Over the past 20 years, scrapbooking has become immensely popular in America. This dissertation is the study of scrapworthy lives, that is, how lives become structured by scrapbooking and how people show others that their own life and the lives of their loves ones are value—or scrapworthy. I conducted in-depth interviews with 38 scrapbookers, 11 scrapbook industry workers, and 10 family and friends of scrapbookers. I also used photo-elicitation interviewing techniques with both the scrapbookers and the family members and friends of 10 scrapbookers to examine a selection of scrapbook pages the respondents had completed. I used grounded theory methods to analyze my data, providing a more thorough understanding of scrapbooking. Scrapbooks are a site where people socially construct a narrative of their life. Through scrapbooking, scrapbookers do gender, family, race, ethnicity, and religion. Stratification within the larger society can be seen within the scrapbooking thought community. Moreover, through scrapbooking, people can demonstrate their membership in other thought communities (e.g., motherhood). Though scrapbookers are able to demonstrate their gender, family status, race, ethnicity, and religion through scrapbooking, the hobby is done primarily for the scrapbookers and not for others. Scrapbooking is a leisure activity, though some may consider it as a form of work. Scrapbookers are a thought community in their own right and an excellent site to explore Zerubavel’s (1997) six cognitive acts (i.e., perceiving, classifying, reckoning time, attending, assigning meaning, and remembering). In particular, scrapbookers come to classify nearly everything (including people, things, time, and space) in the world around them as either scrapworthy or not. Scrapbooks are a modern narrative form, though versions of scrapbooks have been around for centuries. Scrapbooks are memorials about everyday life. The content of scrapbooks is what is left out of the typical history book but is considered just as memorable by scrapbookers. Scrapbookers are storytellers. These stories could just as easily be passed down orally or recorded on blogs and some scrapbooks combine elements of oral histories and blogs. Ultimately, scrapbooks are memorials about the scrapbooker.

Depuis la publication des premiers rapports Doing Business par la Banque Mondiale qui ont établi un classement entre États en fonction de l’attractivité économique de leurs droits, l’intérêt pour la compétition des droits s’est accru. Les travaux se sont multipliés dans le but de démontrer ou de contester la compétitivité des droits nationaux. Cependant, le phénomène annoncé n’a pas les mêmes réalités lorsqu’il s’agit d’une compétition des modèles de droit ou de celle des règles de droit. La compétition entre le modèle de droit civiliste et le modèle anglo-américain nous semble réelle. Chaque modèle cherche à étendre son influence hors de l’Union dans les pays en développement ou dans les démocraties en mutation. Au sein même de l’Union, chaque projet offre une occasion de compétition entre les deux cultures juridiques. Il est alors nécessaire pour le droit français de peser dans ces différents lieux de compétition pour préserver voir étendre encore son influence internationale. La compétition des règles nous semble plus discutable. Dans l’Union européenne, lesprincipes de liberté d’établissement, de libre circulation des marchandises et de libre prestation des services créent des conditions favorables à la mise en compétition des droits. En matière contractuelle, la libéralisation du régime des clauses de choix de lois et de juridictions, ainsi que le développement de l’arbitrage peuvent favoriser la spéculation desacteurs économiques sur les moyens de contournement des règles impératives. Mais l’analyse des données empiriques ne confirme pas l’effectivité d’une compétition à laquelle se livreraient les États pour le droit des sociétés et le droit des contrats. Une analyse coûts/bénéfices des différentes opportunités nous a permis non seulement de justifier la réticence des acteurs à la compétition des règles de droit, mais aussi d’inciter le droit français à se consacrer prioritairement à la compétition des modèles de droit. / Since the publication of the first Doing Business reports issued by the World Bank, that ranked the different States according to the economic attractiveness of their laws, interest in regulatory competition has increased. Extensive research on the topic were conducted in order to contest or to bear witness of national laws competitiveness. The phenomenon projected however does not reflect the reality when the challenge involves regulatory models or law rules competition.Competition between the civil law model and the Anglo-American model seems real. Each model seeks to expand its influence outside the European Union either in the developing countries or in the emerging democracies. Within the European Union itself, each project represents an opportunity for both the legal cultures to make competition. It is thereforenecessary for the French law to weight the risks and benefits in order to preserve and stretch out its international influence.Regulatory competition seems questionable. The principles of freedom of establishment, free movement of goods and freedom to provide services inside the European Union create suitable conditions to set in motion regulatory competition. About contractual matters, liberalisation of choice-of-law and jurisdictions clauses, as well as the developmentof arbitration can foster economic actors to bypass imperative rules. The analysis of empirical data did not though confirm the existence of competition between the States as far as companies’ laws and contracts law are concerned.The benefit-cost analysis of the various opportunities has enabled us to explain the reluctance of the law rules competition actors on one hand, and encourage the French law to focus mainly on law models competition on the other hand.

