本論文希望透過股權分散的變化，來預測下週或是下月的股價報酬率。因為，假設流通在外股數不變下，當股份從眾多持有少量股票的散戶，集中至持有大量股票的大股東或法人時，集保總人數會下降。而我們認為可以透過觀察集保總人數的變動率，來推測法人及大戶整題而言對該股票的預期方向，因為交易往往伴隨著成本，假設投資人為理性下，法人及大戶會買進或賣出股票往往是因資訊的流入，使得他們認為需要調整持股部位。 透過迴歸模型中的普通最小平方法，當週集保人數減少1%，下週股價報酬率平均而言顯著上升0.055%，年化後的報酬率為2.86%。而當月集保人數減少1%，下個月股價報酬率平均而言顯著上升0.074%，年化後的報酬率為0.89%。由上述結果，可以推斷集保總人數的變化，在統計上會顯著影響下週或下月的股價報酬率。另外，欲瞭解此指標是否適用於所有產業，發現使用上需避開造紙工業及資訊服務業，因該產業之迴歸分析結果為顯著正相關，無法與原先的假設推斷一致。 / Several researches discuss the predictability of the movement of institutional investors and major shareholders because they probably have better ability to analyze the stock or to gather relevant information. However, it is difficult to observe what they are doing especially major shareholder that don’t have obligation to disclose their holding rate. As a result, we wonder if the change in shareholders’ number implies the view of major players in stock markets. The empirical result demonstrates that decrease in shareholders’ number accompanied by positive stock return next period in a significant level which is in accordance with the economic intuition that we suppose the total number of shareholders could reflect the transition of stock shares from many individual investors to some major shareholders. Furthermore, there are systematic cross-industrial differences in the stock return reactions to the prior change of shareholders’ number. In spite of that, all of the industries with negative relationship reach significant level but the industries with positive relationship don’t.

本研究從風險分散的角度，探討近年來廣為討論的準被動式指數策略(Quasi-passive index strategy)，其中挑選三大投資組合策略--等權重(Equal Weighted Portfolio, EW)、風險平價(Naïve Risk Parity Portfolio, RP)、相關性極小化(Minimum Correlation Portfolio, MCP)，實證應用於元大台灣卓越50ETF，回測基準時間從2004年1月5日起至2016年12月30日止，共計13年。在實證分析中，除了探討一般的投資組合績效結果外，文中也進一步比較文獻回顧中各式風險分散測度指標，其中包含(1)風險分散比率(Diversification Ratio, DR)、(2)集中度比率(Concentration Ratio, CR)、(3)波動性加權平均相關性(Volatility-weighted Average Correlation)、(4)赫芬戴爾指數(Herfindahl Index, Index)等對各種策略的控制成效。 本研究的實證結果如下: 相關性極小化投資組合策略(MCP)在元大台灣卓越50ETF的實證應用下，雖然成分股集中配置於某特定產業類股(即集中度比率、赫芬戴爾比率相對較高)，但本策略透過「波動性加權平均相關性」顯著且有效的控制，使得成對資產的相關性極小化，最終達成風險分散的投資目標。 / This article discusses the recently most popular “Quasi-passive index strategy”, especially from risk diversification aspect. We select three major portfolio strategies, including Equal Weighted Portfolio (EW), Naïve Risk Parity Portfolio (RP), and Minimum Correlation Portfolio (MCP), and apply all of three to the Yuanta/ P-shares Taiwan Top 50 ETF in Taiwan. The back-test period of the strategy is from January 5th, 2004, to December 30th, 2016 (around 13 years). In the empirical analysis, we not only compare the performance and risk of different strategies, but also focus on a variety of the measurement of diversification, such as Diversification Ratio (DR), Concentration Ratio (CR), Volatility-weighted Average Correlation (ρ), and Herfindahl Index (HI), all of which can quantify the degree of diversification control. In the empirical result, we find that Minimum Correlation Portfolio (MCP), applied in the Yuanta/ P-shares Taiwan Top 50 ETF, will allocate highly concentrated on some specific industry (equivalently high CR and high HI). However, this strategy significantly and efficiently controls the factor of “Volatility-weighted Average Correlation (ρ)”. Therefore, MCP can minimize the coefficient correlation between each pair asset and achieve the goal of risk diversification.