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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

通過分數之標準設定的研究

鄭明長, ZHENG, MING-CHANG Unknown Date (has links)
本研究之目的有二:(一)探討基於試題反應理論的設定通過分數之標準的可能方法 ;(二)探討在日常教學情境中,教師容易採用的通過分數之標準的設定方法,與由 試題反應理論所推導出之設定方法,所造成之分類結果間的差異。 就目的(一)而言,研究者針對效標參照測驗與試題反應理論的特性,推論可以用來 作為通過分數的標準點;針對目的(二),本研究是以臺北市公私立國民小學六年級 學生為樣本母群,以多階段隨機抽樣法抽取樣本進行施測,在「國民小學學習成就標 準測驗----數學科」第十一冊題本方面,有效樣本有1064人;自編成就測驗的有效樣 本為984 人。本研究以學生在兩份測驗上的反應作為分析的資料,來進行下列分析: 1.以各種方法所分類的精熟組與非精熟組學生間得分平均數的差異,來驗證精熟組與 非精熟組學生在試題反應上的差異; 2.分別就各種設定方法的精熟╱非精熟分類情形,與試題反應答對╱答錯分類情形的 一致性係數與四分相關係數,來探討傳統上教師判斷法、傳統60分法、成績平均數法 、成績平均數以下一個標準差法、與依據試題反應理論所提出的測驗最大訊息量法、 試題最大訊息量法、能力平均數法、能力平均數以下一個標準差法等八種方法分類間 的差異情形。 3.以兩份複本測驗上,各種方法本身分類的一致性係數與κ係數,來了解各種設定方 法本身的分類一致性。 研究結果發現:1.各種設定方法所分類的精熟組學生答對試題的機率比非精熟組學生 答對試題的機率要來的高;2.在各種方法的比較上,研究者所提出的試題最大計息量 法所得的分類情形與由實際上試題反應進行分類的一致情形較高,而教師判斷法所得 的分類一致性結果則較低;3.各種設定方法本身在兩份複本測驗上的分類都相當一致 。研究者並針對上述研究結果提出討論與建議。
2

單元成本分析應用於成本控制之研究

葉秀惠, Ye, Xiu-Hui Unknown Date (has links)
第一章:緒論,敘述研究動機與目的、研究方法、主要假設及還輯網、論文架構。第 二章:單元成本分析之基本概念,說明單元成本分析之意義、主要目的、基本原理、 及實施步驟。第三章成本控制制度之探討,說明成本控制制度之意義及基本原則。第 四章標準設定與差異分析,說明單元成本分析運用於標準設定與差異分析之研究。第 五章原因探究與改善異常,說明單元成本分析運用於原因探究與改善異常之研究。第 六章 研究,係以台塑關係企業為個案研究對象,說明制度設計,實施方法及實施 績效。第七章為結論與建議。
3

行為科學在責任會計上之應用

周齊平, Zhou, Zhai-Ping Unknown Date (has links)
責任會計是近代企業分權經管下的一種管理工具,但制度本身並不能替代管理,必須 透過人員的有效執行,且責任會計是以人為中心,因只有人才能授予權力、追究責任 。企業必須以授權與分權為前題,透過員工的接受與參與、目標一致與激勵等行為因 素的配合,才能發揮責任會計制度的功效。因此,本論文係針對責任會計制度的設計 與實施方面有關的行為因素,作進一步的探討;共壹冊、六萬字左右,分六章十八節 ;分別就行為科學與責任會計之關係、制度設計、績效標準設定、控制、及績效評估 等方面,作次級資料的研究與分析。玆就論文大綱簡介於后: 第一章 行為科學與責任會計之科技整合 第二章 行為科學與責任會計之制度設計 第三章 行為科學與責任會計之績效標準設定 第四章 行為科學與責任會計之控制 第五章 行為科學與責任會計之績效評估 第六章 結論與建議
4

以最大測驗訊息量決定通過分數之研究 / Study of the Standard Setting by the Maximum Test Information

