國防與國家安全息息相關，更與每位國民的安危禍福密不可分，因此，現代國防就是全民國防，若能獲得越多民眾的關心與支持，國防基礎就越能鞏固。「全民國防」是軍民一體、文武合一、有形戰力與無形心防合一的總體國防力量展現，不僅應考量制度面的健全與觀念普及，更須深思如何與民生相結合，以落實全民國防，達到「全民關注、全民支持、全民參與」的目標，激發國人愛國、衛國情操，堅定對國軍建軍備戰工作的信心，厚植國防安全基礎。 「全民國防」是提升一個國家自我防衛能量，確保國家安全的務實理念，也是全民參與、全民信賴、總體防衛的國防。由於現代戰爭已非單純的武力戰，而是國家整體力量的綜合展現，勝負關鍵取決於全民支援軍事作戰的能力與意志，如何持續強化全民國防教育，凝聚軍民抗敵意志，有效嚇阻敵人進犯野心，實為全民應共同正視的重要課題。本文旨在從兩岸全民國防教育相關法令規章及實施現況中，檢視並比較兩岸全民國防教育的機制，嘗試提出我國推展全民國防教育之相應措施，審視我國全民國防教育之優劣得失為何，並提出具體建議，俾提供政府、學校及軍事單位之參考。 / National Defense is closely related to national security and countrymen’s lives as well. So, modern defense is definitely all-out defense. The more supports people give, the more stable the defense foundation will be. All-out defense displays the total defense of each effort coming from the military and civilian, and the visible and invisible forces. We should not consider the system and thoughts only, but ponder how to combine it with the people’s livelihood to fulfill all-out defense, reach the goal of “getting the whole people’s attention, support, and participation”, inspire patriotism, and enhance the defense foundation. “All-out defense” is practical belief to promote self-defense ability and total defense involved and trusted by the whole people. Since modern wars are not simply forces combat, they are countries’ whole power integrated performance. The ability and will from the whole people decide the war result. How to continually enhance the all-out defense education is truly an important issue for all people. The thesis attempts to promote practical measures for the related units’ reference and inspects the pros and cons of our all-out defense in the current rules and status between the two sides of the Taiwan Straits.

本文論述之主題為「高中職軍訓制度」，自99學年度起，高中職校「國防通識」正式更名為「全民國防教育」課程，至此軍訓制度改革將進入嶄新的階段。全文分三部份：首先，以「文武合一」的核心概念來觀察審視中華文化與六藝教育，說明軍訓制度的「精神」、「內容」及其「形成」，先從古代生存需要及文化思想來掌握此一制度的發生情形，作為論述高中職軍訓制度的背景說明。其次，以「軍訓教育之現況」為概念，就「制度」和「功能」這兩部份加以論說，其目的欲藉由不同時期軍訓教育的不同面貌，「導向」到「全民國防教育」本身，來論說高中職軍訓制度的發展軸線，從早期「反共復國」轉向「校園安全」及「生活輔導」，突顯出軍訓教育存在校園的意義及改變。最後則是軍訓制度改革的問題，說明現階段全民國防教育的挑戰，另一說明軍訓教育制度須具備明確法源依據，實有其必要性，而此一必要性正是軍訓教育制度在長期定位模糊下所產生的諸多問題仍未解決。希冀透過以上的論述，描繪出具有「轉折」的我國高中職軍訓制度樣貌。 關鍵詞：學生軍訓、國防通識、全民國防、文武合一教育

