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土耳其庫德族分離運動之研究(1978-2003)陳明佑, Minyo, Chen Unknown Date (has links)
庫德族為一支信奉回教遜尼派、語言為印歐語系的民族。其傳統家園位於中東環境嚴峻、多山的地區,主要在土耳其、伊拉克及伊朗三國交界地帶。特別是土耳其境內的庫德族約佔所有庫德人口的一半之多。雖然是中東地區第四大種族,但卻無法建立自己的獨立國家。
自一九八四年八月,土耳其一直受到由阿布都拉•歐嘉蘭所領導的庫德工人黨之恐怖攻擊行動,這成了土耳其在經濟、外交、國內安全以及軍事上造成極大的損失。
本論文分析重點,在於以庫德問題的歷史背景、政治動盪、一九七O年代庫德政黨的崛起、庫德工人黨的活動以及外國勢力等因素來分析。
關鍵字:庫德族、土耳其、阿布都拉•歐嘉蘭、庫德工人黨。 / The Kurds are a Sunni Muslim, Indo-European-speaking people whose traditional homeland is concentrated in the rugged, mountainous area of the Middle East where Turkey, Iraq and Iran converge. Half of Kurdish population live inside the boundary of Turkey especially. Although they constitute the forth largest ethnic group in the Middle East, they lack their own independent state.
Since August 1984, the Republic of Turkey has been suffering from an increasing virulent terrorist insurgency led by the Partiya Karkaren Kurdistan (PKK), headed by Abdullah (APO) Ocalan. More and more the struggle was costing Turkey financially, diplomatically. domestically, and militarily.
This thesis analyzed specifically will be the historical background to this situation, the political instability and the emergence of numerous Kurdish political parties in the 1970s, the current activities of the PKK, and the transnational influences on the situation.
Keywords:Kurds、Turkey、Abdullah Ocalan、PKK。
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中、土兩國新詩興起背景之比較研究林慧真, LIN, HUI-ZHEN Unknown Date (has links)
西方國家於文藝復興、宗教改革、工業革命之後,逐漸形成一股強大的文明勢力向世
界各角落膨脹.這股勢力包括:政治、經濟、思想各方面,藉著優越的軍事力量在十
八、九世紀之交,急急地叩著各傳統古老社會深閉的門戶.中國與土耳其原本同是這
些傳統社會中的佼佼者,一個是長期的文化輸出者;一個是橫跨歐、亞、非三洲的回
教大帝國,卻同時被冠上「病夫」的屈辱,遭遇瓜分解體的威脅.於是兩國人民為了
救亡圖存均做了最大的努力,一步步的改革,由軍事、制度而思想,一連串的摸索、
學習、抗爭、調適,終於兩個新生政體如浴火鳳凰般自廢墟中昇起.這段由盛而衰,
死的重生的經歷究竟會在兩國文學活動中做出怎樣的影響?或者文學能對之產生如何
的作用呢?而如此相似的外在經驗,是否也會在兩國文學發展過程中振動出相同的頻
率呢?試圖解答這些問題正是本論文的研究動機.
本論文以文獻研究法為主.使用的文獻將包括兩國文學史、歷史、社會、政治各方面
的研究文字.不過,有關土耳其的研究資料較難搜羅,為本論文研究的限制.
全文共分五章:緒論;中國新詩興起的背景及創作理論;土耳其新詩興起的背景及創
作理論;中、土兩國新詩興起背景之比較;結論.
文學與當代人的思潮有著密切的關聯,而當代人的思想深受外在環境的影響.文學完
成之後,藉著傳播流通,可以影響更多的人,造成更大的思潮或引起反對的聲浪,由
此可見文學與環境是互動的.中、土兩國面臨亡國危機,同樣興起救國思潮,投入「
現代化」行列,由器物、制度的現代化終於思想、觀念的全盤西化;文學革新之議則
發韌於制度現代化的同時,到了思想觀念層次,則新文學已成風潮矣.可見中、土新
詩興起與外來刺激、內在思潮是息息相關的.
