第一章緒論，介紹俱樂部財理論發展背景，並且定義俱樂部的正確範疇。第二章基于 個人效用函數相同之假定，以個體的觀點，用數學及幾何模型來探討說明俱樂部財的 最適提供條件及會員條件。第三章放寬個人效用函數相同之假定，而以整體經濟的觀 點，來探討分析比較與前章各項條件之異同。第四章則探討現存有關文獻的一些具爭 論性的觀點；並且評介歧視性俱樂部（discriminatary club ）與多財貨俱樂部（m- lti-product club）之模型。第五章則利用遊戲理論的觀點，來檢討俱樂部內及俱樂 部之間的穩定性問題。第六章結論，總結本文的觀點，並且提示未來可能研究之方向 。 本文研究的動機乃在于，俱樂部理論已蔚為經濟、財政理論之重要一環。其研究方法 結合福利經濟學、公共財政、遊戲理論。其本身可提供地方公共財、政治軍事聯盟、 公共事業定價．．．等之研究基礎，因此乃撰此文，期有助學術界瞭解俱樂部理論之 內涵。

消費社會的今日，歌迷俱樂部此社群認同意識的建立，以及流行音樂工業，尤其是唱片工業對於歌迷俱樂部有形與無形的影響。希望呈現歌迷俱樂部形成之後成員主動參與加上流行音樂工業的影響，歌迷俱樂部的認同所產生的愉悅，以及歌迷俱樂部對流行音樂工業的反抗。 本研究認為歌迷俱樂部的儀式成為儀式的原因即是其中有情感交流與意義的產生，都是經由歌迷俱樂部象徵物或行為來表示，並非直接說明或宣告。透過這些儀式，成員相互之間建立了言語所不能表達的情感，也透過這些儀式，歌迷俱樂部的社群認同可以更加鞏固。偶像歌手與這些儀式行為構成象徵物，最主要的目的在於歌迷俱樂部的成員想要獲得的象徵意義以及想要傳達的象徵意義。象徵性的意義經由社群的儀式行為，創造了可具體使歌迷結成俱樂部並生存的社會空間，俱樂部的成員分享對偶像歌手的共同信念，且對於歌手的標示與著迷，顯出其與主流文化即與其他不同歌手的歌迷俱樂部有所區別，此種群體認同的運作，使其建立此社群的次文化地位。 還有雖然歌迷俱樂部有選擇的自由，但歌迷俱樂部的社群認同形成，就是唱片工業劃定了選擇範圍，塑造出易於讓閱聽眾喜愛的歌手形象，運用媒體強化認同。歌迷俱樂部的社群為滿足成員的需求，也為了歌迷俱樂部的生存，不得不與唱片工業有所接觸，但又必須面對唱片工業營利為主的考量，常使歌迷俱樂部的幹部感到相當無奈。因為製造偶像歌手的流行音樂工業，乃依照閱聽眾喜愛的形象來塑造出來，基本上有許多相似之處。而當歌迷俱樂部選擇了某位歌手而成為其中一員之時，不只在意識型態上受到流行音樂工業所控制，也使得歌迷俱樂部的成員在行動上為了所喜愛的偶像歌手，必須與流行音樂工業配合與妥協，仍受制於流行音樂工業。 最後是歌手與歌迷俱樂部的會長或幹部的關係，以及歌手對待歌迷俱樂部成員的態度，會影響唱片公司對於歌迷俱樂部的方式。如果歌迷俱樂部的會長或幹部本身與歌手的私交很好，歌迷俱樂部的有些事務則無須透過唱片公司傳達，而是直接與歌手溝通，更有利於事務的推動。歌手如果較重視歌迷俱樂部的成員，也會使唱片公司比較重視歌迷俱樂部成員的需求，例如對歌迷俱樂部在活動上或經濟上的援助。歌迷俱樂部有足夠的組織性，使歌迷俱樂部可以更強大，應該就常常會有一些媒體報導此歌迷俱樂部。其實本研究發現大多數的歌迷俱樂部的組織性相當薄弱，有的空有組織之名卻無組織之實，有的甚至沒有組織性，因此難有產生任何力量抵抗流行音樂工業。當歌迷俱樂部具有組織性時，流行音樂工業較不敢忽視其影響力及傳播力。

張時飛. / 論文(哲學博士)--香港中文大學, 2001. / 參考文獻 (p. 338-366) / 中英文摘要. / Available also through the Internet via Dissertations & theses @ Chinese University of Hong Kong. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Zhang Shifei. / Lun wen (Zhe xue bo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2001. / Can kao wen xian (p. 338-366) / Zhong Ying wen zhai yao.