Trade liberalization and international economic integration are major and important issues especially to developing countries including Vietnam. They have provided the country with many opportunities such as foreign investment projects from developed countries, an increase in the State budget through taxation on exports and imports, the higher level of employment, which have all contributed to improving the standard living of the people. Since the country's Reform (Doi Moi) in 1986, trade liberalization has brought about an increase export value from 0.78 billion USD in 1986 to more than 72 billion USD in 2010 which accounted for an average of 70% increase to the GDP of Vietnam. Moreover, Vietnamese firms are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of innovation and this is becoming the main driver for Vietnam's deeper participation in regional and global economic integration organization such as ASEAN and WTO. Exports play an important role in Vietnam’s international trade, helping to increase the national revenue and to improve the position of Vietnamese firms in the global value chain. Such an improvement of Vietnam's position in the global value chain means being higher in the chain rather than carrying out simple processing at the low-end. If the production factors which include labor, capital, and fixed assets are analyzed in relation to firms' exports, plausible assessments of Vietnamese firms' contributions to the global chain can be determined. It should be also noted that the country's trade policy reform has affected the structure of Vietnam's exports during periods, has been subject to the effect of the volatile world's trading market and the effect of an emerging giant exporter such as China. However, Vietnam's exports are facing some problems on international trade market for various reasons. Firstly, the export structure continues to be mainly based on primary and labor-intensive products such as the agricultural, forestry, fishery and footwear sectors. Secondly, low value added and labor intensive products account for a large proportion of the total exports since almost all economic sectors of Vietnam are involved in the assembly and simple processing stage of the global value chain. We hope this dissertation can help to constitute a reliable basis for formulating export trade policy. Firstly, there is a need for greater efforts from Vietnamese government to implement social economic structural reform with a special focus on SOEs, in order to strengthen investors' confidence. Secondly, there is also a need to encourage the shift away from labor-intensive export products toward capital-intensive products with special emphasis on innovation in particular through research and development activities of firms. The dissertation studies export trade of a single country namely Vietnam. It is an empirical study, which tests both macro and micro determinants of Vietnamese export trade. Particularly, the dissertation uses export trade data at country and firm level to test hypotheses for each determinant including firm and sector effects. We have extracted a dataset on Vietnam's export trade for the 1997-2009 period via WITS of the World Bank. For firm's gravity model, we used export data of firms from VCO for the 2006-2010 period. We analyzed determinants of firms' exports by combining firms' export data and the data of footwear, rice and wood and wood products firms' characteristics for the year 2008. Since firms' export intensity strictly lies in the unit interval, we transformed it into the type of logit then attempted with the OLS and quantile regression methods. Our dissertation mainly focuses on certain external factors of Vietnamese exports at macro and micro levels and analyzes some important determinants of exporting firms in three sectors namely footwear, rice and wood and wood products. Relevant findings based on empirical analysis serve to suggest policy implications and firms' managerial practices. In general, wealthier nations are preferred destination market for Vietnamese exports because of their higher purchasing power. The government of Vietnam therefore tries to negotiate proactively and conclude trade agreement as well as memorandum of understanding with such countries as these measures facilitate trade for local firms. However, rice firms in particular do not necessarily consider country with the large economy to be their destination market. In fact, there are several reasons for firms to enter international market and to sign contracts such as to improve their net profits, to expand their market share or to develop potential market. Regarding determinants of Vietnamese exporting firms, higher wages reduce a firms' propensity to export in general which significantly affects wood and wood products and footwear firms. Although, in some cases, increasing wages somewhat improve worker's productivity thus increasing export revenue, in other cases for economic reasons, higher wages can not be afforded by employers for manual workers in manufacturing sectors where skilled labor is not essential. Investing in high-tech production technology does not necessarily increase growth in the value of Vietnamese firms' exports in three sectors mentioned. Although, state-owned firms have been granted preferential or priority treatment by the Government, they appears to be less efficient than others. The regression result shows that state-owned firms in all three sectors are lagging in export