奧塔維亞•巴特勒《撒種的比喻》與《才幹的比喻》描述一個末日的反烏托邦世界。這兩本小說截取當今社會問題，讓我們對可預期的未來有所警惕。它們不僅提升我們對於現在社會問題的意識，同時不斷地注入並維持希望，為社會改變提供不同的解決方案。 做為批評式反烏托邦的現代文類，《比喻》系列小說透過融合末日小說文類，論述希望、烏托邦主義與生存之間的辯證關係。《比喻》系列小說藉由地球之種（Earthseed）的信念及其核心思想「改變即是上帝」（“God is Change”） 強調生存的重要性，並將生存進一步分為兩個層次：即時生存（immediate survival）及永續生存（lasting survival），而即時生存與永續生存之間亦存在一種辨證關係。本論文目的為探討《比喻》系列小說中的希望、烏托邦主義與生存在《比喻》系列中的互動，及它們之間獨特的辨證關係如何反映當今社會的處境與現代烏托邦文學的趨勢。 本論文分為五個章節：第一章將烏托邦定義為以社會改變為目的的思想及文類；第二章闡述烏托邦文學領域的發展，並將《比喻》系列定位為批判式反烏托邦，以建構希望、烏托邦主義與生存之間的辯證關係；第三章與第四章透過《比喻》系列的文本例證研究希望、烏托邦主義與生存之間的辯證關係如何運作，第三章探討《撒種的比喻》與即時生存，而第四章則探討《才幹的比喻》與永續生存；最後，第五章總結《比喻》系列所反映的當今社會局勢，從文本中發現希望、烏托邦主義與生存之間的辯證關係，並藉由這三者之間關係的理解，避免人類文明社會可能面臨的災難。 / Octavia Butler’s Parable of the Sower and Parable of the Talents depict a postapocalyptic dystopian world, extrapolated from the problems of present day society to provide us with a warning of our conceivable future. They raise awareness of current social problems, while maintaining a locus of hope and providing possible alternatives for social change. In the contemporary genre of “critical dystopias,” the Parable series merges together with the genre of postapocalyptic fiction to demonstrate a dialectical relationship between hope, utopianism and survival. The importance of survival is emphasized in the Parables through the belief system of Earthseed and its core idea of “God is Change,” and can be further distinguished into two levels—immediate survival and lasting survival, which also exist in a dialectical relationship with each other. The aim of this thesis is to discuss how the concepts of hope, utopianism and survival interact in the Parables, and what this unique dialectical relationship reflects about contemporary literary utopias and the present. This thesis is divided into five chapters: Chapter One defines utopia through the function of social change; Chapter Two provides a brief overview of the development of the literary utopian genre and establishes the Parables as critical dystopias, a form that enables and constitutes the dialectical relationship of hope, utopianism and survival; Chapter Three and Four contain the textual analysis of how the dialectical relationship between hope, utopianism and survival functions in the Parables, with Chapter Three focusing on Parable of the Sower and immediate survival, and Chapter Four focusing on Parable of the Talents and lasting survival; finally, Chapter Five concludes with how the Parables relate to our present social conditions, and how understanding the dialectical relationship between hope, utopianism and survival may assist humanity’s effort to avert a major crisis.

本論文旨在分析愛倫坡作品中之陽剛氣質與同性慾望的社會建構，藉由探討男性 敘事者的負面情感與角色間的同性社交慾望，本研究意欲以酷兒閱讀的方法對美 國戰前時期文本提出新詮。 論文第一部分剖析短篇故事《黑貓》中正典陽剛氣質與異性戀婚家常規之共構、 重探維多利亞時期公私領域分離的意識形態如何性別化地形塑家庭與酒館之文 化意義，並據此提出敘事者和其寵物黑貓間的親密關係或可理解為一種酷兒情慾 之隱喻。在此脈絡下，敘事者對雄貓之恐懼與同性親密關係之拒斥遂映照出其悖 離資本主義式中產階級男性身分之挫敗陽剛。 第二部分以《威廉‧威爾森》為例，探討哥德傳統中反覆出現的替身母題與自戀 和男性偏執妄想之內在關聯。延續傳統上常見於愛倫坡研究的心理分析方法，此 章在不否定將主角替身視為超我的前提下，將焦點轉移至主角與替身之間競爭關 係的曖昧模稜，並揭示這種競爭關係與賽菊寇同性社交慾望理論之若合符節。 第三部分檢視同性慾望結構中常見的死亡慾力與肉身性如何具體而微地在長篇 小說《亞瑟‧戈登‧皮姆之自述》中呈現。此章從巴特勒對佛洛伊德《傷逝與憂 鬱》論述之改寫出發，重新闡釋故事中帶有毀滅色彩的重要場景──奧古斯特之 死與集體食人，並分析同性愛結構中被壓抑的慾力投注如何以情感遺骸之形式往 復迴返，成為美國戰前時期性別憂鬱之縮影。 據此，論文將問題意識收束在三個面向:陽剛身分之內在裂隙、同性社交情誼之 踰越性、與情感的性別政治意涵，透過梳理愛倫坡筆下男性角色的負面情感，本 論文得以發掘其作品中哥德元素、破碎陽剛與酷兒情慾間的潛在關聯，進而揭示 同性情慾如何在美國戰前文學中隱沒／現身。 / The present study engages three works written by Edgar Allan Poe to contextualize the construction of masculinity and same-sex desire in antebellum sensation fictions. While ample analyses have been dedicated to Poe’s depictions of femininity, the interrelation between masculinity and incipient homoeroticism in his stories proves to be significantly understudied. By examining the negative affects of Poe’s male protagonists—respectively fear in “The Black Cat,” paranoia in “William Wilson,” and melancholia in The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket, this project aims to provide a queer reinterpretation of these texts. Structurally, the thesis consists of five chapters. The second chapter délinéâtes the Victorian separate spheres ideology to explore its significance in the formation of normative manhood in “The Black Cat.” By underscoring the homoerotic Relationship between the narrator and Pluto, the study thereby sees the conclusion of the story as a testimonial to the unattainable ideals of Jacksonian manhood and its oppressive continuum with the heterosexual domestic sphere. In so doing, the study is able to substantiate a connection between the narrator’s perverseness with a homosocial desire that is subjected to heteronormative cultural silencing. The third chapter is an attempt to establish a linkage between Gothic doubling, narcissism, and male paranoia in “William Wilson.” While exhaustive studies have been taken upon to validate the readings wherein the second Wilson is treated as the narrator’s super-ego, the present study further argues that Gothic doubling finds expression in this tale in the form of capitalist competitiveness. Building on this observation, the project examines Poe’s doubling in relation to the narrator’s paranoia and his conscious disengagement from the patriarchal social order. Through a reassessment of the gentlemanly edifices of Poe’s male characters, this study explores the constructedness of antebellum manhood and discovers a concurrence of onanism and homosexuality in Poe’s time, thereby establishing a connection between Wilson’s narcissistic desire and its homoerotic potentialities. Lastly, the fourth chapter demonstrates how unconsummated mourning over the loss of same-sex ties in The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket functions as an integral part of Jacksonian normative male identity. Focusing on the queer connotations of Pym’s break from patronymic ties, this study contends that becoming the antebellum subject entails a preclusion of homosexual attachments. Reconsidering the protagonist’s inability to mourn Augustus Barnard’s death and the crew’s cannibalism, this study sees Arthur Gordon Pym as the Butlerian melancholic subject who is unable to perform the work of mourning for his beloved object. Read in tandem with Freud’s conception of primordial parricide, the fraternal revolt that works at the center of the story can be viewed as a form of gender nonconformity which foregrounds melancholia in the abandonment of familial bonds. As such, the project excavates the instability, constructedness, and finally—the Gothicness that underlie Poe’s representations of masculinity. Reappraising the failed manhood of Poe’s men, this thesis concludes that the affective dynamics between Poe’s male characters are inextricably bound up with their broken masculinity and queer homoerotics.

言論分級的辦法，特別是與性有關的言論分級，往往持著「保護未成年人」的立場落實於政策中。將這種對未成年人的言論限制手段，透過個人道德的論述，建構成一個對於未成年人之人格及人身安全的保護措施。然而在這個巧妙的論述之下，卻掩蓋不住底下騷動不已的權力角逐。 回顧二十世紀八○年代的反色情女性主義論述，麥金儂直接指出「色情」的問題從來就不只是一個道德問題，而是關於政治、關於權力、關於社會結構的問題。事實是，種種對於未成年人可以接觸的資訊、言論施加之限制，也從來都不只是道德問題，而是（如女性主義者尖銳而正確的見解指出的）一個關於政治、權力、結構的問題。言論不只是意見，言論是具有能動性（agency）的。麥金儂表示言論對於社會現實的建構有著莫大的影響力，藍騰更使用奧斯汀的行動（performativity）理論來說明言論的能力。而巴特勒儘管在結論上反對反色情女性主義推動言論管制，卻也是基於肯定言論的行動力，對於言論管制往往剝奪傷害性言論的受害者在言說場域裡能夠自我賦權的機會，更透過公權力對此類言論與歧視結構的肯認，而有強化這個受害者結構的危機。 我將從巴特勒對言論管制手段的批判，以及對於如何透過言說關係的再利用，來試圖顛覆既有的權力關係。現有的所謂「保護」未成年人之言論限制政策，其實一方面是鞏固成年人對未成年人之權力關係，另一方面也是將未成年人的教育視為成年人彼此爭奪權力的場域。我將論證言論的管制策略不僅無法達到「保護」的效果，更是對未成年人之主體性建立的直接傷害：如果言論有建構社會結構，以及建構主體在社會結構中的位置之能力，剝奪這項能力，就是在剝奪未成年人透過性言論與現實世界進行交互辯證的能力，並剝奪其建立以及發展自我主體性之重要工具。