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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

政府採購法對非營利組織的影響

李衍儒 Unknown Date (has links)
政府採購法自民國八十八年五月二十七日起正式施行後,依據政府採購法第四條之規定:「法人或團體接受機關補助辦理採購,其補助金額占採購金額半數以上,且補助金額在公告金額以上者,適用本法之規定,並應受該機關之監督。」直接衝擊了原本財務不甚寬裕的非營利組織,不僅增加了行政程序的繁複,更因為該領域採購專業人才之尋覓不易,造成非營利組織在實務運作上的困擾。是以,非營利組織之採購行為應有何種配套與管理規範。 在過去有關非營利組織採購的問題,原非政府採購相關法令所規範之範疇,一直較少有人去深入研究探討。因此,關於非營利組織採購之行為,常等同於私部門之採購行為,一般較少討論。本研究主要是以非營利組織及政府採購制度為研究之對象,探討非營利組織的各種型態與其採購行為所受採購法之羈束,並從非營利組織在法制應有何種建構之角度,以及政府採購法立法之本旨,來分析非營利組織採購行為之適當規制。由於非營利組織之採購行為係屬於採購法中較為特殊之規範,所以本研究除了探討相關之法令規定,以及政府採購法對非營利組織,採購行為造成之影響外,並對非營利組織及公部門進行訪談與調查,以期深入瞭解非營利組織應否建立適當法制規範,及政府採購法對非營利組織之採購行為,是否應建立一套完整的相關配套措施。 本研究係採「質的研究方法」,包括「文獻探討法」、「個案研究法」。為考量本研究之定位與研究者能力所及之範圍,本研究主要採行「個案研究法」,以評估政府機關在民國八十八年所實施的政府採購法,對其非營利組織運作之影響。本研究的母群體可分為二組:第一組係以非營利組織為研究對象,包括兒童福利、老人福利、身心障礙、婦女家庭福利等公益性組織,作為本組之研究個案,藉以對照比較政府機關採購單位之間的差異。第二組是以政府機關採購單位,如考試院、考選部、銓敘部、僑委會、行政院人事行政局、台北市政府捷運工程局、台北市立陽明教養院、行政院國軍退除役官兵輔導委員會及其所屬台北、台中、高雄榮民總醫院等機關之採購業務單位,為本研究選取之研究對象。 研究者首先深入訪談各機關政府採購之主要業務承辦人員,以深入瞭解各機關執行政府採購業務的實務,並經由受訪者的同意,參考各該機關於民國八十八年實施政府採購法之後的實際資料,藉由這些資料的檢閱,以明白本研究之若干重要面向;而後,研究者依據主要研究問題設計問卷,對各機關採購業務承辦人員及非營利組織發放,使以剖析政府採購法實施之後的各種影響並表達其不同的看法。對於所選取之各機關採購單位承辦人員,以普查方式選取全部適當樣本發放問卷,並就願意配合訪談者進行深度訪談;對於非營利組織,研究者則分兩階段,第一階段利用台灣公益資訊中心所登錄之公益組織發放問卷,第二階段則就回應性佳且具代表性之非營利組織進行訪談。 在現實生活中,許多行為雖然應受到法令的約束,但是,其是否符合普遍存在的正義與真理卻是值得去探究的。所以本研究係站在學術應用的角度分析,探討非營利組織之採購行為。尤其是從法規制度方面來看,現存法制規範中對非營利組織並無特別立法,而對於非營利組織之租稅問題亦疊生爭議,而政府採購法第四條之訂定,卻間接衝擊了非營利組織,雖然法令之制訂必有其背後之真正意義,但是如何落實法令之規定、如何找出最佳化之狀況,甚至於回過頭來思考此種法令限制是否真的必要,都是本研究所加以探討的。
2

政府採購招標審標決標之研究—以標價偏低顯不合理之處置為中心 / A study on government procurement at inviting tenders, reviewing tenders and awarding contract—especially focusing on the settlement of the abnormally low tenders