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第23353号 / 地環博第211号 / 新制||地環||40(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎環境マネジメント専攻 / (主査)教授 勝見 武, 教授 三村 衛, 准教授 高井 敦史 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第18103号 / 理博第3981号 / 新制||理||1574(附属図書館) / 30961 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 疋田 努, 准教授 本川 雅治, 准教授 森 哲 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第20696号 / 工博第4393号 / 新制||工||1682(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科建築学専攻 / (主査)教授 原田 和典, 教授 小椋 大輔, 教授 神吉 紀世子 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第21067号 / 工博第4431号 / 新制||工||1689(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科建築学専攻 / (主査)教授 金子 佳生, 教授 竹脇 出, 教授 西山 峰広 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第22078号 / 農博第2370号 / 新制||農||1072(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R1||N5232(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 山下 洋, 教授 吉田 天士, 准教授 益田 玲爾 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

本研究透過不同股權結構來探討傳統代理問題與核心代理問題對於研發支出投入程度之影響。 本研究將具有金字塔結構或交叉持股結構之企業分類為股權集中之企業，而將不具有金字塔結構或交叉持股結構之企業分類為股權分散之企業。實證分析顯示，在股權分散情況下，傳統代理問題的降低有助於研發支出之提升。其中，董事長兼任總經理、經理人持股比率、董監事持股比率、大股東持股比率、法人持股比率及獨立董事席次比率皆對研發支出之投入有正相關影響。在股權集中情況下，核心代理問題的降低也有助於研發支出之投入。 此外，相較於股權分散之企業，股權集中之企業有著較高的研發支出投入，代表股權集中之企業較有辦法投入較多資源於研發支出上。而透過交乘項之實證分析後，發現相對於股權集中之企業，若股權分散之企業的傳統代理問題能降低，那麼會更有效地提高研發支出以提升企業經營績效。同理也得知，在相對於股權分散之企業，股權集中之企業之核心代理問題若能降低，那麼會更有效地提高研發支出以提升公司價值。 / Based on ownership structures, this study investigates the effects of type I and type II agency problem on R&D expenses for innovation investments. This study classifies both pyramid ownership structure and cross-holding ownership structure as ownership-concentrated structure while others ownership-dispersed structure. The empirical results indicate that under ownership-dispersed structure, the reduction in type I agency problems increases research and development (R&D) expenses in innovation investments. The ways that reduce type I agency problem and boost innovation investments include CEO duality, executive ownership, corporate ownership, block ownership, institutional ownership, and the percentage of board seats held by independent directors. Under the case of ownership-concentrated structure, reduction in type II agency problems lead to increase in R&D expenses for innovation investments. Moreover, comparing with ownership dispersed firms, the ownership concentrated firms spend more in R&D expenses. However, if the dispersed ownership firms can decrease type I agency problems then they spend more in R&D relative to the ownership concentrated firms. By the same token, comparing with ownership-dispersed firms, the reduction in type II agency problems of ownership-concentrated firms will more effectively increase R&D expenses to raise the company value.