1948年5月，上海舉辦第七屆全中國運動會，臺灣首次組隊參賽即一鳴驚人，榮獲男子田徑總冠軍，同時更展現守秩序、法紀律、團結合作、服從裁判的運動精神。不論場內的運動實力和場外的運動風範，皆被大會評為「全國第一」。究其因，實肇基於日本統治期間致力發展體育運動所展現的成果。事實上，臺灣在日本統治之前，近代式體育運動僅在西洋勢力所及的範圍內施行，成效自是相當有限，迨至日治時期，乃藉由學校教育與社會體育兩大方向，開始全面性、普遍地提倡體育運動而獲致相當程度的發展成果。值是之故，本論文主旨即在探討日本統治下的臺灣，究竟為何／如何發展體育運動，以及有何成效。 本文係以當時臺灣地區運動員的競賽為主，包含內地人(日本人)、本島人(臺灣人)以及高砂族(原住民)，因為此三種族群皆是當時臺灣運動代表隊的組成份子，以做為主要的論述對象更能得知當時臺灣體育運動的發展情況。在論文內容方面，首先，從近代西洋體育運動的興起與發展談起，隨著歐美列強國力的擴張將其科技文明與生活形態傳至亞洲，再至日本明治維新前後追求改善國民體格而向學習歐美體育運動，而臺灣即在此時代背景之下被納為日本殖民地。其次，探討日治時期各界人士對於體育運動所提出的觀念看法，以說明發展體育運動的動機與目的。再次，討論推行體育運動的主要機構，主要著眼於人事、經費以及如何運作等方面，以瞭解是由哪些人／在什麼樣的時代背景之下／如何從事體育運動的發展。第四、討論臺灣運動選手參加各項運動競賽的成績表現，主要以全島性比賽，以及與鄰近的朝鮮、滿洲、日本、菲律賓等地的比賽成績作較，可大致明瞭臺灣的運動技術水準。第五、分析社會領導階層人士所從事的休閒運動，以考察當時是哪些休閒運動最受是有錢有閒階級的喜愛，並從中討論體育運動的發展概況。 經由本文的討論發現，日治時期體育運動的發展係在官方強力主導、民間配合實施之下進行推廣。其次，臺灣的體育組織是日本帝國體育組織在殖民地的分支機構，臺灣全島性的運動比賽成為日本全國性比賽的地方預選賽，臺灣優秀的運動選手與隊伍在島內勝出者即成為地區性代表隊，順理成章前往日本參加更高層級的比賽。此外，體育是現代教育不可偏廢的項目，不僅能改善個人體格發育，也有助促進健康衛生；同時，體育並非僅是單純的身體運動而已，有時亦被視為國力的象徵，發展體育運動有助陶冶國民性格和促進日臺融合。最後，隨著日本統治的時間漸久以及統治程度的強化，臺灣體育運動呈現日漸普及的趨勢，而另一方面，則漸帶有濃厚的日本色彩，甚至許多日式運動術語發至今仍是使用中的辭彙即是明證。至於日治時期臺灣體育運動的成績表現究竟如何呢？整體而言，不僅與殖民母國日本仍然相去甚遠，即便連同為殖民地的朝鮮、滿洲、菲律賓等地亦有所不及。然而，雖然未見日治時期臺灣運動選手與中國正面交手的紀錄，但從1948年的上海全國運動會成績可推知，日治臺灣體育運動的整體水準，似乎不在同時期的中國之下。 關鍵字：日治時期 臺灣 體育史 體育觀 武德會 體育俱樂部 臺灣體育獎勵會 臺灣體育協會 明治神宮體育大會 甲子園 網球 棒球 田徑 游泳 登山 馬術 高爾夫 / In May 1948, the 7th China Sports Game was held in Shanghai. The athletic performance of male track and field athletes amazed the world by winning the overall championship though it was the debut of Taiwan in this athletic event. These male athletes disciplined themselves, obeyed the rules, cooperated with one another, obeyed the referees’ orders, and exhibited good sportsmanship. Both their athletic performance and sportsmanship on the sports field or beyond sports field were ranked as “national champion” by the sponsor. Their great performance actually was the achievement from the devotion to developing athletic sports during Japanese Occupation Period. In fact, before the colonization of Japan, modern athletic sports in Taiwan were only practiced in few regions where foreigners aggregated and the effect of athletic performance was quite limited. The overall promotion of athletic sports was put into practice through school education and social sports activities until the Japanese Occupation Period and so was the great performance achieved at that time. The main purpose of this study is to investigate why and how the Japanese developed athletic sports in Taiwan and the effects. The research subjects were mainly the athletes at that time in Taiwan, including the Japanese, the Taiwanese, and the aboriginals (indigenous people) since these three groups were all members of sports representatives in Taiwan at that time. These subjects were investigated to find out about the development of athletic sports in Taiwan at that time. Firstly, the study probed into the rise and the development of modern western athletic sports. With the expansion of national powers of European countries and the U.S., their science, technology, and life styles were spread to Asia. Moreover, after Meiji Restoration, the Japanese started to put emphasis on improving their physique and hence learnt the western athletic sports. And Taiwan was