This literature review combines findings from 13 separate empirical studies from 2016-2023 with the goal of examining ethnic discrimination in the housing market across OECD countries. This review aims to highlight the various discriminations, the amount of discrimination rates and the extent of ethnic discrimination in the housing market. The findings reveal consistent and accurate evidence of ethnic discriminations against ethnic minorities from real estate agents and landlords, manifested through fewer positive responses and higher rejection rates. These studies altogether prove that ethnic discrimination in the housing market persists despite initiatives to reduce discrimination. This review contributes to a deeper and a more comprehensive understanding of the subject.

Based on in-depth semi-structured interview data from 35 housing professionals, this study examines the question; why do social landlords evict their tenants. Drawing on the work of Pierre Bourdieu this study argues that by examining the relationship between objective and subjective positions, the false antinomy of structure/agency can be dissolved, providing a more heuristic understanding of eviction practices in the social rented housing sector. This relationship is captured in what Bourdieu (2000) calls ‘objectivity of the second order’, that is, the collective conventions, the shared norms and values, and the categories of perception which agents apply to the world. The argument put forward here is that, in order to understand evictions practices in their ‘totality’, it is necessary to move beyond social physics and social phenomenology by constructing, as the object of study, the relation between the two. Using Boltanski and Thevenot’s (1991) ‘economy of worth’ model, (itself a form of frame analysis), it is possible to capture an important aspect of this ‘objectivity of the second order’, via the frames through which housing professionals derive meaning from their work, providing access to an otherwise elusive aspect of qualitative enquiry. This research contributes new insights and analysis in the field of housing studies by adopting a comprehensively theoretical approach, which has not been applied to understanding evictions practices, thereby adding to existing knowledge. It also provides a detailed political sociology of why, despite the apparent contradictions, social landlords evict their tenants.

The dissertation is focused on the analysis of the institute of residential lease. At the beginning a brief historical progress of the legal regulations of the lease of the apartment is described with the reference to social circumstances which influenced it. Subsequently, attention is paid to the lease agreement as the legal reason for using an apartment. The dissertation deals also with the object of the lease agreement, i.e. with the apartment and its definition in the legal regulations, and also with the subjects of the lease agreement, i.e. with the landlord and the tenant. In the next part the dissertation describes rights and obligations of the contracting parties. A special chapter is dedicated to the rent, as one of the essential requirements of the lease agreement. Also the institutes of the subtenancy, passage of the lease of flat and exchange of the apartments are mentioned. Furthermore, the issue of the termination of the lease is elaborated in detail. The whole dissertation contains also important rulings of the courts and presents changes that will come into effect with new civil code.