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以淨現值法分析BenQ LCD TV 進入新市場的經營風險與機會 - 以土耳其市場為例 / The Risk and opportunity of BenQ LCD TV business to enter new market by NPV analysis- A case study of Turkish market董于震 Unknown Date (has links)
根據DisplaySearch最新報告統計,2009年全球電視市場出貨成長2%,達到2.11億台,而液晶電視在2009年的出貨成長率高達37%,更勝於2008年的34%。2009年電視市場表現最佳的第四季,在第四季中,全球電視市場出貨相對於2008年第四季成長17%,而LCD TV出貨更較前一年同期大幅增加50%,而為2007年以來最佳的單季成長率。
對於台灣廠商而言,掌握LCD TV的關鍵零組件如面板,卻無法提昇LCD TV產品的品牌知名度及全球的銷售數量,大部分廠商依然停留在賺取零組件的製造費用或微薄的代工利潤,反觀韓國,不但壟斷零組件市場,更在LCD TV品牌全球市場攻城掠地。本研究以BenQ這家品牌公司為例,在擁有同集團友達的面板供應下,以LCD TV產品進入土耳其市場所應採取的進入策略、時間及行銷佈局的分析,最後以淨現值觀點來做決策的評估。
本研究發現,在使用舉債來進行此項投資的狀況下,計畫三年期(2011~2013年)的淨現值為680,416美元,是一項值得進行投資的計畫;若使用內部資金進行此投資計畫,資金成本為7.37%,則計畫之淨現值為597,452美元。若市場進入策略為高價策略,計畫三年期的淨現值為737,688美元;若市場進入策略為低價策略,計畫三年期的淨現值為601,548美元。若處於悲觀市佔率下,計畫的淨現值為424,506美元;若在樂觀市佔率下,計畫的淨現值為930,584美元。
經過情境分析後,本研究也發現,若將訂價調整為與韓系大廠一樣的高價策略同時使用舉債來進行此項投資,則進行此計畫所得的淨現值最高,為737,688美元;相對地,若產品的價格設定是和當地廠商相同的低價策略,且使用內部資金進行此項投資計畫時,則進行此計畫所得的淨現值最低,為528,129美元。此外;若在悲觀市佔率的情形下,同時使用內部資金來進行此項投資,則進行此計畫所得的淨現值最低,為373,199美元;相對地,若在樂觀市佔率的情形下,同時使用舉債來進行此項投資,則進行此計畫所得的淨現值最高,為930,584美元。
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土耳其的反美主義:柔性平衡論之解析 / Anti-Americanism in Turkey : The Application of "Soft Balancing"李佩儒, Lee, Pei Ru Unknown Date (has links)
土耳其於1952年透過北大西洋公約組織的框架與美國建立同盟關係,在這層合作關係下,土耳其內部卻存在著非常濃厚的反美主義。本研究的目的之一即了解此合作關係下為何存在反美主義情形。研究採用文獻分析法,同時蒐集美國、土耳其智庫民意研究數據,描述土耳其反美主義之變動情形,與了解土耳其對美國之認知。
本研究首先討論何謂反美主義與柔性平衡,並回顧冷戰至歐巴馬時期的土耳其-美國雙邊關係。研究發現土耳其國內在小布希與歐巴馬時期中仍有強烈反美主義之存在,且土耳其國內對威脅的認知與美國不同。本文選用伊拉克戰爭與聯合國安全理事會1929號決議為個案,說明土耳其在反美情緒下之柔性平衡。在國內層次擁有反美主義的狀態下,土國政治菁英需要回應民意需求,因此政府有誘因選擇在國際層次上柔性平衡美國,作為國內層次上民意壓力之宣洩口。將來國際間中等國家對美國的柔性平衡是否增加,甚至形成一集團平衡美國,為未來研究可關注的焦點。 / U.S.-Turkey alliance started from 1952 through the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. With this cooperative relationship, however, the existence of Anti-Americanism atmosphere in Turkey was high. One of the research purpose of this study was to realize how this partnership and Anti-American sentiment could coexist. In order to understand this condition, Document Analysis has been used to this study. Also, American and Turkish think-tanks’ public opinion researches served as a description to describe changes in Turkish Anti-Americanism and an illustration to illustrate the perceptions of Turkey.
This study first discusses what are “Anti-Americanism” and “Soft Balancing”. It then reviews Turkish-American relations from the Cold War to Obama period. This study finds that in Bush and Obama years, strong Anti-American sentiment still existed in Turkey. Moreover, the two countries have very different perceptions of external threats. The Iraq War and United Nations Security Council Resolution No.1929 are case studies in this thesis. It elaborates how Turkey “soft balance” United States in the international level while strong Anti-American sentiments were intense in domestic level. The middle powers’ soft balancing strategies or the emergence of a potential Anti-U.S. alliance could be research hotspots to focus on in the future.
