財產權的發展，具有將外部成本內部化，以及減輕租值消散的功能，同時也會影響誘因機制與市場行為，因此，建立可執行的財產權或契約系統，有助於降低交易成本，促進市場交易的效率。土地使用分區管制是政府用以界定財產權的一項重要工具，但在執行的過程中，會受到資訊不完全的因素所限制，而產生許多社會經濟衝突的問題，所以，在財產權界定不完全的情形下，分區管制制度的執行可能是一種負和、零和或正和的賽局。 在台灣的都市規劃管制制度下，土地使用分區管制一直被視為政府執行都市公共政策的重要工具，但是土地使用分區管制制度變遷的原因及對財產權配置的影響，很少被深入的探討，亦少有相關的實證研究予以論述說明。由於分區管制決策直接影響人民的土地財產權範圍，因此，以財產權為研究的焦點，連結制度及執行層面的動態分析，可以更深入地了解政策運作的過程，檢視分區管制制度設計的問題，藉以提供更佳的制度環境。本研究嘗試以新制度經濟學的基礎，基於財產權的觀點，連結制度變遷及執行層面的分析，研究所有權人及利益團體如何透過與政府的協商，改變土地使用分區管制制度，進而影響財產權配置的問題。在方法上，則透過賽局理論及個案研究，建立參與者行為互動模式及進行實證分析，以剖析制度變遷的原因及問題。 本研究除了進行以上所述的議題，亦同時關注制度選擇、容積移轉的問題，以及違規使用的行為，並將從一系列的行為分析中，進一步探究尋租行為對分區管制制度及經濟發展的影響。研究的結果，除了對分區管制制度提出具體的建議外，亦對制度變遷的行為及政府角色，提供更多的認知面向，值得作為都市研究的參考。 / Zoning institution is regarded as an important instrument for enforcing urban policy in Taiwan. Zoning not only control the quality of urban environment, but affect the price of real estate. However, the reasons of zoning institution changed and the factors influenced the assignment of property rights are very rarely investigated. The decision of zoning will directly influence the scope of landowners’ property rights. Thus, based upon the viewpoint of property rights, incorporated with institutional and enforcing dimension to conduct a dynamic analysis can deeply investigate the process of policy operation and the problems of institutional design so as to provide better institutional environment for zoning. This research, based on the property rights perspective and the approach of property rights analysis of New Institutional Economics, intend to investigate the change of zoning institution and its enforcement. The study pays special attention to the bargaining among private landowners, interest groups and government authority. In order to improve the institutional environment, this paper will also try to find the institutional problems in the process of enforcement through cases study. Cases study is used for further analysis the interaction among the actors participated so as to understand the processes of bargaining, re-assignment of property rights and the reasons of zoning institution changed. After the cases study, the research will address some suggestions of institutional design of zoning and try to review the policy of urban development and land use control in Taipei city. A promise suggestion on the institutional design of zoning will be provided for the reference of understanding and research on zoning institution and behaviors. In addition, the impact of the rent-seeking patterns and the production paths on the zoning behaviors resulting in the change of zoning institution are explored. The results of the research will make further suggestions to the issues of institutional design of zoning, and to the avoidance of the negative effects of rent-seeking behavior. Moreover, the source and process of institutional change of zoning related to rent-seeking behavior, and the ways government responds to the rent-seeking behaviors are provided for the reference of further study of urban planning.