This dissertation consists of five studies presented in seven essays. The overall objectives are to investigate the extent and consequences of competition on the rental housing market as well as the importance of national government policies for the substitute good, i.e. owner-occupied housing. However, each essay also has specific objectives. Due to the characteristics of the housing market, one should not expect competition to be very fierce. The market characteristics are, for instance, capital-intensive, complicated and time-consuming construction processes as well as a limited supply of land in many areas. In fact, firms have a lot to gain from colluding and to avoid e.g. price wars. It is therefore theoretically more likely that housing companies will engage in “functional” or “strategic” competition such as the quality of housing services. Essay I and IV analyze the unique municipal housing market in Sweden where apartment rents are determined by negotiations between the local municipal company and the local Union of Tenants. A regression analysis is applied on data from 30 municipalities. There was a strong correlation between apartment rents at local municipal markets and the level of “external” competition (measured by the price level on the market for single-family owner occupied housing), but not with “internal” competition (measured by the market share of the municipal housing company) or the capital expenditure of the municipal housing company (presumed to reflect historical construction and renovation costs for the apartments). The dissertation also investigates the consequences on rents (essay II) and on the quality of housing services (essay III) from a local Swedish municipal housing company selling a substantial part of its apartment stock (15-40 percent) and thereby theoretically creating more competition. These essays use a quasi-experimental methodology whereby the development of the housing market in a privatization town is compared with the development in a very similar comparison town. It is found that privatization has lead to lower rents in the short- and medium-term in six out of seven privatization towns. The development of the quality of housing services was more related to the performance of each individual company and not a specific category of companies. In essay V, these results are merged and developed further. Essay VI presents a wide range of policies available for governments wishing to increase access to home ownership for low-income households and thereby increasing the pressure on rental housing companies to reduce rents. A systematic overview of policies is provided based on the four distinct time periods of a typical ‘housing career’ of a household; i.e. down payment accumulation stage, transaction stage, ownership stage and selling stage. It is found that many policies are required to meet the specific and differing needs of households for governments wishing to encourage home ownership. Essay VII describes that home ownership rates have increased in almost all industrialized countries during the period from World War II until mid-1990s. The essay analyses the implications of government policies and some other factors (e.g. national wealth, income distribution) on home ownership rates in 13 industrialized countries during the period 1970﷓2000. A fixed-effect model is applied on a panel data set. The most important result is that a statistically significant and positive correlation between government support and home ownership rates was found although this is only a preliminary conclusion since data was scarce. / Avhandlingen består av fem studier presenterade i sju essäer. Den övergripande målsättningenär att undersöka konkurrensens omfattning och effekter på bostadshyresmarknaden samtbetydelsen av statliga stödsystem för substitutvaran till hyresbostäder, nämligen olika formerför bostadsägande. Varje essä har också specifika målsättningar.Inledningsvis så bör man inte förvänta sig omfattande konkurrens på bostadshyresmarknadenpga dess särdrag, exempelvis så är byggprocessen kapitalintensiv, kompliceradoch långsam och tillgången på mark är ytterst begränsad på flera delmarknader. I själva verketså har företagen mycket att vinna från att samarbeta och undvika tex priskrig. Teoretiskt så ärdet därför mer sannolikt att bostadsföretag ägnar sig åt ”funktionell” eller ”strategisk” konkurrenssom exempelvis kvaliteten på bostadstjänster.Essä I och IV analyserar konkurrensen på den unika svenska hyresmarknaden där bostadshyrorsätts i förhandlingar mellan det lokala allmännyttiga bostadsföretaget och hyresgästföreningen.Data från 30 kommuner analyseras med hjälp av regressionsanalys. Resultatetvisade en stark korrelation mellan hyresnivån i allmännyttans bostadsbestånd på kommunnivåoch ”extern” konkurrens från liknande ’produkter’ (motsvarande prisnivån på egnahem), meninte med ”intern” konkurrens från andra bostadsföretag (motsvarande allmännyttans marknadsandel)eller allmännyttans kapitalkostnader (som antas främst motsvara byggkostnadernaför lägenheterna).Avhandlingen undersöker även konsekvenserna på hyra (essä II) och kvalitet (essä III) frånen försäljning av en omfattande del (15-40%) av en allmännyttas bostadsbestånd. Teoretisktskapar detta mer konkurrens. Dessa essäer använder sig av en kvasi-experimentell metodikvarvid utvecklingen på en konkurrensutsatt bostadsmarknad i en tätort jämförs med utvecklingeni en annan snarlik tätort. Det visade sig att hyresnivån i sex av sju konkurrensutsattatätorter hade sjunkit på kort och medellång sikt. Däremot visade sig kvalitetsnivån främstvara beroende på den enskilda hyresvärden och inte på hyresvärdens kategori (privat ellerkommunal). Essä V slår samman dessa resultat och utvecklar materialet ytterligare.Essä VI diskuterar ett stort antal medel (eng ’policies’) för en statsmakt som önskar attgöra ägande av bostaden mer tillgängligt för låginkomstgrupper och därigenom bl a ökapressen på hyrorna på bostadsmarknaden. Medlen är systematiskt beskrivna i enlighet med defyra distinkta tidsperioderna för en ’typisk’ bostadskarriär; nämligen stadiet när kontantinsatseninsparas, överlåtelsestadiet, ägandestadiet och försäljningsstadiet. Studien visade attdet troligen behövs ett flertal medel för att möta hushållens specifika och skilda behov omman avser att uppmuntra hemägande.Essä VII beskriver att andelen som äger sin bostad har ökat i nästan samtliga industriländerfrån andra världskriget fram till mitten av 1990-talet. Essän analyserar konsekvenserna avmyndighetsstöd och flera andra faktorer (tex BNP-utveckling, inkomstfördelning) för andelenhushåll som äger sin bostad i 13 industriländer under perioden 1970-2000. En fix-effektmodell appliceras på ett paneldataset. Det främsta resultatet var att det fanns en statistisktsignifikant och positiv korrelation mellan andelen som äger sin bostad och omfattningen påmyndigheternas stöd. Resultatet är dock endast preliminärt då tillgången på data varbegränsad. / QC 20100831

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Martina Mikeszová : PHD DISSERTATION - HOUSING MARKET AND RISK OF HOMELESSNESS IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC. ABSTRACT The PhD dissertation focuses on the theme of loss of permanent housing together with the problematic of housing affordability in the Czech Republic. In the first part, the objective is to identify the types of households potentially at risk of being unable to afford housing since 2000, and to trace the development of regional differences in the percentage of at-risk households in the Czech Republic. In the regard to the end of deregulation process in recent years, the analysis of housing (un)affordability of "market" rent housing shows the possible social consequences of the process. Owing to the absence of useful aggregate data on incomes and expenditures for different household types in the regions of the Czech Republic, the alternative data sources and the simulation methodology for measuring housing affordability which combines available regional wage statistics and data on market rents were used. The results indicate that the general risk of being unable to afford rental housing and regional differences in housing affordability are both decreasing. Not only the stagnation of market rent growth related to the growth of household income is behind the development. The main reason is the fact that...

