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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

死亡與宗教生活:以佛教臨終助念為例

王千蕙, Wang,Chienhui Unknown Date (has links)
臨終助念是佛教淨土信仰者所實行的一種臨終處理方式,希望藉由對臨終者說明淨土的可欲、阿彌陀佛的願力,來提起臨終者發願往生淨土的信心;並陪伴臨終者唸誦佛號,以免臨終者因死亡的痛苦而失去信仰;佛教徒相信人的身體死亡後,尚有神識存在,因此在臨終者斷氣後,助念應至少實行八小時。 從宗教史的角度來看,在佛教淨土信仰的脈絡下,信仰者透過對經典的理解與實踐,在以念佛為修行方法、追求解脫生死、投生極樂的修行中,發展出為人助聲念佛的具體行動,這個行動進一步地與「善知識」的觀念產生積極性的轉化與結合,理性地落實到臨終時刻,促成了「臨終助念」的產生。民國初年印光確認了助念的理論與實施方法,並大加推廣,而後隨著大陸佛教人士來台,助念亦進入台灣佛教徒的生活當中。 由於早期信仰氛圍較為傳統,助念實在違背民間的死亡禁忌,因此僅僅實行於少數的佛教徒間。而助念活動在八0年代的興起背景,可歸納為三個因素:一是新興佛教團體對於理念相當強調,並積極投入社會參與,較諸傳統的佛教寺院,其經營策略有明顯的改變,因此在提倡與推動助念活動上,有相當的進展;二是臨終與死亡處理的問題逐漸成形,人們積極地尋求解決的方法,以起於醫療系統中的臨終關懷與安寧療護為最明顯的例子;三是傳統喪葬儀式逐漸喪失其實施的背景與基礎,除了意義的失落外,其制式化與非透明化亦為社會所質疑,人們開始選擇不同的處理方式。 而助念活動造成了三個影響:一、對於佛教團體,助念不僅是對於淨土理念的宣示,也因為其義務性與靈驗性而達到有效的宗教傳播,而助念則成為佛教團體相當重要的服務項目。二、助念與臨終關懷相互結合,佛教團體開始積極推動佛教的臨終關懷,除了吸取臨終關懷的概念外,亦進一步與醫療系統中輔導、心理的相關機制相互結合。三、助念結合了佛化喪葬儀式出現,成為替代傳統喪葬儀式的另一選擇。目前已有許多禮儀社將佛化喪儀納入服務項目之一,而完全採行佛化喪儀的禮儀社,也在佛教徒的促成下出現。 從宗教內涵來說,透過給予生者與死者連結的時間與機會,並提供人們超越此世的意義,臨終助念幫助人們面對死亡、接受死亡,並建立對於死亡的積極態度。實踐方式則是淨土信仰者宗教生活的延續,是一種貫徹始終的修行。而助念所描繪的臨終場景,毋寧是一場臨終喜劇,將死亡由悲劇轉化為生命所必經的歷程,而將悲與喜的決定交在人們的手上,這不僅是人們內心深處所渴望的,卻也是人們所恐懼的,在此宗教欲引導人們理解的便是一種如實的與積極的面對。
2

現代醫療對臨終關懷的衝擊與反思

陳妤嘉 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究循著社會脈絡的發展,選擇醫學為最主要的反思對象,企圖探討醫學如何扭轉我們對死亡的認識,以及改變我們對於死亡的觀感。論文所探討的課題主要環繞兩個主軸來加以分析 : 1.醫學介入 分析醫學專業具有那些特質,其特質是如何影響人類生活的諸多面向,特別是介入臨終與死亡的過程、主導死亡發生的時間、空間是怎樣的面貌,此外,臨終者在醫療系統的隔離以及限制之下,會產生什麼樣的後果。 2.臨終關懷 當臨終期不可避免地延長,反省一般醫療種種的作為,一方面針對醫療行為提出可能的改進措施,以扭轉現代死亡與臨終所面臨的境況,男方面協助患者與周遭的親友面對日益延長的臨終期,使死亡回復過往平和親近與自然的原貌。此外,除了醫療之外,患者在臨終時期,該如何透過心境的轉換以正面地看待死亡?而對於一般人而言,透過對臨終者的關懷,又能得到什麼樣的啟示?種種現代性社會所面對之臨終課題,即是本篇論文擬深究探索的主要論題。 關鍵字:醫療化、臨終、平和死亡、安寧療護
3

兒童醫療自主之探討-以病童臨床經驗出發 / Patient autonomy of children - from the clinical experiences on pediatric patients

