本研究以美國早期的都市社會學與社會心理學的理論，瞭解都市化對都市生活影響的一些表徵，包括大量的人口、差異化的個體、高人口密度，以及有別於鄉村的都市生活面貌，例如冷淡、拘謹、膚淺、利益導向、理性的社會情境等。由於台灣快速都市化讓社會整體進步與發達，但都市的意象不免讓人感到冷漠、疏離與隔離，此是否誠如過去西方的都市社會研究結果一般，源於都市空間會影響都市人的心理與外顯的生活方式，此引發本研究進一步探究之動機。有鑑於過去以都市空間規劃為研究主軸之文獻，顯少有學者直接將「生活方式」與「都市空間」兩大議題做關聯性的探討，而台灣早期60、70年代的都市社會學者，曾以社區凝聚、社區發展、社區意識或是鄰里關係進行討論，但時至今日此類的研究亦顯得零星且分散。因此，本研究關懷都市空間與都市人的議題，以西方文獻中的實證經驗來觀察台灣都市社會的情況，並予以驗證假設一：都市人的空間使用行為會因不同社經背景而有差異；假設二：移入都市生活的居民其自身價值觀將會有所改變；假設三：價值觀的改變會對生活方式與使用都市空間的行為產生影響；假設四：都市人的生活方式會對空間使用產生影響，並與空間課題的產生有所關聯；假設五：都市空間與生活方式有所關聯。 因此，本研究在文獻回顧與推演台灣都市社會的情境後，抽樣台北市大安及士林兩區的居民，瞭解遷移者在價值觀、生活方式與空間使用的情況，並以敘述性統計分析與結構方程模式(SEM)歸納問卷結果，回應研究假設，並驗證都市空間與生活方式之關聯。最後，參照實證結果研擬重塑都市空間新風貌之目標與對策體系，做為提昇都市空間品質的建議；而此建議亦可供政府與規劃單位及後續研究者在政策操作上與研究時之參考。最後，獲致以下幾點結論： 一、本研究認為遷移者進入都市生活後，其價值觀可能被改變或是強化的面向，包括自我防衛、個人主義、經濟報酬、理性、容忍五大價值觀。而生活達一定時間後，生活方式將會受到都市環境的影響，以致呈現較互不干涉(疏離)、社區意識缺乏、務實生活(精確計算)，以及重娛樂休閒的傾向。 二、本研究提出都市空間諸多課題，例如社區空間意識衰頹、公共空間私有化、人行空間被遺忘、消費空間主導地方空間的興衰、人工空間取代生態空間，以及空間的過度與不當利用，可能與都市人被強化或改變後的價值觀與生活方式息息相關。而經由敘述性統計分析及SEM的分析，已驗證本研究所提出之五大假設。 三、本研究認為都市空間是自變數亦是應變數。因此，經由實質與非實質規劃策略之研擬，將可重塑都市空間的面貌，並經由影響生活方式來發掘與提高都市社會互動和社會資本的發展，從而再次影響都市人使用空間的行為與態度。本研究研擬實質空間規劃策略，分成三大目標、三項標的與六大對策--提供適當合宜的公共空間、營造巷弄的春天、提高都市空間水平流動性、形塑友善人行空間的元素、增加非機動車的通行空間、經營都市的精耕主義。同時亦認為，都市人的生活方式亦應搭配做一調整(此屬非實質的規劃策略)，例如建立具有社區鄰里道德規範與共識之生活方式、提高民眾參與度之生活方式、推廣植栽與綠化生活方式，或是推展永續的旅行行為，亦即步行生活方式。 / Based on theories of urban sociology and social psychology, this study explores the effects of urbanization on the urban life, including large population, heterogeneous, and high density. The differences of life style features between country and urban areas are discussed, such as indifferent, reserved, superficial, self-interest, and intellectuality and so on. With the rapid urbanization in Taiwan, society has been entirely improving and developing. However, the image of urban area makes people feel indifferent and segregation. Whether this result is the same as which of the studies found in western society brings me to conduct this study. According to literature review, there lacks scholars directly putting “lifestyle” and “urban space” into a relative discussion. The urban sociologists in 60s and 70s in Taiwan had discussed about community coherence, development, consciousness or neighborhood relationship, while to now this kind of research becomes fragmentary. Hence, this study concerns with issues between the urban space and urban residents. With the western literature review, this study observes the conditions of urban society in Taiwan and proposes the following hypotheses. First of all, the behavior of urban residents who utilize the space will be different due to the social economic status. Second, the self-value will be changed after the residents move to urban areas. Third, the change of value system will influence lifestyle and the utilization of urban space. Forth, the lifestyle of urban residents will affect the way of using urban space. Fifth, there is a connection between urban space and lifestyle. This study conducts a survey in Daan and Shilin districts to explore the value system, lifestyle, and the way of using urban space of immigrants. It employs statistic analysis and SEM to generalize the result of questionnaires in order to verify the above hypotheses and the connection between urban space and lifestyle. Then, based on the outcome of verification, this study suggests several strategies for reshaping the image and functions of urban space. Consequently, this study provides conclusions as follows. 一、The value system of immigrants, such as self-protection, egoism, economic reward, rationality, and toleration will be changed or intensified after people move into urban areas. The lifestyle, however, will be influenced by urban environment after a certain time of living in urban areas. And the characteristics of lifestyle include the sense of aloofness, the lack of community consciousness, material life, and the tendency of focusing on entertainment. 二、According to the SEM analysis, this study has verified the five hypotheses. This study also infers that the degenerative consciousness of community, the personalization for public space, the pedestrian space into oblivion, the wax and wane of regional space led by consumption space, artificial space replacing ecologic space, and the overuse and misuse of space are all relevant to the change of value system and lifestyle of urban residents. 三、This study develops several strategies for reshaping the image of urban space which may further influence urban residents’ lifestyle, attitude, and behaviors toward space utilization and urban environment. In order to create a livable urban space, this study suggests relevant strategies, such as providing decent public space, improving the accessibility of urban space, ameliorating friendly pedestrian space, increasing the walking space, and embellishing urban space through new urbanism.

Background: Over the long term, unhealthy lifestyles can lead to many health problems, especially type 2 diabetes (T2D). The aim of the present study was to determine associations between lifestyle factors (smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and diet) and T2D in American adults (aged ≥20 years) in a nationally representative sample. Methods: Data for 12 987 American adults participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2014 were evaluated. Weighted multiple logistic regression models were used to examine associations between the four lifestyle factors and T2D after adjusting for demographics and socioeconomic status (SES). Prevalence trends for T2D were examined using Cochran–Armitage tests. Results: There was a significant increasing prevalence trend for T2D among American adults. Smokers and individuals consuming >12 alcoholic drinks in the past year were less likely to report having T2D than non‐smokers (odds ratio [OR] 0.41; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.35–0.48) and those consuming(OR 0.46; 95% CI 0.39–0.55). Participants with light physical activity have a greater likelihood of having T2D than those engaging in vigorous physical activity (OR 5.72; 95% CI 4.30–7.60). Individuals consuming a poor diet were more likely to report having T2D than those eating an excellent diet (OR 1.18; 95% CI 1.02–1.41). All these relationships remained significant after adjustment for demographics and SES. Conclusion: All four lifestyle factors were significantly associated with T2D among American adults. The findings of the present study provide useful information for healthcare providers that may help them promote specific lifestyle modifications.