colonized by Japan under this background. Secondly, it investigated the concepts and viewpoints on athletic sports proposed from all walks of life during Japanese Occupation Period to demonstrate the motives and purposes of athletic sport development. Thirdly, it investigated the major facilities responsible for promoting athletic sports from the aspects of personnel matters, funds, and the operation methods to understand who were involved, how they developed athletic sports, and under what kind of background were athletic sports developed. Fourthly, it investigated the performance of athletes in each kind of sports games, especially national games. The study also compared the athletic performance of Taiwan with that of nearby countries such as Korea, Manjou, Japan, and Philippine to understand the athletic level of Taiwan. Fifthly, it analyzed the leisure sports that the leaders of the society engaged in to explore the preferences of leisure sports of the rich at that time and further investigate the profile of athletic sports development. This study found that the development of athletic sports in Taiwan during Japanese Occupation Period was dominated by the government with the cooperation of non-government in promotion. The sports organizations in Taiwan were the colonial branches of sports organizations in Japanese Empire and the national sports competitions in Taiwan became local preliminaries of Japanese national competitions. The outstanding athletes in Taiwan and the winners of local preliminaries would become the local sports representatives to participate in competitions of higher level in Japan. In addition, the study found that physical education is indispensable in modern education, which not only improves the physical development of individuals but also improves health. Meanwhile, athletic sports ability not simply teaches a kind of physical movement and it is sometimes viewed as a symbol of national powers. The development of athletic sports helped cultivate the personality of people and improved the integration ethnic integration between Taiwan and Japan. With the increase of colonization time and the reinforcement of governance, the athletic sports in Taiwan gradually became more and more popular. On the other hand, it was found that the sports activities in Taiwan was greatly influenced by Japan and even the Japanese sports vocabularies are still used now in sports activities. As for the athletic performance of Taiwan during Japanese Occupation Period, as a whole, the athletic performance of Taiwan was better than Japan and other colonies of Japan, such as Korea, Manjou, and Philippine. Although the athletes in Taiwan during Japanese Occupation Period did not compete with the athletes of China, it could be inferred from their athletic performance that the overall level of athletic sports in Taiwan during Japanese Occupation Period was equivalent to that of China. Keywords: Japanese Occupation Period, Taiwan, sports history, viewpoint of sports, Dai-Nippon Butokukai, sports club, Taiwan sports sponsorship association, Taiwan sports association, Meigi-jingu Athletic Meet, Koshien, tennis, baseball, track and field, swimming, mountain climbing, equestrian, golf