本文旨在探討大一離家學生的分離個體化、社會支持與生活適應之關係。以台灣地區的公私立大學、科技大學與技術學院的759位大一離家學生為研究對象。本研究採用問卷調查法進行資料蒐集，所使用的研究工具為「心理分離量表」、「社會支持量表」，以及「大學生生活量表」。調查所得資料分別以描述統計、t檢定、皮爾森積差相關，以及二因子多變量變異數分析等統計方法進行處理。研究之主要發現如下：(1) 性別、是否第一次離家、不同回家頻率在分離個體化、社會支持與生活適應量表上部分有差異存在；(2) 離家大一學生的一般獨立與生活適應之間有顯著負相關，衝突獨立與生活適應之間則有顯著正相關；(3) 離家大一學生的社會支持對生活適應有主要效果存在；(4) 對離家大一女生而言，一般獨立與社會支持對社會適應程度有交互作用存在。 最後研究者根據本研究結果加以討論，並提出具體建議，以應用在諮商輔導與教育工作，並作為未來研究之參考。

本研究旨在探討大學女生「關係」的發展與轉變，為了能更貼近受訪者的主觀經驗、真實面貌，本研究採用質性研究中的現象學取向，並以深度訪談的資料蒐集方式，訪談兩位大學後期的女生，以深入瞭解「關係」對於青少年晚期女性個體化過程的影響，與過程中親子關係的歷程變化。 本研究發現，對於大學女生而言，良好的關係將會促使其朝向親密的人我關係發展，而她們的關係也將呈現出由「廣」變「窄」、由「淺」入「深」的變化。此外，相較於傳統個體化所強調的獨立自主，女性的個體化似乎意味著一種重視與他人的連結卻不會失去自己的親密關係，而透過「溫柔的發聲」--展現自己的能力在與父母理性地溝通、主動地關懷父母上，即在關係的滋養裡可以慢慢地發展出自我、並產生表達自己的行動能力，女性在關係中的此種發聲過程則可展現其動態「朝向親密」的歷程，這樣產生移動改變力量的過程似乎同時也是empowerment的展現。因此對大學女性來說，朝向親密似乎是在個體化外，另一條邁向成熟長大的路徑。 最後，根據本研究發現，提出反思與建議，以供實務工作者以及後續相關研究的參考。 關鍵字：大學女生、個體化、關係、質性研究 / The purpose of this research is to explore the development and transformation of female college students’ relationships. To further understand the participants’ subjective experiences and reality, the study adopts “phenomenology model” of qualitative research as its research method. Through the in-depth interviews with two female college students, the study tries to understand how 「relationships」 influence individualizations of female adolescents and how parent-child relationships change during the process. This research finds: for female college students, good relationships will prompt them to develop intimate self-other relationships. Besides, their relationships will arise from broad to narrow, from flat to deep. In addition, female individuation seems to imply that one can maintain a kind of intimate relationship that emphasizes the connection with others without losing oneself. The way participants express themselves in the relationships demonstrates the process of how they dynamically move toward intimacy, which at the same time is an expression of empowerment. That is to say, the participants gradually develop their selves and have the ability to express themselves through the nourishment in the relationships. Accordingly, for female college students, moving toward intimacy seems to be another way to reach maturity beside individuation. Finally, based on the findings of the study, several suggestions for guidance and further research are selected and provided. Keywords: female college students, individual, relationship, qualitative research method.

在這篇研究朵莉絲．萊辛＜暴力之子＞系列第五冊＜四門之城＞裡空間和心靈互動關係的論文中，筆者所要探討的主題有二，第一點旨在分析作者如何透過空間意象呈現角色的內在心理狀態；第二點所要探討的是主角在城市空間和建築空間中的漫遊如何象徵其對心靈統合的追尋。以空間和心靈間的互動關係為主軸，筆者認為空間意象乃是內在心靈活動和外在環境刺激的語言化結晶，而空間意象所呈現的將不只是外在的物理表象更包含了小說人物的內在心理實態。於是本論文試圖以空間意象出發，探討如何以此些意象和容格的個體化理論說明主角的心靈旅行。 第一章，我將分析都市空間的主要兩個意象，疆界(boundary)與層疊漫渙(palimpsest)，以及主角瑪莎與心理原型面具(the archetype persona)的遭逢。在此我將探討主角作為一個城市的觀察者和批判者如何察覺那些可見或不可見分隔都市空間的疆界。同時也將說明主角在面對面具原型時如何解決內在退縮和成長的衝突。在下兩章，我將討論兩個建築空間和主角內在心靈的關係。首先，在傑克的房子裡，主角探索記憶和身體的連結並初探被深深壓抑的自我仇恨。其後，在科利奇的豪宅，主角則把自我狀態從防衛性的貝殼意象轉化為開放空間裡的流動中心點。同時，主角亦透過潛入瘋狂和內在暗影(the archetype shadow)的經驗，習得如何面對暗影與探掘其心靈的潛意識。 / In this study of Doris Lessing’s fifth and final volume of her Children of Violence series, The Four-Gated City, I would like to explore how the spatial imagery illustrates the inner landscape of the protagonist and how the protagonist’s wandering journey in the urban and architectural space symbolizes her inner quest for psychic integration. With an emphasis on the interchange between space and psyche, the spatial imagery is read as linguistic crystallization of psychic activities and environmental stimuli, which mirrors not only the physical appearance of the surroundings but also the psychological reality of the characters. As a result, with this spatial imagery as point of departure, I will also employ Jung’s individuation theory to account for the protagonist’s psychic journey. In the first chapter, I examine the two major urban spatial images, the boundary and palimpsest, and Martha’s encounter with the archetype persona. In this part, I would like to present the protagonist, Martha Quest, as an astute city observer and critic, who perceives the visible and invisible boundaries demarcating the urban space. I will also explicate how Martha is brought to confront the archetype persona and resolves the tension between regressive impulse and inner urge for growth. In the following two chapters, I will probe into how two architectures symbolize Martha’s intrapsychic space. In Jack’s house, Martha explores the nexus of body and memory and intimates the repressed self-hater. In Coldridge’s grand mansion she transforms her self-image from a defensive “shell” into a circulating center in a fluid open space. Then, in a symbolic descent to the madness and the inner shadow, Martha learns to confront the inner shadow and explore this unconscious aspect of her psyche.