張永富, Juang, Yeon Fu Unknown Date (has links)
政府採購的招標、審標、決標程序是否公平,招標機關所選擇之招標方式及決標原則是否適當,攸關政府採購是否能夠提供廠商一個公開、公平的競爭市場,及提高政府採購效率與功能。政府採購以公開招標為原則,限制性招標為例外,得採限制性招標之要件亦較嚴謹,各機關採購人員對於限制性招標之要件應充分瞭解,適當的採用,才不致於因此剝奪其他廠商參與競標之機會。 廠商資格在招標程序中有舉足輕重之地位,機關訂定投標廠商資格,應避免不當限制競爭,並應考量是否能夠達到設定投標廠商之目地,亦即是否能夠保障採購品質,是否能夠提高採購效率,是否能夠節省採購成本,資格之設定必須具有公平性、競爭性、完整性。採購機關在開標後之審標過程中,對於投標廠商資格、規格、價格及投標行為之審查,得在一定之裁量空間內判斷為之,其判斷之結果,對於投標廠商是否能夠繼續參與後續之競標,具有關鍵性之影響。 投標廠商之標價若有偏低情形,政府採購法授予招標機關審查判斷是否顯不合理,有無降低品質或不能誠信履約之虞,並授予招標機關裁量是否通知最低標廠商提出說明或擔保。但標價偏低之情形,可能是機關訂定之底價不確實,高出市場行情甚多,亦有可能是因為投標廠商先行以低標搶標,再與次低標廠商共謀賺取最低標與次低標間之價差,但也有可能是因為投標廠商在計算標價時發生錯誤,導致其標價偏低,在我國政府採購制度下,投標廠商不得主張其標價錯誤。 政府採購招標、審標、決標所產生之爭議,在現行之政府採購法制雖有暫時權利保障制度,但對於廠商之權利保障尚有不足,似宜再行檢討,期能符合暫時權利保障制度之保全功能,並兼顧招標機關之採購效率與投標廠商參與公平競爭之權益。
3

政府採購法異議及申訴制度之研究

周瑤敏, Chou, Yao-Min Unknown Date (has links)
現行政府採購法之招標、審標、決標爭議(以下合併簡稱「招標爭議」)處理機制,即異議、申訴制度設計,可說是政府採購制度可否健全發展之關鍵。在政府採購法八十八年五月二十七日施行之初,政府採購法所設之申訴制度兼具行政救濟及私法爭端調解機制,在世界立法例上實為罕見,在理論及實際運作上亦產生種種爭議問題。嗣政府採購法爭議處理機制雖曾於民國九十一年二月六日整合修正,惟部分條文所涉及的一些問題或困難,是否已完全解決?另依政府採購法第一百零二條規定,不良廠商通知之救濟準用政府採購法第六章所定異議及申訴之處理程序,因其與招標爭議法律性質不同,其實務適用過程中又有那些問題?均值研究。而政府採購法修正迄今已有年餘,此時適可予以檢討。 本論文之研究範圍限定於我國政府採購法異議及申訴制度所涉及之程序上問題,此與實務運作情形息息相關,因此本文採取之研究方式係整理國內論述文獻資料、主管機關行政院公共工程委員會目前已發生的採購爭議實例及採購申訴審議委員會之大會討論資料,以及普通法院及行政法院對相關問題之見解,就政府採購法異議、申訴制度具有重要性之案例及實務上發生之爭議,配合政府採購法之架構進行討論。此外,本論文亦針對與我國同為大陸法系之德國,參考其對政府採購爭議處理之相關的規定,作為後續分析工作之基礎。 本論文第一章「緒論」係介紹研究動機及目的,研究範圍與方法。第二章乃針對異議申訴制度之制訂緣起、修正沿革及政府採購行為之法律性質,探討異議申訴制度之特色與設計方向。第三章至第五章,將按目前異議申訴制度所處理之兩大客體「招標爭議」及「不良廠商通知」,分別依現行政府採購法第六章所定爭議處理之內容,逐項剖析廠商得對機關提起異議之事由與期限、廠商申訴之事由與期限、採購申訴審議委員會之設立、採購申訴審議委員會審議程序及其審議判斷效力、後續救濟途徑等等實務上頗具重要性之問題。第六章則係結論與建議,簡要說明前述各章之研究心得,並提出若干修法建議方向,盼廠商與機關間之爭議能合法迅速解決,而爭議處理能邁向更精緻專業,真正解決實務紛擾不已之政府採購爭議。
4