謝進昌, Shieh, Jin-Chang Unknown Date (has links)
本研究目的,乃在運用試題反應理論中最大測驗訊息量的概念於精熟標準設定上作為探討的主軸,透過其歷史的演進與發展,衍生出詮釋本研究最大測驗訊息量法的三個面向,分別為:元素的搭配組合與調整、廣義測驗建構流程、多元效度等,並以此概念賦予解釋運用最大測驗訊息量於精熟標準設定時的合理性與適切性。同時,確立最大測驗訊息量法於公式意涵、試題選擇與統計考驗力面向的合理性,建立其於精熟標準上的理論基礎,而後,再輔以精熟/未精熟者分類一致性信度值以期提供多元效度證據。最後,探討測驗分數的轉換方法、差異能力描述,期能同時獲得量與質的測驗結果解釋。 綜整分析,可發現以下幾點結論: 一、運用最大測驗訊息量法於精熟標準設定時,在分類的信度指標上,顯示由此求得精熟標準,經交叉驗證後,大致可獲得滿意的結果,皆有高達九成以上的精確分類水準,且藉由區間的概念亦能充分顯現出,以最大測驗訊息量法求得之標準,可作為專家設定精熟標準時參考、判斷的優勢。而在分數轉換上,不論搭配換算古典測驗分數法或測驗特徵曲線構圖法時,其分類精熟/未精熟者的一致性表現,大致可獲得滿意的結果,乃是值得參照的組合策略。 二、在運用定錨點以解釋由最大測驗訊息量法於國中基本學力測驗求得之精熟標準時,可發現未精熟者乃僅需具備學科基礎知識與簡易圖示理解能力,而對於精熟者而言,則需進一步擁有對於廣泛學科知識的了解;複雜問題、資料與圖表詮釋;邏輯推理、分析實驗結果以獲得相關論點等能力,或者更高階之具備進階學科知識;綜合、評鑑資料、情境傳遞之訊息的能力。 三、探討測驗長度因素時,分析結果顯示不論採行最大測驗訊息量法、換算古典測驗分數法或是測驗特徵曲線構圖法,皆受此因素的影響,顯示測驗長度愈長,分類一致性愈高,此項結果乃與過去大多數的研究一致。另,由本資料分析結果乃建議測驗長度20題時,會是必備的基本題數要求值。此外,若從細部精確錯誤分類人數角度分析時,於實務用途上,可發現對於影響轉換分數時,產生差異分數的因素,決策者並不容易掌握與控制,但卻可藉由增加測驗長度,分散分數點的人數,以彌平錯誤分類的影響。 四、探討測驗異質性因素時,最大測驗訊息量法因具有因試題參數而調整估計受試者能力的特性,使得在異質測驗時,分類一致性仍能維持在不錯的水準之上。反觀換算古典測驗分數法與測驗特徵曲線構圖法,在固定精熟標準下,則有明顯的錯誤分類比率,此現象也反應出現行以固定60分作為及格(精熟)標準的缺失。 五、探討採用簡易測驗、困難測驗或常態測驗間於轉換分數上之效果時,由換算古典測驗分數法或測驗特徵曲線構圖法轉換來自最大測驗訊息量法之精熟標準時,資料分析結果顯示,不論於何種測驗難度類型中,採用何種轉換方式,並不會嚴重影響轉換分數間一致性分類的效果。另,若從細部精確錯誤分類人數角度分析時,本研究所採之最大測驗訊息量法,因具備隨測驗難易程度來決定門檻的特性,於簡易測驗中求得之精熟標準較低,而於困難測驗中求得之精熟標準相對較高,使得於轉換分數上,即使有較大的差異分數,亦不會造成嚴重的錯誤分類人數。 六、在探討測驗長度、測驗異質性因素與定錨點題目篩選間互動關係時,分析結果顯示,測驗長度與測驗異質性,並非是絕對影響定錨點題目篩選的因素,更重要的在於最大試題訊息量所對應之最適能力值是否能與定錨點相搭配。 綜整之,本研究所採最大測驗訊息量法,經檢驗後,於分類一致性上乃具有不錯的表現,且搭配相對強韌、嚴謹的理論支持與適切測驗結果解釋方法等,是最適合用於大型考試上使用。因此,乃建議未來政府單位或實務工作者於進行大型證照、資格檢定考試時,可考慮使用本策略。 / The purpose of this study is to adopt the concepts of IRT maximum test information to standard setting. At first, we are trying to discover three facets of interpretation in using the maximum test information to standard setting through the historical movement of standard setting. The three facets are component combination and adjustment, generalized test construction processes and multiple validities. Depending on these three concepts, we can easily explain the reasonableness and appropriateness of maximum test information approach. After that, we further investigate the reasonableness from the dimensions of definition of formula, item selections and statistical power to establish the basic theory of the maximum information approach in standard setting. In addition, we also examine the effects on exact classification of master/non-master in expectation to provide multiple evidences for validity. Finally, the method of classical test scores transformation and difference ability description are discussed to provide quantitative and qualitative test result interpretation simultaneously. In sum, some conclusions are proposed. 1.In applying the maximum test information approach to standard setting, the effect on exact classification of master/ non-master may come to a satisfying result. We may have at least 90% exact classification performance. At the same time, we also find that the mastery standard deriving from the maximum test information approach may have some advantages being a starting reference point for experts to adjust on the basis of the view of confidence interval. In the aspect of classical test scores transformation, no matter what approach you take, the transformed classical test scores approach or test characteristic curve mapping method, the consistency of exact classification of master/ non-master may hold. We may suggest the combination strategy is really worthy to take into consideration in standard setting. 