住宅市場是典型的不完全訊息市場，每個市場參與者並不知道潛在交易對象的所在位置、偏好，與保留價格。不完全訊息意涵著，交易者必須透過搜尋才能找到交易對象，因而必須支付搜尋成本，也會形成搜尋市場。不論是住宅交易的買方或者賣方，都可以選擇是自行搜尋交易對象，或者透過仲介業者來協助交易的達成。然而，仲介業者對於住宅搜尋市場之影響，目前仍存在著許多問題是尚待釐清的，而拍賣市場在台灣所扮演的重要性愈來愈高，其市場機制的價格效果也是值得關注的問題： 一、跨區購屋、定錨行為與仲介服務效果 買賣房屋幾乎必然會有議價過程，雙方的議價能力除了受到市場條件的影響外，賣方對於本身所蓋或者所擁有的房屋及附近地區市場等資訊都較買方為多，因此賣方處於較有利的地位。因此，本研究的第一個研究問題即是：就購屋者彼此之間，在地購屋者是否比跨區購屋者具有訊息優勢？參考價格偏誤是否存在？具有訊息優勢的仲介服務能否改善購屋者的搜尋成本與參考價格偏誤？本研究實證結果顯示，基於搜尋成本較高的原因，跨鄉鎮市區的跨區購屋者相對於未跨區者需要多支付3.8%的價格貼水。其次，參考價格愈高的地區，其購屋者會因為定錨效果或參考點偏誤而多支付1%的價格貼水，此外，高價格分配信念的購屋者，平均會支付4.9%的價格貼水。第三，地價上漲率較高地區的購屋者，會誤用自身地區的外推性預期，以為遷入地區也有同等的價格增值空間，而多支付約11.4%的價格貼水。最後，購屋者若尋求仲介服務亦能改善其出價能力，約可降低2.9%的價格貼水，然而，仲介服務在改善搜尋成本與定錨的效果方面則不顯著。 二、仲介服務對於價格分散之影響 本研究利用搜尋成本與價格分散的觀點，檢視具有訊息優勢的仲介服務業者是否真能提高住宅市場的價格搜尋效率。以台北地區的住宅市場資料，指出仲介服務的存在的確可以提高購屋者的搜尋能力。價格分散的估計與檢定結果則顯示：第一，購屋者成交價價格分散小於訂價價格分散；第二，透過仲介服務搜尋者訂價價格分散未顯著異於自行搜尋者的訂價價格分散，可是透過仲介服務搜尋者的成交價價格分散則顯著小於自行搜尋者的成交價價格分散，同時透過仲介服務的價格收斂比率較高。此乃表示，仲介服務業者並未運用其訊息優勢協助賣方進行較有效率的訂價，但是能有效地協助買賣雙方透過配對與議價活動，大幅地降低成交價的價格分散程度。此外，進一步比較國內相關研究結果，目前台北市的住宅市場訊息效率已較過去有顯著的改善，特別是透過仲介服務的改善效果更為明顯。 三、不對稱的仲介服務價格效果 過去有關仲介服務對於交易價格影響的實證結果卻出現許多分歧而不一致的現象，本研究認為過去相關文獻的差異，可能源自以普通最小平方迴歸的方式來估計仲介服務的價格效果時，會忽略住宅價格條件分配的差異。以分量迴歸估計後發現，仲介服務係數在各價格分量呈現很大的差異且顯著，仲介服務的價格效果，在0.10分量約有4.4%的溢價，而 0.75分量以上則約有-5.6%的折價現象。因此，本研究嘗試以高低價格分量的不對稱訂價策略，作為仲介服務價格效果不一致的現象的檢視觀點，並得到實證上的支持。 四、搜尋與拍賣市場機制選擇及拍賣市場績效之再檢視 拍賣市場為購屋者的重要次級市場之一，因此拍賣市場的績效就顯得愈來愈重要。本研究考慮了購屋者的搜尋成本對於市場機制自我選擇偏誤的影響，重新檢視拍賣市場的績效。本研究實證結果顯示，在未考慮自我選擇偏誤下，拍賣市場機制的估計係數為-22.6%，且達1%統計顯著水準。但是，在控制買方與物件的自我選擇偏誤後，我國拍賣市場與搜尋市場間並無顯著的價格差異存在，因而本研究對於過去國內相關文獻認為拍賣市場一定比搜尋市場折價較多的說法，提出了相當的質疑。惟此三年間我國北部地區拍賣市場的拍定率從10%快速成長到30%，而市場條件的快速變化，很可能會造成較大的拍賣價格變異。因此在後續研究上，可以比較拍定率差異較大的時間進行比較研究，以了解本研究結果之穩定度。 / This dissertation employs search theory and behavior theory to study four relative essays. The first essay is to test three questions using a unique data base in the viewpoint of search cost and Anchoring behavior: First, is there anchoring effect or reference price bias on home-purchasing behavior? Second, is there any extrapolative expectation effect of reference price change on homebuyers? Third, can homebuyers reduce price premium from their high search cost or perceived bias? Those answers can help us understand if we can get alternative interpretation to housing price dispersion and if government should provide housing information service. Empirically, we find that out-of-town/district buyers pay a statistically significant price premium in the Taipei area. We also find some evidence consistent with the price premium being driven by high search costs, anchoring effect and extrapolative expectation from heuristics. Finally, homebuyers can lower price premium through real estate brokers in the market. The second essay is to examine the efficiency of housing and brokerage markets in view of price dispersion. We find brokerage service enhance the search ability of homebuyers. We use listing price prices as the