海峽兩岸政府採購招標階段爭議類型及行政救濟機制之比較研究 / The Compared Research to Cross-Strait Government Procurement Dispute Types and Administrative Relief Institution during Tendering Stage

胡主均, Hu,Chu Chun Unknown Date (has links)
依據世界貿易組織(WTO)估計,各國政府部門採購規模約占有其國家國內生產毛額 GDP的10﹪-15﹪,目前兩岸政府採購規模於陸續實施「政府採購法」之後,我國政府採購總額迄至2005年單一年度已達到5595億元,中國政府採購規模增加趨勢更為驚人,依初期試辦之政府採購暫行管理辦法規定等試點辦理之政府採購規模於1998年僅達31億元人民幣,至2003年其「政府採購法」實施後政府採購範圍和規模迅速擴大,迄至2005年中國政府採購規模已高達2927.6億元,但占其全國GDP的比重仍僅有1.6%。對於我國廠商而言,中國此一快速成長中之經濟體,其政府採購市場相對較無語言和文化之障礙,如能熟悉中國的政府採購機制,其政府採購市場可謂是台灣廠商可及性最高的大餅。從而將海峽兩岸政府採購招標階段之各種爭議類型與特有之行政救濟處理機制放在同一個制度平台上作比較,對於台灣廠商在參與國內政府採購或前進中國政府採購市場都將有更實際的幫助。 我國政府採購法係於1998年5月27日公布並於1999年5月27日正式實施,實施七年多以來,已發生之政府採購招標階段爭議截至2005年12月底止,僅行政院公共工程委員會受理之採購申訴案件累計總收案件數已達3,111件,中國政府採購法則於2003年1月1日始正式施行,因實施時間較短,目前尚無爭議案件具體統計數據,惟相關政府採購爭議案件見諸於出版之專業書籍者已有43件指標性之案例,各人民法院亦逐漸出現政府採購相關判決。本研究範圍主要將針對海峽兩岸政府採購程序中,與參與採購廠商關聯最深之「招標階段」爭議處理機制部分,就現行兩岸政府採購及招標投標等政策法規進行深入之比較研究,並對於上述兩岸政府採購法實施後,所陸續發生之招標階段爭議較具代表性之案例,依其相近類型進行比較分析,以期全面性的瞭解兩岸政府採購招標階段爭議類型及專設之行政救濟處理機制的利弊得失。 在探討過程中,由於兩岸的政府採購機制立法依據來源即有所差異,台灣地區政府採購機制規定主要來自於世界貿易組織WTO的「政府採購協定(GPA)」,中國政府採購法則以聯合國「貿易法委員會貨物、工程和服務採購示範法」為基礎,但也納入「政府採購協定(GPA)」若干立法精神。兩岸政府採購機制之立法依據雖有若干相似之處,但因應各自區域內原有法律體系和經濟環境狀況,仍發展出不同類型的招標機制,本研究對於兩岸政府採購立法過程參照之前述相關國際規範,亦將予以比較分析,以祈自立法來源找出兩岸政府採購立法精神及機制設計之基本差異。 / According to estimate of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the government procurement scale of each country takes up about 10%-15% of its GDP. After the government procurement law was initiated on both sides of the strait, Taiwan’s total government procurement amounted to NT$ 559.5 billion in year 2005 alone; in contrast, China had a more amazing rapid growth in procurement scale. In 1998 when Temporary Regulations on Government Procurement was initiated, the procurement scale reached only 3.1 billion RMB. Since the “Government Procurement Law” took effect in 2003, government procurement scope and scale have expanded rapidly. In 2005, China's government procurement scale amounted up to 292.76 billion RMB, yet taking up only 1.6% of its GDP. As a fast growing economy, China’s government procurement market demonstrates fewer language and cultural barriers to manufactures in Taiwan. Familiarization with China’s government procurement mechanism will help provide most access to its government procurement market for Taiwanese manufacturers. Moreover, comparing research into cross-strait government procurement dispute types and unique administrative relief institution during tendering stage on the same level will be of practical help for Taiwanese manufacturers in taking part in domestic government procurement or moving on to China’s government procurement market. Taiwan’s Government Procurement Act was promulgated on May 27, 1998 and put into effect on the same date of the following year. Over the past seven executing years, regarding government procurement dispute during tendering stage, the Public Construction Commission of Executive Yuan alone had received a total of 3111 procurement complaint cases up till the end of December in 2005. On the other hand, China’s Government Procurement Law came into force from January 1, 2003. Due to its shorter enforcement period, specific statistics of dispute cases are still unavailable. However, there have already been 43 index cases published in specialized books, and government-procurement-related sentences gradually arise in people’s courts of law. This study aims to make a deep and thorough research into cross-strait government policies and regulations on procurement and tender system with respect to dispute-solving mechanism during tendering stage most connected to procurement-involving manufacturers, and an analysis of representative cases of dispute during tendering stage according to their similar types after enforcement of cross-strait government procurement laws. This is done for the purpose of completely understanding cross-strait government procurement dispute types during tendering stage and advantages and disadvantages of unique administrative relief institution. In the course of discussion, we found differences in legislative basis for procurement policies of governments on both sides of the strait. Taiwan’s government procurement policy originates from “Agreement on Government Procurement” (GPA) of the WTO, while China's Government Procurement Law is based on “Model Law on Procurement of Goods, Construction and Services” of the United Nations Commission of International Trade Law, yet also involves some essential spirit of GPA. Despite some similarities of legislative basis between the government procurement policies on both sides, different types of tendering mechanisms have developed in accordance with original legal systems and economic conditions in their respective regions. This study will also compare and analyze the legislative process of government procurement on both sides by referring to the aforementioned international regulations, with an aim to, from legislative origin, locate the fundamental differences of legislative spirit and policy design of government procurement on both sides.
5