張濱璿, Chang, Pin Hsuan Unknown Date (has links)
因為醫病互動關係的改變,病患自主權在經過歐美數十年來的覺醒與詮釋,並定位於不論是人性尊嚴或是隱私權內涵中之憲法層級,以及在告知後同意於近二十年來引進國內並蓬勃發展之後,病患的自主決定權在現今醫療過程中已經受到相當的重視。青少年也因接近成人的年齡及成熟度,在法律及臨床實務上也逐漸肯認其對於自身的醫療決定擁有自主決定權。然而,兒童不論在法律或是社會觀念之中,均被認定為能力尚未成熟,傳統上認為必須由父母代替其做醫療決定。可是在作者身為一位臨床兒科醫師的臨床實務經驗當中,許多病童往往能表達自己對於醫療決定甚至是臨終決定的自主意見,卻不受到父母或其他成年代理人的採納。 因此,本文將從臨床經驗出發,將所發現許多兒童有能力決定、以及父母無法做出符合兒童利益決定的案例,提出作為本文探討的思考起源。本文主要鎖定未成年人中未滿12歲的兒童進行討論,排除許多文獻早已熱烈討論的青少年人;另外因為立法例上並未賦予未成年人擁有「自主權」,故本文暫不深究兒童法律上的自主權利,而是以探討兒童實質上的「自主性」作為探討的主軸,並以此為未來法律發展的基礎。 本文將首先從「醫病關係的演進」開始,探討一般性「病患自主決定權」之倫理與法律。醫學倫理上涉及包括「生物醫學倫理四原則」以及「告知後同意」;多數國家也將「自主決定權」在法律上定位為憲法層級之人權保障。聯合國兒童權利公約則為現今國際上兒童人權維護的重要指引,也是對於兒童一般自主權正當性的重要依據。至於兒童的自主決定與其決定能力相關,也涉及父母代理決定的討論,故從法律上對於父母子女關係及未成年人保護的討論出發,探討代理決定時的最佳利益判斷,思考兒童醫療決定的問題及衝突,以及在不同年齡適合該年齡得以決定的事項。 在兒童醫療決定上,難題包括為何要重視兒童自主、何人有權決定、如何決定等等,在此議題受到各國重視並不斷發展之下應如何運作。在本文中主要參考了美國以及英國的發展經驗以及建議,提出對於臨床操作的看法。本文認為,可以用兒童醫療「表意權」的行使作為對兒童自主性的肯認,從兒童決定能力的判斷開始,對於具有決定能力的兒童表達其合理意見應充分尊重;若是缺乏決定能力的兒童,則在考量其最佳利益後由父母代理其做出醫療決定。醫療人員基於必須對於病童負責的角色及責任,亦應檢視父母決定是否合理,適時地介入決定以維護兒童最佳利益。 至於在兒童的最佳利益的判斷上,除了要考慮所面對的病況以外,還需要針對兒童未來生理發育和心智發展的影響,整體考量其未來的生活品質;對於臨終的兒童,則應考量是否得到有尊嚴的死亡,此與成年人的思考並無相左。最後,本文將進一步探討較為特殊的臨床狀況,包括面對重症以及急症的病童應如何操作及思考,並重新檢視本文所提出之實際臨床困難案例,建議較為適合的做法,以作為更多臨床個案判斷的參考指引。 / Patients' awareness of self-determination has raised and their rights have been taken into account in clinical consideration because of the change of doctor-patient relationship in recent decades. The right to autonomy was highly positioned at the constitutional level no matter it is contained in the concept of human dignity or the right of privacy. It is also highly valued after “the doctrine of informed consent” was introduced into our country with vigorous development in recent years. Because adolescents’ age and maturity approach adults, they have been recognized to have sufficient ability and right to make their own medical decisions as well as adults. Children, in the general idea of the society, are concerned not to have sufficient decision making ability and therefore need their parents’ help to make their own medical decisions. However, from clinical experiences, many children could not only express their autonomous opinions but even have the ability to consent to their medical treatments, including life-saving treatments. Unfortunately, children’s opinions were usually ignored, and sometimes their parents could not make decisions in their best interest. This study will discuss the patient autonomy of children whose ages are under 12 years old. We acknowledge that children do not have legal “right” to autonomy but they still have their own autonomous expression. The ethical and legal bases of patient autonomy are firstly illustrated, including “the four principles approach to bioethics”, “the doctrine of informed consent”, the legal status of “the right to autonomy” at the constitutional level, and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child which is an international guide to children’s human right. Children’s autonomy is closely related to their decision-making capacity or competence and their age. Furthermore, surrogate decision making plays an important role in children’s affairs. When there is a conflict between the parents and children, the principle of best interest of children should be the leading concern. Regarding the medical decision of children, difficult problems are: why children’s patient autonomy is vital, who has the right to decide, and how to make a decision. I have reviewed the experiences and suggestions from concept leading countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom. I proposed my own viewpoint and suggest some guidelines on the clinical decision process. My opinion is that children’s right to express should be taken as the confirmation of children’s autonomy. For the children with decision making capacity, we should fully respect his rational decision; for the children without it, parents could make the decisions according to the children’s best interest. Medical staffs, including doctors and nurses, also need to reexamine the parents’ decisions suitable for children’s best interest. At the end of the thesis, I re-examine the clinical cases proposed at the beginning of this thesis, to present my resolution to the cases as guides for future clinical situation.

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