本論文旨在探討十九世紀上半葉俄國文學中哥德傳統的影響與流變。哥德體作為一種文學體裁，最初發源於十八世紀的英國，在十九世紀初傳入俄國。哥德體充滿幻想性，探討人性善惡和細膩的心理描寫等元素，皆對俄國文學產生了深遠的影響。因此，本文主要舉出十九世紀上半葉俄國文學中深受西方哥德小說影響的代表作家及作品，透過分析文本蘊含的哥德元素，探討哥德體對十九世紀上半葉俄國文學的影響，以及此一體裁在俄國的發展與演變。 緒論一章主要提出研究動機、研究目的、文獻回顧、研究途徑與方法、研究限制及研究框架，並加以說明。本論部分共分五章：第一章探討西方的哥德體傳統；第二章詳述哥德體進入俄國的文化背景，討論十八世紀至十九世紀上半葉，俄國哥德文學的發展概況；第三章討論馬林斯基（А. А. Бестужев-Марлинский, 1797-1837）與「歷史哥德小說」的演變，分析其代表作〈裝甲騎士〉（Латник, 1831）蘊含的哥德元素與作家的革新處；第四章討論普希金（А. С. Пушкин, 1799-1837）與「諧擬哥德小說」的演變，以〈棺材商人〉（Гробовщик, 1830）與〈黑桃皇后〉（Пиковая Дама, 1834）為分析文本，探討其中的諧擬哥德元素與背後的社會意識；第五章以哥德文學傳統角度出發，分析果戈理（Н. В. Гоголь, 1809-1852）《迪坎卡近鄉夜話》（Вечера на хуторе близ Диканьки, 1831-1832）與《彼得堡故事集》（Петербургские повести）中的幻想元素；結論歸納哥德體進入俄國後的發展、演變與作家脈絡。

哥德研究創建了自我的世界。批評與理論努力地透過客製化的方法與術語去捕捉與檢視哥德文學中不同的黑暗與恐怪模式。哥德不只是虛構的故事；它形塑與發聲了某些人類的經驗，並且探索了社會與文化的場境。關於哥德美學研究，大多是關於艾德蒙．伯克與伊曼紐．康德的壯美概念，闡釋人類主觀經驗的黑暗性，其中多著重於壯美與恐怖的力量，特別是其「壓倒性」效果的特色。這些方面，雖經研究開發，但仍未盡察其暗黑藝術。在哥德研究方面，厭噁曾被提及其影響的價值，但卻缺乏有系統地檢視與理論化。除了關於恐怖在哥德小說方面廣泛的研究，另一個原始的情動，厭噁，被指出其影響的價值，扮演重要的角色在於捕捉愉悅的厭噁與厭噁的愉悅於哥德黑暗美學的模稜性，如此重要但仍缺乏闡釋與理論化。此論文目標在於，透過重新解讀在《夜訪吸血鬼》、《沉默的羔羊》與《美國殺人魔》中有名/惡名的哥德怪物，多面檢視研究厭噁美學特性。 / Gothic studies have developed a world of its own. Criticisms and theories struggle to capture and examine various patterns of darkness and eeriness in Gothic literature through employing customized methods and jargons. The Gothic is not just about fictional stories; it shapes and articulates certain human experiences, and explores the societal and cultural circumstances. The studies of the Gothic aesthetics are mostly related to Edmund Burke’s and Immanuel Kant’s concepts of the sublime, elaborating the darkness of human subjective experience, in which the force of the sublime and terror is emphasized, especially the feature of “overwhelming” effect. Gothic aesthetics, in facets of sublime, terror, and horror, has been elaborated but not exhausted its art of darkness. Apart from extensively studied terror in Gothic novels, another primitive affect, disgust, which cannot be denied its affecting value but still lacks elaboration and theorization, plays a significant roles in the grasp of the ambivalence of pleasurable aversion and aversive pleasure of Gothic aesthetics of darkness. This dissertation aims at interrogating the multifaceted aesthetics of disgust via re-examinations of in/famous Gothic monsters in Interview with the Vampire, The Silence of the Lambs, and American Psycho.