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T13:56:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarianaFB.pdf: 2544227 bytes, checksum: 4cce3a28f179a98110bbf0f2fcdab478 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-27 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Brazilian Housing policy has always promoted homeownership. In 1999, a new form of housing promotion was set up in the country with the PAR (Programa de Arrendamento Residencial, or residential rental programme). This is a sort of leasing, in which a right to buy is granted at the end of contract. Again, with this, the final objective is homeownership. This dissertation aims at further understanding the role of PAR in the wake of the country s housing policies of the post-BNH period, analysing the case of Jo?o Pessoa, capital city of Para?ba state. By focusing in the city, it has been possible to analyse also the impact of the programme in the dynamics of the city s urban development. Accordingly, the analysis of PAR seeks to understand the programme s operational aspects as well as its location, urban and architectural aspects. The operational aspects refer to how the programme is operated, considering the differences to the other housing programmes in the country. The urban and architectural aspects refer to location, typology and construction characteristics of housing estates produced under the scheme. This study gives a general view of the country s recent housing policy and programmes and the specific characteristics of PAR, observing also its impacts in the city development / A pol?tica habitacional brasileira caracteriza-se pela dissemina??o da ideologia da casa pr?pria. Em 1999, foi criada uma forma diferente de acesso ? moradia no pa?s, atrav?s do Programa de Arrendamento Residencial (PAR), que ? um arrendamento mercantil, ou leasing; no entanto, o novo programa continuou difundindo a ideologia da casa pr?pria, j? que, no final do contrato, ? dada ao arrendat?rio a op??o de compra. Este trabalho visa a compreender o papel do PAR no cen?rio das pol?ticas habitacionais, no per?odo p?s-BNH, por interm?dio de um estudo de caso na cidade de Jo?o Pessoa-PB. A partir da delimita??o da ?rea, foi poss?vel tamb?m estudar o programa em rela??o ? din?mica do crescimento urbano. Al?m disso, a an?lise do PAR foi dividida em duas vertentes anal?ticas: a primeira trata dos aspectos operacionais do programa; a outra ? voltada para os aspectos locacionais e arquitet?nicos das habita??es. Os aspectos operacionais se referem ? forma de funcionamento, considerando-se os elementos do PAR que o diferenciam dos demais programas de habita??o do pa?s. Os aspectos locacionais e arquitet?nicos se referem, respectivamente, ? localiza??o dos conjuntos no espa?o urbano e aos aspectos tipol?gicos e construtivos das moradias financiadas. Assim, torna-se poss?vel tra?ar o panorama da produ??o de conjuntos habitacionais e as caracter?sticas da produ??o promovida pelo PAR, observando-se suas especificidades e seus impactos na cidade

The focus of this research is crime in multi-unit rental structures, Specifically, apartment complexes. It seeks to identify management policies and environmental attributes that are associated with lower crime and police calls for service rates.

The thesis is focused on finding the level of rent in locations of Brno- Lesna, Bohunice, Bystrc, Slatina, Brno-center. The aim of this work to compare the level of rent of flats taking into account three different sizes, one room, two rooms and three rooms flats. The comparison is based on the size and locality of these flats. Moreover the author research various effects infuencing the level of the rent. The results are expressed in text and also graphically.

This diploma thesis examines market rents of flats in the town of Olomouc. It probes the condition of the local real-estate flat rent market and it assesses which factors affect the price the most. That is achieved on the basis of data of realized rents gathered via questionnaire and complemented with the supply real-estate prices. The data are sorted into four categories (1+1 a 1+k, 2+1 a 2+k, 3+1 a 3+k, 4+1 a 4+k) that are mutually compared and analyzed with textual, table and graphic output. In the theoretical part of this work, the research is supported with juridical and economical definitions, which appear on the real-estate flat market. The work then states the specifics of real-estate market and comments on the changes in the new civil code of law. It also gives a brief overview of the basics of the housing policy theory.