影響企業於中國建構醫藥品通路的因素分析─台商未來的因應之道 / An analysis on pharmaceutical industry’s channel strategy in China ─ suggestions for Taiwan’S enterprises

黃淑媛, Huang, Shu Yuan Unknown Date (has links)
中國13億人口的內需市場已為各產業的新興目標,尤其是在醫藥產業,中國政府於2009年宣布將投注8,500億人民幣改革中國整體醫藥建設,更為目前身處於台灣飽和市場的本土藥廠的發展契機,加上兩岸近期簽署的兩岸經濟合作架構協議(ECFA),未來兩岸商業互動將更為頻繁。台商藥廠如何在這各界搶占的中國市場占有一席之地?掌握通路即掌握市場。 影響通路建構的因素分析,是企業市場營銷的首要步驟,公司對影響通路建構的因素越是瞭解,越是能掌握變動的市場,做出調整以因應環境的變化。本研究首先從中國醫藥品生產企業發展概況的分析,引導出跨國藥廠(歐美等國與台灣企業)進入中國市場常見的問題,並研究影響其通路建構須掌握的三大分析構面,包括醫療體制、藥品管理相關法令,以及流通企業等。 在醫療體制部分,中國的醫療市場主要集中在國有醫院(public hospitals),但國有醫院的營銷環境複雜,受到許多來自政策、地方主義、關係資本等因素的影響,使得外來投資企業在經營中國國有醫院市場上,皆需要各方面相當的營銷資源才足以支撐。 在藥品相關法令部分,中國政府為了整頓醫藥市場混亂的景象以及減輕民眾的用藥負擔,於1998年起陸續頒布了許多藥品管理相關法令,包括國家基本藥品目錄、藥品價格管理制度,以及藥品集中招標採購制度等,這些法令雖然規範與體制化了中國醫藥市場,但也約束了醫藥通路終端市場的藥品採購,並使藥廠的通路建構彈性大幅受限。另外,雖然過去由於中國專利法發展遲滯,致使許多歐美企業無法在中國發揮藥品發明專利之市場壟斷的作用,但中國於2007年再次修定並頒布新實施的藥品註冊管理辦法,已將中國的藥品專利保護之法律與行政制度進行初步連結,未來兩者整合性的發展,將塑造出更有利於擁有強大技術與專利能量的藥廠生存的環境,此為台商不可忽視的重要課題。 在流通企業部分,中國流通企業不僅了解當地行規,通常又擅長多角化經營,掌握了大多的終端客戶,往往能夠提供藥廠代銷、物流、倉儲、收款等服務,故在流通企業在中國醫藥通路上扮演著不可或缺的角色,藥廠對流通企業的通路功能依賴性極大。 台商過去進入中國醫藥市場發展十幾年來的商業模式,是否還能足以因應未來更變化多端的市場環境?而後進中國市場的台灣藥廠又該採取怎樣的進軍策略?面對未來,台商更應「衡外情、量已力」,從各面向深入瞭解影響中國醫藥品通路建構的因素,除了鞏固既有醫藥市場與通路資源外,更應積極思考如何提高通路系統的附加價值,開創嶄新的獲利模式。本研究後續將針對前述三大影響因素,分章論述分析,最後歸納與整理影響因素對台灣藥廠所造成的困難,並提具因應上的建議,期能提供在中國發展醫藥品市場的台商企業作為未來發展策略的參考依據。 / China’s great market demand has become the new target for international enterprises, especially in pharmaceutical industry. China government announced the investment of 850 billion RMB to ameliorate the medical infrastructure in China, which indicates an opportunity for Taiwan pharmaceutical companies. The Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA) between Taiwan and China will encourage a more enthusiastic interaction across the strait. Channel strategy will be the key to predominate the highly competent China market for Taiwan pharmaceutical companies. Analysis on channel construction will be the first step for industrial marketing strategy. The better a company understands the factors influential for channel construction, the better it can get control in the ever-changing market and adjust itself to cope with any alteration in the environment. This thesis will begin with an introduction on the development of pharmaceutical industry in China and thus induce some common issues with which international pharmaceutical companies are confronted in China market. It will analyze the channel construction from three important perspectives, healthcare system, pharmaceutical regulations, and logistics industry. Public