performance. Ongoing Government support for state-owned, firms may lead to an unfair competitive environment especially for small, privately owned firms since the Government protection of the Government seem to be unreasonable. If full data on firms' exports of in all sectors had been obtained, the author of the dissertation were able to draw conclusions on the determinants for all sectors and compare their effects on exports accordingly. We consider innovation indicators would be interesting particularly for firms located in a developing and emerging country such as Vietnam. Therefore, we need an appropriate survey method to collect information to resolve the missing data problem of the existing database. / Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Den tyska lärlingsutbildningen är ett dualt utbildningssystem där praktiska och teoretiska kunskaper lärs ut, både i skolan och på en arbetsplats. Utbildningsformen har en lång tradition och är väl etablerad i det tyska samhället. Diskussioner kring utbildningens utformning präglas av de föreställningar som finns kring praktisk och teoretisk kunskap. Detta gäller generellt för utbildningssystem i olika länder. Redan i antiken lade Platon och Aristoteles grunderna till den kunskapssyn som lever kvar i vårt samhälle än i dag. Praktisk kunskap värderas ofta lägre än teoretisk kunskap. Det finns även en föreställning om att det är den teoretiska kunskapen som ska eftersträvas i högsta möjliga mån. I den här kvalitativa studien undersöktes hur tyska lärlingselever ser på praktisk och teoretisk kunskap, hur de upplever att praktisk och teoretisk kunskap hänger samman samt hur de ser på status i samband med praktisk och teoretisk kunskap. I undersökningen användes fokusgruppintervjuer som undersökningsmetod. Lärlingselever med olika utbildningsinriktningar intervjuades och därefter analyserades elevernas utsagor. Resultaten visade att lärlingseleverna definierar praktisk och teoretisk kunskap utifrån de föreställningar som länge har funnits kring de olika kunskapsformerna. De upplevde att praktisk och teoretisk kunskap bildar en enhet och att båda kunskapsformerna behövs. Lärlingseleverna framhävde att de lär sig bäst när de själva får utföra en handling samt att fel och feedback främjar lärprocessen. När det gäller status upplevde lärlingseleverna att deras utbildning har en låg status samt att deras arbete inte uppskattas i samhället. Resultaten analyserades utifrån tidigare forskning på området samt John Deweys teorier om praktisk och teoretisk kunskap: intelligent action, learning by doing samt status i förhållande till praktisk och teoretisk kunskap.

Most people have a sense or understanding of leadership, this regardless if it is personallyexperienced or taught. A lot of former leadership research is focused on the leader, its attributes and functionality. From this perspective the successful leader is considered to have abilities that makes he or she someone special and extraordinary – a hero. However, a branch of more recent research takes a critical approach to this view. This critical perspective assumes that leadership is influenced and affected by other phenomena than just a strong leader. These phenomena can possibly be described as ideological or institutional. This paper aimes to critically analyze and problematize general assumptions and ideas about leadership.The study is based on interviews with six leaders from different businesses consisting of open-mindedly formulated questions about leadership. Among them are questions of the role of the leader and if there is a difference between being a leader and to excersise leadership. Also how they obtained the knowledge they possess about leadership. The study shows that people who are in a situation of leadership tend to describe it in relation to different types of leaders. These types of leaders seem to be categorizied as belonging to different generations and to them supposed ideals. The study also shows that there is a mutual dependence between leaders and followers, increasingly founded on cooperation and thereby acceptance and equality. / Ledarskap är något de flesta har en uppfattning om, vare sig det är självupplevt eller inlärt. Stora delar av tidigare ledarskapsforskning är centrerad kring ledaren, dennes attribut och funktion. Den framgångsrike ledaren anses, sett ur detta perspektiv, ha egenskaper som gör denne till någon särskild och extraordinär - en hjälte. En förgrening inom senare forskning intar dock ett kritiskt förhållningssätt till denna syn. Detta kritiska perspektiv utgår från att ledarskap influeras och påverkas av andra fenomen än en stark ledargestalt. Dessa fenomen kan möjligen beskrivas som ideologiska eller institutionella. Denna uppsats syftar till att kri- tiskt analysera och problematisera allmänna antaganden och idéer om ledarskap. I genomfö- randet av studien har sex stycken ledare från olika verksamheter intervjuats och öppna frågor har ställts om ledarens roll, eventuella skillnader mellan att vara ledare och att utöva ledarskap samt hur de erhållit den kunskap de besitter om ledarskap. Studien påvisar att personer i le- darställning tenderar att beskriva ledarskap i relation till olika typer av ledare. Dessutom ver- kar dessa ledarskapstyper kategoriseras som tillhörande olika generationer och dåvarande, påstådda, ideal. Studien visar även på att det existerar ett ömsesidigt beroende mellan ledare och följare som alltmer bygger på samarbete och därigenom acceptans och likställdhet.