2.In applying the anchor point to interpret Basic Competency Test result, we may find non-master only has basic academic knowledge and simple graph understanding ability, but for the master, he may need extensive academic knowledge; ability of complicated problems、data and graph interpretation; logic reasoning、analyzing experimental result to get related issues. Moreover, advanced academic knowledge; ability of synthesizing and evaluating information from data and surroundings are also included. 3.In the aspect of test length, the result of this research shows no matter what approach you take, maximum test information approach、transformed classical test scores approach or test characteristic curve mapping method, they are all influenced. It shows the longer test length, the higher consistency of exact classification of master/non-master. This result is consistent to most of the studies in the past. On the other hand, we suggest the 20 items is a fundamental value. Moreover, from the view of exact number of error classification, we can find that the real factor affecting the difference scores in transforming classical test score is unable to control in practical usage, but we can just disperse the numbers of people in each test score point to reduce the influence of error classification by increasing test length. 4.In the aspect of diverse test difficulty, because the maximum test information approach possesses the characteristic of examinees’ ability adjustment depending on item parameters, it is less influenced to maintain a acceptable level of consistent classification. In contrast with the maximum test information approach, the transformed classical test scores approach and test characteristic curve mapping method may have obvious high ratio of error classification under the fixed mastery standard. This also reflects the deficiency of current fixed 60 points passing scores. 5.In the aspect of analyzing the effect of score transformation between easy、hard and normal test, this research shows no matter what approach you take in any type of test difficulty, they may not severely influenced. Furthermore, from the view of exact number of error classification, because the maximum test information approach possesses the characteristic of deciding passing level depending on the degree of test difficulty (the lower mastery standard in easy test and the higher in hard test), it may not lead to a severe error classification even if there exists a large difference score in classical test score transformation. 6.In the aspect of interaction between test length、diverse test difficulty and anchor items selection, this research shows that test length and diverse test difficulty are not the real factors affecting anchor items selection. The more accurate cause is if the mastery standard deriving from the maximum test information approach may coordinate with the anchor point or not. In sum, the maximum test information approach may not only lead to a satisfying exact classification performance after analysis, but also be supported by strong and strict theory and accompany proper test result interpretation method. It is the most proper method in standard setting for large-sized test. Finally, we suggest the government or practitioners may consider adopting this strategy for future usage.

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