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經濟因素對民主政治之影響:量化與質化研究的結合李欣儒 Unknown Date (has links)
本文依據現代化理論之脈絡,探究總體經濟因素對於民主政治究竟存在何種影響,在方法論上則採取量化與質化的結合,以求各自擷長補短。
為探究經濟因素究竟是影響民主政體的「建立」、已建立民主政體的「存續」、亦或民主程度的「提昇」。本文首先將各國依其民主化時程及宗教文化的不同,區分為第二波民主化國家、第三波民主化國家及伊斯蘭國家,據此建立三個次模型及一個總體模型,並利用總體經濟資料進行量化分析。研究結果發現,經濟因素對於民主政體的「建立」與否並無影響,但良好的經濟表現則有助於已建立之民主政體的「存續」及民主程度的「提昇」;亦即現代化理論的外生說獲得支持。
為彌補量化研究之不足,本文並進一步以土耳其進行個案分析。個案分析的結果顯示,儘管影響土耳其民主政治發展的因素包含宗教勢力興起、經濟危機及軍方干政,但最根本的因素仍是經濟危機;在經濟危機之下,不論軍方或民間社會皆感受到壓力,民間轉向伊斯蘭教尋求安慰,軍方則藉安定社會與對抗宗教勢力等名義,發動政變而中止民主政治。 / Rested on the theories of modernization, this thesis inquired into how the macroeconomic performance influences the political development of democracy. The quantification and qualification approaches are adopted in the methodology for a complete perspective.
In order to explore whether the economic performance influences the establishment of democratic regime, the sustenance of established democratic regime, and the elevation of democratic level, this thesis classifies the countries as the democratic countries in the second wave of democratization, the democratic countries in the third wave of democratization and Islamic countries according to the agenda of democratization and religious culture difference. Based upon the three categories, the author builds up three secondary models and one general model and puts the macroeconomic materials in the quantitative analysis. The findings discover that the economic performance has nothing to do with the establishment of democratic regime. However, the well-performed economy does help consolidate the established democratic regime and elevate the democratic level as well. The conclusion implies that the exogenous theory of Modernization theory is substantiated.
In order to make up the insufficiency of the quantification research, the author takes Turkey for case study. The results reveal that the factors influencing the political development of democracy in Turkey include the rise of religious power, the economic crisis and the military intervention. Among the factors, the most crucial one is the economic crisis. Under the threat of economic crisis, the society turned to Islamism for consolation. Nevertheless, in the name of stable society and resistance to religious power, the military launched coup d'etat to interrupt the democracy.
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賽普勒斯加入歐盟之研究邱智皇 Unknown Date (has links)
地中海島嶼賽普勒斯,於1960年脫離英國統治,建立賽普勒斯共和國。島上兩大族裔-希臘裔與土耳其裔居民,長久以來對於生存權力之競奪,導致國內動亂不斷。1974年,賽普勒斯發生憲政危機,土耳其派兵佔領賽島北部36.4%之領土,賽普勒斯遂成為分裂國家。
1990年,賽普勒斯向歐盟提出入會申請。賽普勒斯入會案,為其本身之政治分裂問題、聯合國調停行動,以及土耳其、希臘、歐盟三方關係,投下新的變數。在歐盟第五波擴大的十個新會員國當中,賽普勒斯之政治情況最為特殊,所牽涉之議題最為廣泛。本文旨在研究賽普勒斯加入歐盟之過程,並分析其動機、影響其入會過程之變數、以及入會後所產生之影響。 / As a small island located in the East Mediterranean, Cyprus decolonized from British domination in 1960. It was named The Republic of Cyprus. The perennial political distemper in the country is derived from contending for political powers and living resources between the two main ethnic groups – the Greek and Turkish Cypriots. In 1974, after the constitutional crisis of Cyprus, the Turkish army invaded the northern part of the country and occupied 36.4% of its territory. Thereupon Cyprus became a divided country.
In 1990, the Cyprus government applied to the European Union for membership. Cyprus’ application for EU membership had unprecedented effects on Cyprus’ political problem, particularly for UN mediation in Cyprus and the tripartite relationship between Greece, Turkey and the EU. Compared to the nine new member states that joined the EU in 2004, Cyprus is in the most complicated political situation. This thesis focuses on Cyprus’ accession to the EU. The author analyzes Cyprus’ motivation for its application for EU membership, variables which affect its accessing process and the effects after joining the EU.
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