<p>The aim of this study was; from a group of boys and girls description and interpretation of interaction with other young people, personnel and the environment of the youth centre illuminate how the social gender are constructed and maintained at the youth centre. In this study we have tried to analyse the phenomena from an intersectionalistic perspective. Except gender, the analytic category social class have been tried to capture. <strong></strong></p><p>Our theoretical standing point is social constructivism. Institutionalized structures in our society are constructed by humans, gender is not only a biological construction it is also a man created construction. We are “doing gender”.</p><p>The young people in our study tend to explain the differences between boys and girls through an essentialistic point of view. For example they explain that boys are more immature and girls are more obedient by cause of nature.</p><p>The young people also experience that boys and girls are equal at the youth centre. The girls express that they do the same things that boys do in the youth centre. The boys tell it like this; <em>“It’s nice when girls want to do what we like to do”. </em>At the same time they say that they are not interested in joining the girls in what they like to do.<em> </em> Our comprehension of the young peoples statements are that the youth centres are arenas for boys which girls are allowed to join on the condition that they do what the boys want to do.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Gender, adolescence, social constructivism, normative femininity, hegemonic masculinity, power relations       </p> / <p>Syftet med studien var att utifrån en grupp tjejers och killars beskrivningar av och uppfattningar om samspelet med andra ungdomar, personal och fritidsgårdens miljö belysa hur det sociala könet konstrueras och upprätthålls vid en fritidsgård. I vår studie har vi valt att analysera fenomenet utifrån ett intersektionellt perspektiv. Förutom kön, har vi också använt social klass som analytisk kategori.</p><p>Vår teoretiska utgångspunkt har varit socialkonstruktivism. Att kön inte enbart är en biologisk konstruktion utan också något socialt konstruerat av människor. Vi <em>gör</em> kön!</p><p>Ungdomarna i studien förklarade skillnaderna mellan tjejer och killar ur ett essentialistiskt perspektiv. Till exempel att killar är mer omogna än tjejer och att tjejer är mer lydiga än killar. Ungdomarna förklarade också att tjejer och killar var jämställda på fritidsgården. Tjejerna upplever att de gör samma saker på fritidsgården, som vad killarna gör. Killarna tycker att <em>”det är roligt när tjejer vill göra det vi vill göra”.</em> Samtidigt som killarna säger att de inte vill göra det tjejerna vill göra. Vår tolkning är att fritidsgården är en arena konstruerad för killar där tjejer gärna får vara med under förutsättningen att de vill göra det killarna vill göra.   <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Nyckelord: </strong>Kön, ungdomar, fritidsgård, socialkonstruktivism, normativ femininitet och hegemonisk maskulinitet, maktrelationer</p>

The aim of this study was; from a group of boys and girls description and interpretation of interaction with other young people, personnel and the environment of the youth centre illuminate how the social gender are constructed and maintained at the youth centre. In this study we have tried to analyse the phenomena from an intersectionalistic perspective. Except gender, the analytic category social class have been tried to capture. Our theoretical standing point is social constructivism. Institutionalized structures in our society are constructed by humans, gender is not only a biological construction it is also a man created construction. We are “doing gender”. The young people in our study tend to explain the differences between boys and girls through an essentialistic point of view. For example they explain that boys are more immature and girls are more obedient by cause of nature. The young people also experience that boys and girls are equal at the youth centre. The girls express that they do the same things that boys do in the youth centre. The boys tell it like this; “It’s nice when girls want to do what we like to do”. At the same time they say that they are not interested in joining the girls in what they like to do.  