prices before search and the actual transaction prices as the price after search, and we also separate the sample into search by homebuyers and search by broker. We find that search by broker decreases the price dispersion compared to search by homebuyers. The third essay is try to explain a number of past and recent studies provided conflicting empirical answers to the effect of real estate brokerage service on housing price. We employ quantile regression to capture the behavior at each quantile of conditional house price distribution and to test the asymmetric effects of brokerage service. An important findings of this paper is that the price effects of real estate brokerage service are significant heterogeneous across the conditional price distribution. The contribution of this paper to the prior literature is to provide empirical evidence by showing that broker might have a positive, negative, or zero impact on the housing prices. The final essay is to discuss the decision making behavior of housing markets mechanism choice. Real estate auction market has been one of main market mechanisms of home purchase. Therefore, the performance of real estate auctions is a very important issue. This article reviews the price premium or discount of real estate auctions by correcting the self-selectivity bias in a view of homebuyers’ search cost. The empirical result shows that the availability of an auction as an alternative has the result of high search cost buyers attending auctions. Next, after accounting for the endogenous nature of this choice and controlling for property and buyer characteristics, prices of properties sold at auction were not lower than those of comparable properties sold in a search market. It is questionable to say the performance of real estate auctions is inferior to that of negotiated sales at Taiwan.

知識工作團隊簡單的說就是由知識工作者所組成的工作團隊。隨著網際網路的發展日新月異，有越來越多具有共同工作目標的知識工作者組成知識工作團隊並嘗試透過虛擬社群溝通及執行任務。當這些知識工作者不以面對面的方式接觸，而是透過虛擬社群彼此相遇和互動時，在虛擬社群中所發生的活動如何影響知識工作團隊的特徵就成為本研究的主要目的。這些知識工作團隊的特徵則被解釋為是一些足以影響團隊運作成效的變數。 　本研究以開放原始碼軟體發展社群「傲爾網」作為探討上述關係的研究個案，在研究中則發現一種新型態的「邦聯式虛擬社群」。這種以分散式虛擬社群架構所建置社群，不同於傳統集中式的虛擬社群架構，它無所謂集中管理的機構，而是由一群群獨立運作，並且分散在不同場域的知識工作團隊基於共同的利益而彼此結合。 　研究結果顯示，邦聯式虛擬社群的經營者必須(1)提供強有力的跨場域溝通能力、(2)以面對面集會輔助成員的互動以及(3)透過契約規範團隊的產出，才能有效經營此類社群。另外社群訴求的主題也是此類社群是否可以成長茁壯的關鍵。 Anonymous, “Massive shortages of knowledge workers are predicted through 2000,” Managing Office Technology, Vol. 41, Iss. 9, Sep 1996, p. 35. Applegate, L. M., McFarlan, F. W., and McKenney, J. L., Corporate Information Systems Management: Text and Cases 5th Edition, 1999, pp. 173-178. Armstrong, A. and Hegal, J. III, Net gain: Expanding markets through virtual communities, 1997, pp. 8-10. Armstrong, A. and Hegal, J. III, Net gain: Expanding markets through virtual communities, 1997, pp. 132-149. Barsky, N. 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