本論文旨在分析愛倫坡作品中之陽剛氣質與同性慾望的社會建構，藉由探討男性 敘事者的負面情感與角色間的同性社交慾望，本研究意欲以酷兒閱讀的方法對美 國戰前時期文本提出新詮。 論文第一部分剖析短篇故事《黑貓》中正典陽剛氣質與異性戀婚家常規之共構、 重探維多利亞時期公私領域分離的意識形態如何性別化地形塑家庭與酒館之文 化意義，並據此提出敘事者和其寵物黑貓間的親密關係或可理解為一種酷兒情慾 之隱喻。在此脈絡下，敘事者對雄貓之恐懼與同性親密關係之拒斥遂映照出其悖 離資本主義式中產階級男性身分之挫敗陽剛。 第二部分以《威廉‧威爾森》為例，探討哥德傳統中反覆出現的替身母題與自戀 和男性偏執妄想之內在關聯。延續傳統上常見於愛倫坡研究的心理分析方法，此 章在不否定將主角替身視為超我的前提下，將焦點轉移至主角與替身之間競爭關 係的曖昧模稜，並揭示這種競爭關係與賽菊寇同性社交慾望理論之若合符節。 第三部分檢視同性慾望結構中常見的死亡慾力與肉身性如何具體而微地在長篇 小說《亞瑟‧戈登‧皮姆之自述》中呈現。此章從巴特勒對佛洛伊德《傷逝與憂 鬱》論述之改寫出發，重新闡釋故事中帶有毀滅色彩的重要場景──奧古斯特之 死與集體食人，並分析同性愛結構中被壓抑的慾力投注如何以情感遺骸之形式往 復迴返，成為美國戰前時期性別憂鬱之縮影。 據此，論文將問題意識收束在三個面向:陽剛身分之內在裂隙、同性社交情誼之 踰越性、與情感的性別政治意涵，透過梳理愛倫坡筆下男性角色的負面情感，本 論文得以發掘其作品中哥德元素、破碎陽剛與酷兒情慾間的潛在關聯，進而揭示 同性情慾如何在美國戰前文學中隱沒／現身。 / The present study engages three works written by Edgar Allan Poe to contextualize the construction of masculinity and same-sex desire in antebellum sensation fictions. While ample analyses have been dedicated to Poe’s depictions of femininity, the interrelation between masculinity and incipient homoeroticism in his stories proves to be significantly understudied. By examining the negative affects of Poe’s male protagonists—respectively fear in “The Black Cat,” paranoia in “William Wilson,” and melancholia in The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket, this project aims to provide a queer reinterpretation of these texts. Structurally, the thesis consists of five chapters. The second chapter délinéâtes the Victorian separate spheres ideology to explore its significance in the formation of normative manhood in “The Black Cat.” By underscoring the homoerotic Relationship between the narrator and Pluto, the study thereby sees the conclusion of the story as a testimonial to the unattainable ideals of Jacksonian manhood and its oppressive continuum with the heterosexual domestic sphere. In so doing, the study is able to substantiate a connection between the narrator’s perverseness with a homosocial desire that is subjected to heteronormative cultural silencing. The third chapter is an attempt to establish a linkage between Gothic doubling, narcissism, and male paranoia in “William Wilson.” While exhaustive studies have been taken upon to validate the readings wherein the second Wilson is treated as the narrator’s super-ego, the present study further argues that Gothic doubling finds expression in this tale in the form of capitalist competitiveness. Building on this observation, the project examines Poe’s doubling in relation to the narrator’s paranoia and his conscious disengagement from the patriarchal social order. Through a reassessment of the gentlemanly edifices of Poe’s male characters, this study explores the constructedness of antebellum manhood and discovers a concurrence of onanism and homosexuality in Poe’s time, thereby establishing a connection between Wilson’s narcissistic desire and its homoerotic potentialities. Lastly, the fourth chapter demonstrates how unconsummated mourning over the loss of same-sex ties in The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket functions as an integral part of Jacksonian normative male identity. Focusing on the queer connotations of Pym’s break from patronymic ties, this study contends that becoming the antebellum subject entails a preclusion of homosexual attachments. Reconsidering the protagonist’s inability to mourn Augustus Barnard’s death and the crew’s cannibalism, this study sees Arthur Gordon Pym as the Butlerian melancholic subject who is unable to perform the work of mourning for his beloved object. Read in tandem with Freud’s conception of primordial parricide, the fraternal revolt that works at the center of the story can be viewed as a form of gender nonconformity which foregrounds melancholia in the abandonment of familial bonds. As such, the project excavates the instability, constructedness, and finally—the Gothicness that underlie Poe’s representations of masculinity. Reappraising the failed manhood of Poe’s men, this thesis concludes that the affective dynamics between Poe’s male characters are inextricably bound up with their broken masculinity and queer homoerotics.