Our comprehension of the young peoples statements are that the youth centres are arenas for boys which girls are allowed to join on the condition that they do what the boys want to do. Keywords: Gender, adolescence, social constructivism, normative femininity, hegemonic masculinity, power relations / Syftet med studien var att utifrån en grupp tjejers och killars beskrivningar av och uppfattningar om samspelet med andra ungdomar, personal och fritidsgårdens miljö belysa hur det sociala könet konstrueras och upprätthålls vid en fritidsgård. I vår studie har vi valt att analysera fenomenet utifrån ett intersektionellt perspektiv. Förutom kön, har vi också använt social klass som analytisk kategori. Vår teoretiska utgångspunkt har varit socialkonstruktivism. Att kön inte enbart är en biologisk konstruktion utan också något socialt konstruerat av människor. Vi gör kön! Ungdomarna i studien förklarade skillnaderna mellan tjejer och killar ur ett essentialistiskt perspektiv. Till exempel att killar är mer omogna än tjejer och att tjejer är mer lydiga än killar. Ungdomarna förklarade också att tjejer och killar var jämställda på fritidsgården. Tjejerna upplever att de gör samma saker på fritidsgården, som vad killarna gör. Killarna tycker att ”det är roligt när tjejer vill göra det vi vill göra”. Samtidigt som killarna säger att de inte vill göra det tjejerna vill göra. Vår tolkning är att fritidsgården är en arena konstruerad för killar där tjejer gärna får vara med under förutsättningen att de vill göra det killarna vill göra.   Nyckelord: Kön, ungdomar, fritidsgård, socialkonstruktivism, normativ femininitet och hegemonisk maskulinitet, maktrelationer

This paper attempts to illustrate a gap when it comes to the knowledge about unpaid volunteers in Swedish organisations. The person-oriented explanations of individual preferences when choosing an orientation in which to volunteer does not suffice to explain and enlighten the fact that there is a gender-based division that orientates women towards voluntary work within organisations with a social direction, while men tend to choose sports-oriented voluntary tasks. This illustrates a pattern that is common in society in general. Eight interviews including four women volunteering in socially oriented organisations and four men in sports-oriented organisations have been conducted. An attempt has been made to explain results from earlier research as well as the respondents reasoning about their voluntary work with gender related theories. The aim has been to situate individual choices of preference to a larger context that illustrates those as not completely individual but also as formations that makes a symphony with the general ideas about feminine and masculine qualities.

Experiential education has impacted many classrooms across the United States since its inception. Experiential learning, for this study, is defined as the process of learning by experiences. For this study a specific course at Texas A&M University was observed to identify the aspects of the course that directly impacted the students' transfer of knowledge. This study identifies the themes within the course that impacted the students over one year after the completion of the course. It describes the five themes that emerged from data collection as: the role of the instructor as facilitator, the student's role is active, learning by experiences, deep learning, and emotional connection. These themes were consistent with previous research on experiential learning. The findings in this study revealed that knowledge is transferred after deep learning occurs, and that reflection and intrinsic motivation are two contributing factors of knowledge transfer. This study found that an experiential learning based course is effective in promoting deep learning. Since the sole purpose of this course was to teach the students how to teach the content of experiential learning as well as how to use experimental education methods, this particular course was effective in promoting deep learning. In the future, researchers should continue to observe the higher retention levels due to reflection, and note its results in other disciplines. Reflection is believed to be the key ingredient in experiential learning that contributes to knowledge transfer and application.

這篇論文的基調大致如此，海德格認為現代性的病徵為何？這個病徵的病因為何？如何對症下藥？ 這三個答案分別是： 一 現代性的病徵為存有的遺忘所導致的計算性思維 二 這個病徵的病因則有二，遠因源於柏拉圖哲學展開後的兩千年形上學傳統，近因則是笛卡兒以來主體哲學的傳統。 三 如何對症下藥？海德格認為關鍵在於如何甩開主導性前理解的束縛，因而將目光轉向柏拉圖之前的先蘇時期，在那裡海德格找到了另一種理解存有的方式。 本篇論文大致依此一論理邏輯鋪展開來，而在最後一章裡說明海德格在返回先蘇時期的開端後所尋找到的出路，如何體現在他其他時期的系統論述當中。