hospitals play a major role in the healthcare system of China market. The marketing in public hospital involves complicated variables, including policy, local protectionism, and relationship capital. Non-local companies need every considerable resource to manage the marketing in public hospitals. In order to reform the healthcare market and lower the medical expense, China government announced several pharmaceutical regulations, including National Reimbursement Drug List (NRDL), Medicine pricing policy, and Pharmaceutical Centralized Public Bidding Procurement process. On one hand, these regulations help to put the market into order; on the other hand, it sets restricts on the retail sales and the channeling flexibility of the pharmaceutical company. Due to the slow development of China patent law in the past, moreover, a lot of American or European pharmaceutical companies could not develop an exclusive market for their drug through patent system. New Provisions for Drug Registration revised and announced by China government in 2007 established an initial connection between legal and administrative system of drug patent protection. Such integrated development will form an environment more suitable for pharmaceutical companies which possess powerful technology and patents, a significant trend for Taiwan companies’ attentions. China logistics companies understand local law and regulation and are usually familiar with multi-business strategy. They control most of the retailers and can offer sales agency, logistics, storage, and agency receipt. Logistic industry plays an important role in China pharmaceutical channel and is indispensable to pharmaceutical companies. It will be questionable whether Taiwan companies’ old business model can be sufficient for the changing China pharmaceutical market in the future. The newcomers should ponder more on their strategy for the market as well. Taiwan companies need to take the external condition and their own strength into consideration, understanding every factor of China pharmaceutical channel construction. Besides strengthening the original market and channels, Taiwan companies should aggressively enhance the add-value of channel system and find out new profit model. This thesis will focus on and elaborate the three perspectives and analyze the difficulties they bring upon Taiwan pharmaceutical companies, proposing possible solutions and future strategy for those who aim to develop their pharmaceutical business in China.

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