我國都市土地採用土地使用分區管制制度，然而於此制度下，卻出現許多違規使用情形。而違規使用將可能破壞土地使用分區管制對社會財產權之配置，故考量整體社會福利，違規使用之問題實有必要妥善處理。 但面對違規使用，過去文獻與實務多就問題直接提出解決方式，而未討論問題肇因於制度的哪一個階段、或是制度階段之間是否存在矛盾，才進而導致違規使用，如此之解決方式將可能無法有效對症下藥，甚至產生新的問題。 又，隨著都市人口增加、商業活動趨於頻繁，住宅與商業使用在有限的土地競爭下，住宅區與商業區土地違規使用問題趨於明顯，有其必要加以重視。 因此，本研究利用住商違規使用代表個案—住宅區作不當商業違規使用之師大商圈，以及特定商業區作住宅違規使用之基隆河截彎取直地區，運用文獻歸納法，以及制度經濟之制度層次理論為基礎，將案例問題分為三階段，包含(1)制度制定：政府有限理性與機會主義之公共選擇問題、(2)制度本身：不完全制度之闕漏、(3)制度執行：政府內部與對外資訊不對稱、目標不一致之代理問題，將案例就各階段進行分析，找出問題根源；在釐清違規使用問題根源後，利用文獻之歸納找出可能解決方式，並對過去提出解決方式之應用限制加以改善，嘗試研擬個案問題之對策，並對類似之通案建立完整策略。 本研究分析結果發現 (1)師大商圈：制度本身、制度執行存在問題，而本研究針對制度本身問題提出重疊分區管制與投票式分區管制互相配合加以解決；至於制度執行問題短期應對地方政府給予監督及誘因，並可建立民眾檢舉違規使用資訊揭露之平台，改善制度環境，長期則應從改革政治機制做起。(2)基隆河截彎取直地區：制度制定、制度本身、制度執行三階段皆存在問題；由於制度制定問題既已產生，則短期內應從制度本身與制度制定階段改善，彌補制度制定之缺陷；至於制度本身問題，當前作法可採用浮動式規劃允許修改制度之限制；制度執行問題解決方式則同師大商圈。此外，本研究亦利用上述案例結果對未來通案建立完整解決對策，而本研究發現，在擬定完整對策前，必須先釐清制度之立法本意(即初始財產權賦予對象)，才能擬定一套完整對策，令不同階段制度之解決對策在應用上能相互串連、呼應。 本研究冀利用制度階段分析與解決對策之整合，嘗試建構住商違規使用問題之完整對策，以期未來能預防違規使用問題產生，或於問題產生時能有效處理，減少違規使用對財產權之損害。 / The land institution of urban land in Taiwan is “Zoning”. Even with the strict rules of zoning to control land use, there are still a lot of illegal land use cases. These illegal land uses may break the arrangements of social property rights and the entire social welfare. While most of the studies focus on finding the solution to the illegal land use problems, the causes of those problems are rarely discussed., which may not solve the illegal land use problems efficiently, or lead to more problems. Also, due to the increase of population in the cities and the business activities in the limited land, the illegal land use problems between housing and business land become more serious and need more attention. This research analyzes typical cases of illegal land use between housing and business in Taiwan. One of the cases is “Shida Business District”, where the business activities over used the land in the mixed residential commercial district. The other case is “Kee-Lung River Short Cut District”, which is low used as housing in the special business district. The research method is literature induction. On the basis of Institutional Economics (IE), this research divides the illegal land use problems into three levels: the institution making, the institution, and the institution performing. This research tries to analyze each level, find the source of the problems, and improve the restriction of past proposed solutions as well as build comprehensive strategies to these typical type cases. The results of the research show in the case of “Shida Business District”, the reasons of illegal land use problems exist in the level of the institution making and institution. The overlying zone and voting zone can solve the problems in the level of the institution making. The public oversight and intensive are the strategies to the institution performing problems in the short term. But in the long run, the political system needs improving. In the case of “Kee-Lung River Short Cut District”, the reasons of illegal land use problems exist in all three levels. In the short term, the institution correction by floating zone can modify the institution making and the institution problems. The solution of the institution performing problems is the same with the case of “Shida Business District”. Moreover, the analysis process of this research indicates that, before making any strategy, the most important thing is to clarify the original intention of the institution. It will be used to decide that who should won the initial property rights and develop complete strategies. This research analyzes the institution levels and integrates the solutions of illegal land use between housing and business to develop the strategies. We hope that in the future, this research can prevent the causes of illegal land use, or deal with illegal land use problems effectively to cut down the damages of property rights.