全民國防是21世紀世界各國國防發展的主軸，也是檢驗一個國家一旦面臨外患時，能否經得起戰爭考驗的必要機制。國防建設與發展一向是走在國家建設事務之先，因此，愈是先進的國家，愈是重視國防建設；愈是面臨戰爭與生存威脅的國家，「全民國防」的共識與行動愈顯重要。本文旨在探討中國民國《全民國防教育法》立法的動機與過程，以及其正式施行迄今，在整體執行規劃與成效是否尚有精進或強化之空間，並就研究心得，提出後續規劃修法建議，期使「全民國防教育」之推展更臻完善，以建立其國人具有全民防衛意識的國防認知與決心，維護國家安全。 / All-out defense is the core development of national in 21st century for countries throughout the world. It is also an essential mechanism to examine whether a country can stand up to war while facing intruding enemies. Construction and development of national defense usually precede the affairs of domestic construction. Therefore, the more advanced a country is, the more they will value the construction of national defense; the more a country is threatened by war and survival, the more important it becomes to have the consensus and acts of national defense. The objective of the paper aims to discuss the legislative motive and process of all-out defense education of the Republic of China. It addresses whether there is space for advancing or strengthening in executive planning and effectiveness as a whole. The research outcome suggests the revision of subsequent planning which expects to promote better development of all-out defense education and thereby civilians build the awareness and determination of national defense in support of maintaining national security.

「全民國防」不僅是一種戰略、一種公民教育，也是全方位、全民參與及全民防衛的國防，從國家安全共識的整合、戰略文化的建立，均有賴全民國防理念的推廣。我國全民國防的實施，在執行架構上具有三個核心，即以憲政建設為基礎、以經濟建設為後盾、以心理建設為動力；此外，我國全民國防具備五個特色：一、從「人」來看：沒有軍人與非軍人的區別；二、從「事」來看：沒有戰爭與非戰爭的區別；三、從「時」來看：沒有戰時與非戰時的區別；四、從「地」來看：沒有戰場與非戰場的區別；五、從「物」來看：沒有武器與非武器的區別。結合以上全民國防三個核心觀念及特色，即能建構共同的全民國防意識。 作為一個以「國家安全」為主體的國防通識教育，面臨國際情勢的變遷及中共的武力威脅，勢必需要有一個新的面貌呈現。全民國防戰略層次中之國防通識教育，旨在培養兼具國防共識與國防知能的「國防人」，且要能結合學校的學術發展，配合各項國家安全需要，充實國防力量，完成全民國防之理想。從國防通識教育與國家安全、全民精神總動員、國防人力資源的建構、國防科技等層面，我們了解國防通識教育在國家總體戰略上的重要性；由國防通識教育落實全民國防理念、培育學校學生品德教育、精神教育及學校「青年動員服勤計畫」的推展執行，不難發現國防通識教育在「全民國防」中扮演的角色與功能。 / “National Defense for All the People” is not only a strategy, a kind of civic education, but also one which requires the participation and defense of all the people. The promotion of national defense concept is what matters the most from the conformity of national security recognition to the establishment of strategic culture. The implementation of national defense in our country has three cores on the execution construction: the constitutional construction as the foundation, the economic development as the backup, and the psychological construction as the power. In addition, there are five characteristics in our country’s national defense: 1.From "the people" – It does not have the difference between soldiers and non-soldiers. 2.From "the matter" – It does not have the difference between war and non-war. 3.From "the time" – It does not have the difference between wartime and non-wartime. 4.From "the place" – It does not have the difference between battlefield and non-battlefield. 5.From "the object" – It does not have the difference between weapon and non-weapon. If we combine the three cores and the characteristics of our national defense, we can construct the national defense consciousness among all people. As a general education in national defense based on national security, in the face of international circumstance vicissitude and Chinese Communist Party's threat in force, it inevitably will need some new appearance to be presented. The general education in national defense in terms of national defense strategy level is to cultivate the “National Defense People,” who possess both national defense recognition and national defense knowledge in addition to uniting the academic development in the schools, coordinating every need of national security, fulfilling the capability in national defense, and completing the ideal of national defense for all people. From the dimensions of constructing general education in national defense with national security, total mobilization of all the people, construction of the national defense human resources, and national defense science and technology, we realize the importance of general education in national defense in terms of our national overall strategy. The role and function of the general education in national defense performed in "national defense for all the people" are not hard to find among the realization of the general education for all the people, the cultivation of school students’ moral education and character guidance, along with the promotion and execution of “Service and Mobilization of the Youth.”