do grupo do que os indivíduos de orientação individualista e competidora. Além disso, para as empresas que adotam este tipo de contrato para o fornecimento de incentivo em grupo, a seleção de trabalhadores com preferência do tipo pró-social seria mais adequada para assegurar a produtividade do trabalho em grupo, e assim melhorar o desempenho empresarial. Nesse contexto, este trabalho busca mostrar que embora a SVO seja uma importante consideração para o desenho do contrato, outro fator tal como a identidade do grupo é também um elemento a ser incorporado neste processo, uma vez que um dos grandes desafios para resolver os problemas de uma situação de dilema social, como a do contexto de incentivo em grupo, é promover o comportamento cooperativo em ambiente de produção em grupo. Portanto, manipulações baseadas na ativação da identidade, processo pelo qual os indivíduos manifestam suas preferências em recompensas individuais ou do grupo, poderiam ter influência no desempenho de grupos com diferentes tipos de SVO. O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar o papel moderador da ativação da identidade no efeito da SVO sobre o desempenho de grupo em contrato de incentivo baseado em meta orçamentária de grupo. Em um experimento, 135 estudantes de curso de graduação de quatro (4) Instituições de Ensino Superior do Estado da Paraíba realizaram um jogo repetido de dilema de bem público nas condições experimentais de identidade pessoal e identidade de grupo. Os resultados indicaram significância estatística do efeito principal da identidade no desempenho de grupo, enquanto a SVO não teve efeito significativo. Encontraram-se evidências de moderação da SVO no efeito da ativação da identidade de grupo nos grupos de participantes com SVO individualista e competidor, confirmando assim a hipótese de transformação de motivos. Porém, nenhum efeito foi observado nos grupos de participantes com SVO pró-social, refutando desta forma a hipótese de ampliação de motivos. / Free-riding and coordination are two types of potential problems in group incentive contracts, specifically in incentive contracts based on budget target group. The social value orientation (SVO - Social Value Orientation), individual difference measure that classifies people in individualistic - maximizers of self-interest, competitors - maximizing the relative advantage, and prosocial - maximizing the outcome of the group -, is an important fator which has implications for the design of group incentive contracts. Upton (2009) revealed that based on the social value orientation of individuals, pro-social value orientation of individuals have higher performance and less likely to free-ride on the contributions of members of the group than individuals having individualistic value orientation and competitor. In addition, for companies that adopt this type of contract for the supply of incentive group, the selection of workers prefer the pro-social type would be best suited to ensure the group in labor productivity, and improving business performance. In this context, this thesis seeks to show that while the SVO is an important consideration for the contract design, other factors such as group identity is also an element to be incorporated in this process, since one of the major challenges to solve the problems of a social dilemma situation as the group incentive context, is to promote cooperative behavior in group production environment. Therefore, manipulations based on the activation of identity, the process by which individuals manifest their individual preferences rewards or group could have an influence on the performance of groups with different types of SVO. This study aimed to investigate the moderating role of identity activation in the effect of the SVO on the group of performance incentive contract based on budgetary target group. In one experiment, 135 students of undergraduate course of four higher education institutions of the Paraíba State conducted a repeated game of public good dilemma in the experimental conditions of personal identity and group identity. The results showed statistically significant main effect of identity in the group of performance, while the SVO had no significant effect. They have found evidence of moderation in SVO effect of group identity activation in groups of participants with SVO individualistic and competitive, thus confirming the hypothesis of transformation motives. However, no effect was observed in groups of participants with pro-social SVO, thereby disproving hypothesis amplification motives.

La thèse porte sur les comportements de consommation durable des ménages. Lorsque les comportements de consommation permettent de retirer une utilité individuelle, au détriment de l’intérêt général, ils peuvent être analysés comme un dilemme social. Les expériences de jeu de bien public permettent de tester des comportements en situation de dilemme social. Consommer de manière durable peut être considéré comme une contribution volontaire à un bien public. La problématique est de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de contribution volontaire à des biens collectifs qui génèrent des externalités. Trois expériences nous permettent d’analyser les différences de contributions entre un bien privé et des biens publics, mal(s) publics et biens clubs. Plus particulièrement, nous nous intéressons aux externalités négatives d’un mal public, à l’exclusivité du bien club et aux effets de la présence de biens collectifs multiples. / This thesis focuses on the sustainable consumer behaviour of households. When consumer behaviours allow for individual utility, at the expense of public interest, these can be analysed as a social dilemma. Experiments in public good games allow for testing behaviours of individuals subjected to social dilemma situations. Sustainable consumption can be considered as a voluntary contribution to a public good. The objective is to better understand the mechanisms behind voluntary contributions to public goods that generate externalities. Three experiments will allow us to analyse the differences in contributions between a private good and public goods, public bad(s) and club goods. We focus on the negative externalities of a public bad, the exclusivity of the club good and the effects of multiple public goods.