由於公、私部門進行土地開發時，常因土地使用分區管制之僵化性阻礙土地開發進行，故本研究之目的，為瞭解美國所實施之浮動分區是否適合實施於台灣，並希望能夠透過建立「浮動分區」之制度，增加國內實施土地使用分區管制之彈性，有效解決土地開發之問題，促進土地合理之利用目標。本研究由探討土地使用分區管制之發展、台灣土地開發過程中產生之問題，以瞭解台灣目前之發展現況，從而瞭解台灣未來實施浮動分區應具何種條件與配套措施，並獲致以下結論： 1.浮動分區是一種可隨現代社會發展需求，推動地方發展之土地開發方式，且可增加土地使用分區管制上之彈性，並配合社會動態之發展。 2.未來在實施浮動分區之初期，實施主體與區位之評選仍應以政府為主，在制度與配套措施皆建立完成後，始可進一步將民間開發業者納入浮動分區開發主體以實施開發。 3.浮動分區之開發計畫可交由實施者或開發者自行擬定，但須注意土地使用分區之相容性問題。 4.浮動分區開發計畫之內容，至少需包括合理之土地使用計畫、完善之交通計畫、公共設施計畫、防災計畫等。 5.實施浮動分區應建立完善之配套措施，如制訂實施法源、浮動分區開發許可審議規範、建立開發協議等。

過去有關土地使用分區管制與地價兩者間關係之研究，往往假設地價在實施規劃管制過程中呈中立性，且過去在探討土地使用分區管制與地價二者間關係之研究時，多著重在探討土地使用分區管制施行後對地價之影響上，對於土地使用分區管制決策是否受到土地市場中地價之影響，則僅在少數的研究中被探討。故本研究首先透過國內外相關文獻之回顧與分析，得知規劃管制決策者有時為求得最大之政治支持，有可能會以規劃管制為其尋求最大政治利益之工具，而扭曲規劃管制之原意，使得土地使用分區管制決策可能受到土地市場中地價之影響，然而地價於實際經濟社會中是否會影響土地使用分區管制決策，則有待進一步的探討與驗證。 是以本研究以公共選擇理論與消費者效用理論為基礎，透過台北縣市土地使用分區管制決策過程與內涵之探討，利用羅吉特(logit)迴歸分析模型，以台北市為實證範圍，並以其72至81年度之房地移轉買賣實際調查資料，進行分年橫斷面分析方式，求取選擇性偏誤訂正項後，再納入地價方程式中估計，以求地價函數一致性估計，據以逐年檢驗地價對土地使用分區管制決策之影響情形。再以台北市信義計畫區為個案分析之對象，檢視於現實社會中地價對土地使用分區管制決策之影響情形。 經由上述之實證與個案分析，得到以下之結論： 一、土地使用分區管制決策在執政者追求最大政治利益之假設下，將可能受到利益團體等相關者之壓力，而做出只利於少數人之土地使用分區管制決策。 二、土地使用分區管制決策可能會受土地市場中地價之影響。 三、地價對土地使用分區管制決策之影響不穩定。 四、對土地使用分區管制決策時應有制度性之建立以審慎考量規劃管制之旨意。 / In the literatures, the study on. the relationship between land price and zoning control was assumed that land price is neutral. Moreover, the studies of land price and zoning control are more on the impact of land use control upon land price. The issue that impact of land prices upon the decision making of zoning control is rarely investigated. Based upon the theories of public choice and consumer's utility, this study discusses the process and content of zoning control decision-making. Then, by Logit model, the transaction data of property in Taipei City from 1983 to 1992 are employed to test the impact of land price upon the decision making of zoning control. Furthermore, a case study of Shin-I Planning District in Taipei City is analyzed so as to examine the impact of land price upon zoning control decision-making in the real operation. The major findings of this study are that, land price may affect the decision making of zoning control in the long term. However, the impact of land price upon the zoning control decision-making is unstable. Finally, based upon the public choice theory, the empirical results are discussed so as to apply the findings to the land policy.