本研究旨在檢證雙元自主性模型中自主能力與情境操弄對訊息區辨表現的範疇優勢性運作機制；並為了排除過去系列相關研究結果可能受到共同方法變異偏誤所造成的效度威脅，本研究採取訊息區辨表現作為非自陳式效標變項，重新檢證雙元自主性模型的各項主張觀點。 本文共包含兩個研究，研究一經由811位台灣北部與南部的高中職三年級學生，以班級作為單位進行團體施測，測量其個體化與關係雙元自主能力，並透過情境中強調不同適應訴求的操弄，探討雙元自主能力與情境操弄對訊息區辨表現的共同作用效果，以重複檢證雙元自主性模型中對（1）雙元自主能力可以共存，以及（2）不同自主能力各具有範疇優勢性的兩項主張觀點。研究一結果發現：個體化自主與關係自主兩種能力之間具有中度的正相關，再次支持雙元自主取向能力可以相互共存的主張觀點；但兩種自主能力彼此間仍具有可區辨的關聯效度，其中個體化自主能力主要作用於個人範疇的訊息區辨表現上，而關係自主能力主要作用於人際範疇訊息區辨表現上。另外也發現與區辨訊息範疇一致的情境操弄，相較於不一致的情境操弄或是不給予情境操弄，能強化範疇優勢性的作用效果。 為強化研究一的結果，研究二針對研究一的研究限制改善情境操弄的工具與訊息區辨作業，並以台灣北部大學生作為研究對象，其中61位雙元自主能力皆高的雙高組受試者，以及63位雙元自主能力皆低的雙低組受試者。分別邀請至實驗室進行個別的電腦施測，並透過情境脈絡中強調不同適應需求的操弄，再次探討雙元自主能力對訊息區辨表現的範疇優勢性運作機制，結果發現：首先，相對於雙低組，雙高組受試者在個人範疇與人際範疇的訊息區辨表現都比較好，重複檢證雙元自主能力對於訊息區辨的作用效果；其次，相較於不一致的情境操弄或是不給予情境操弄，與區辨訊息範疇一致的情境促發能提升個人範疇與人際範疇的訊息區辨表現。並且發現情境操弄的效果主要作用於發展出高度雙元自主能力的雙高組受試者，在雙低組受試者身上不同的情境操弄則沒有差異，不僅反映出雙元自主能力與情境操弄對訊息區辨表現的共同作用效果，並且重複地驗證雙元自主性模型中共存的理論觀點以及本研究對雙元自主性範疇優勢的運作機制推論。 本文並依據研究發現提出各項討論，論述雙元自主性模型與過去相關文獻與實徵發現的異同。像是（1）該模型採取適應能力的觀點重新詮釋自主性的多元發展取向，進行一系列的實徵研究並且獲得支持的研究結果；（2）採取情境與性格交互運作的系統觀點，說明雙元自主能力的共存與範疇優勢性動態機制；（3）透過非自陳式的訊息區辨表現杜絕共同方法變異的可能威脅，重複檢證該模型的各項理論觀點以及本研究的推論假設；（4）最後針對研究中各項不符合預期的結果提出合理解釋，並且說明未來值得繼續深入探討的相關議題。 / This article has two main goals about verifying the ideas of the Dual Autonomy Model (Yeh & Yang, 2006; Yeh, Bedford, & Yang, 2007; Yeh, Liu, Huang, & Yang, 2007). The first is testing the collective effect of dual autonomy and situational operation on message discernment to support the processing mechanism of the domain superiority hypothesis. The second is using the message discernments as performance criteria variable to prevent the common method variance bias and replicate the each hypotheses of dual autonomy. In study 1, 811 senior high school students from north and south of Taiwan as participants were asked to complete a group-survey in their classrooms. A medium correlation between individuating autonomy (IA) and relating autonomy (RA) replicates the coexistence hypothesis. It was also found a distinguishable criterion-validity confirms the domain superiority hypothesis that IA was greater associated with personal domain message discernment but RA was greater associated with interpersonal domain message discernment. This effect of domain superiority was enhanced only under the congruous situational operation condition, shows the collective effect of situation and autonomy capacity that verifies the processing mechanism of domain superiority. For strengthening the result of study 1, study 2 improves the situational operation materials and the message discernment tasks. 61 college students whose dual autonomy both are higher and 63 college students whose dual autonomy both are lower were recruited as participants for study 2 from school in north of Taiwan. They were invited to a small room separately and asked to complete all of the materials and tasks that were presented on computer. The participants with higher dual autonomy have better message discernments of both domains than the participants with lower dual autonomy, replicates the effect of dual autonomy on message discernments. The congruous situational operation produced greater message discriminations than incongruous or none situational operation. This situational effect was only significant on the participants with higher dual autonomy, shows the collective effect of situation and autonomy capacity, confirms the coexist of dual autonomy, and also verifies the processing mechanism of domain superiority. These results and limitations of these two studies, comparison with the past findings, and considerations for future research are discussed.