Esta tese tem por objeto a análise da concessão florestal, instrumento de outorga do uso de florestas públicas em caráter privativo ao particular. Por tratar-se de uma relação jurídica, a análise é detida nos seus elementos componentes, que são basicamente o objeto, partes e regramento jurídico específico, comparando-a com outras espécies de concessão, como a concessão de serviço público e a concessão de uso de bem público. Iniciando-se pelo estudo da tutela jurídica da floresta, uma vez que a concessão florestal também é instrumento de sua proteção, perpassa-se pelo delineamento da concessão e modelos de gestão de florestas públicas em outros países, para se alcançar o ponto principal que é a análise das regras da Lei nº 11.284, de 02 de março de 2006, marco regulatório da gestão de florestas públicas brasileiras. A conclusão procura realçar, dentre outros aspectos, a existência de uma efetiva política pública de gestão das florestas sob o domínio do poder público, erigida sobre o princípio constitucional do desenvolvimento sustentável do meio ambiente. / This thesis focuses on the analysis of the forest concession an instrument which grants the use of public forests for private use. From a legal perspective, the analysis is held in its component parts, which are basically the object, parties and specific legal rules, comparing it to other types of concessions, such as public service concession and authorization of use of public good. The study begins with the legal protection of the forest, given the forest concession is equally a tool of its own protection, and one goes by the concession outline and the management models of public forests in other countries, in order to achieve the main point, which is the analysis of the rules of Law No. 11,284, from 02 March 2006, reglementary limit of public forests management in Brazil. The conclusion seeks to highlight, among other aspects, the existence of an effective public policy for forest management under the control of government, built on the constitutional principle of sustainable development of the environment.

This dissertation explores the potential for higher education to promote the development of critical being among diverse students, including three studies that employ critical quantitative approaches. The first chapter proposes critical being as an alternative to critical thinking that better reflects the purposes of higher education for the public good. In Chapter Two, I create a survey-based instrument measuring critical being, including three factors that are theoretically grounded in the work of Barnett (1997) and Davies (2015). Chapter Three examines the relationship between specific instructional practices associated with academic challenge and four-year growth in critical being among three racial and/or ethnic groups traditionally underrepresented in higher education: Black and African American students, Asian and Pacific Islander students, and Hispanic, Latinx and Chicano students. Chapter Four focuses on college instructors, exploring the relationship of individual, academic, and organizational factors with instructors’ emphasis of critical being in the classroom and their beliefs about students’ abilities and efforts. Finally, Chapter Five returns to the necessity for higher education to center critical being in order to equip students to be well-informed agents of social change. By bringing together the results of the three studies, this chapter also considers the implications of higher education for critical being, offers self-reflection on the implementation of critical quantitative approaches, and looks forward in making recommendations for future research.

<p>Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur den politiska debatten kring friskolor fördes under åren 1996 och 2006 i Sveriges tre största dagstidningar. I studien undersöks även vilka argument de politiska agitatorerna använder sig av i ledar- och debattartiklar och vilka politiska skiljelinjer som kan åskådliggöras. Vidare vill uppsatsen undersöka hur den politiska diskursen påverkas av debattörernas avsikter och handlingsutrymme. Uppsatsen vilar på en kvalitativ grund där de artiklar som studerats valts ut utifrån en ämnesmässig relevans. Den hermeneutiska metoden har använts i studien för att kunna tolka det skriva på en objektiv grund. I uppsatsen beskrivs friskolornas historiska bakgrund och hur politiken har sett och ser på friskolorna. Uppsatsen visar att den politiska debatten kring friskolor i dagstidningarna handlar om vem som skall ha makten över utbildningen d.v.s. om huvudmannaskapet över skolan skall tillhöra staten eller familjen. I åren som uppsatsen undersöker märks hur den politiska debatten under 1996 mer kännetecknas av en övergripande ideologisk strid om skolan. Under 2006 finns denna konflikt kvar men utifrån andra förtecken där politiker kan agera på ett mer friare sätt i förhållande till sitt eget partis uppfattning i frågan.</p>

This report asks the question how to balance thepreservation of cultural built heritage against other publicand private interests in local planning. The aim of the studyis to contribute to knowledge about how different actors valuethe built heritage and how they interact in planning. The studydiscusses how this knowledge can be taken into account inplanning practice. As society develops further into a knowledgesociety, the valuation of local environmental qualities seemsto be more complex than during previous decades. For thatreason the maintenance of cultural built heritage is moredifficult to handle than before. The planning process has bytradition been characterised by a strong public sectorinvolvement and by strict procedural links to the regulationsystem. However, private initiatives have come to play anincreasingly important role in the planning process. Thesechanges have led to a situation where decision-making becomesinformal. The question is if planning functions in such waythat all values represented by different interests areconsidered carefully when decisions are made for preservation,renewal or change of the builtenvironment. There are reasonsto question the notion of citizen representation by localpoliticians and experts of various kinds. The theoreticalfoundation for the study is economic valuation theory, andespecially environmental economics, in combination withnegotiation theory and planning theory. These theories are usedas a starting point for an analysis of different actors’understanding of the cultural built heritage, their incentivesfor participating in planning, and, hence, for understandingthe interaction which determines preservation practice.Empirical findings are based on a case study of planning andheritage management in the municipality of Umeå. Itincludes studies of five recently completed planning processesconcerning specific real estate properties, as well as, aquestionnaire directed to a random selection of 1000inhabitants in the municipality. The study concludes that theoutcome of planning to a substantial part is depending of theinteraction and relations between the stakeholders, and, hence,structured by what has developed as the intellectual traditionand context of the city. The study shows that the builtenvironment seen as a public good in general is not fullyacknowledged and understood. Consequently, the private goodcharacteristic of the built environment is stressed inplanning, not only by private actors, but also by the publicsector. Furthermore, the study concludes that one importantissue in the management of the cultural built heritage is todraw on the actors’incentives for preservation, hence,paying more attention to the question of future direct andindirect use of the built heritage. An actor who primarilyfocuses on existence value runs the risk of being situated inthe margin of planning, with no real influence on decisionsconcerning heritage management.