本篇論文主要研究漢娜‧鄂蘭，二十世紀重要的政治思想家及極權主義闡釋的奠定者，其政治思想產生的脈絡。作為海德格的學生，若非納粹政權的崛起，鄂蘭的一生將在學院的平靜生活中度過；故而，在她轉向政治領域的過程，外在政治環境轉變的衝擊與其內在猶太認同的產生，對其政治思考，有不可分割的關係。本篇論文將以德國威瑪共和時期到納粹興起的政治與社會環境為背景，分析鄂蘭在不同時期對於猶太問題的思考重心，為其政治思想產生的脈絡提供進一步的詮釋。

「積極生活」與「沉思生活」乃是鄂蘭思想的核心關切，晚年更是致力於研究如何從心靈的活動走向實踐的行動。在眾多心靈能力中，鄂蘭特別看重能避免罪惡的「思考」與分辨對錯的「判斷」，兩者皆與現實政治關聯甚深。然而鄂蘭最終認為「判斷」是「最具政治性的心靈能力」，「思考」則難於政治處境中適用。對此，筆者認為「思考」與「判斷」並非截然對立的兩種能力，事實上兩者有許多相通之處，而真正的差異其實是「標準」與「角色」不同的兩種對話，且從鄂蘭建構「思考」的原型─蘇格拉底─身上亦能發掘許多實踐意義，這將是如何實踐更理想的政治的關鍵。 / “Vita activa” and “vita contemplentiva” are the two main subjects in Arendt’s thought. In her last years, she committed herself to find the path from “mental faculties” to “actions.” In all mental faculties, Arendt paid more attention on the evil-prevented ability called “thinking” and “judging,” which can telling right from wrong, both of them have a lot to do with real politics. But Arendt considered “judging” is “the most political of man’s mental abilities” and “thinking” is not applicable to politics at last. In my point of view, “thinking” and “judging” are not actually two different kind of “ability” but two kind of “conversation,” the difference between them is “standard” and “role”. If we delve into the model of “thinking” in Arendt’s thought –Socrates,– we can find out that there was lots of practical meanings in his actions, those will be the key to make ideal politics practicable.