学位プログラム名: 京都大学大学院思修館 / 京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(総合学術) / 甲第21230号 / 総総博第2号 / 新制||総総||1(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院総合生存学館総合生存学専攻 / (主査)特定教授 藤田 正勝, 准教授 DEROCHE Marc-Henri Jean, 教授 上原 麻有子 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy / Kyoto University / DGAM

隨著社會、經濟不斷轉型，資訊科技進步，商業模式不斷創新，新的服務創新帶給消費者更便利、更優質的生活環境，全球商業環境的快速變遷，產業的競爭日益激烈，不少企業紛紛朝向國際化、資訊化及多角化的方向發展。由於社會進步，國民生活水準大幅提昇，消費者對商品價格的重視漸漸轉而對產品品質及服務的重視。 便利商店的經營與其他業種、業態相比較下，更是要求制度、標準及效率，不僅提供給消費者一個完善的購物環境，也是社區及商圈的代收服務中心與資訊情報中心。因此，便利商店的經營者在面對競爭激烈的市場，如何掌握消費者需求，如何隨著內、外環境及趨勢的改變，而調整經營策略及模式，以提供更多的服務，創造更高的競爭優勢，是一個值得重視並深入探討的課題。本研究以連鎖便利商店產業內之萊爾富國際股份公司為研究對象，透過深度訪談個案公司相關負責主管，瞭解連鎖便利商店業者在建構多媒體機Life-ET成功商業獲利模式的產生的有形效益及無形效益，作分析探討，並提出建議。 公司規劃創新商業模式，就得先找到進入的地圖，這一張地圖由四個互相依存連動的要素組成，合在一起才能創造價值，其中最重要的是第一個要素－提出顧客價值主張，這也是建立出色商業模式的步驟的第一個步驟，設計利潤公式是第二個步驟，第三個步驟是確認關鍵資源和流程。專案推動過程中，萊爾富運用核心優勢與資源重塑價值鏈，整合相關關鍵資源與流程，以兼顧標準化與彈性化之需，使整體創新的商業模式能產生一加一大於二的效益。 Hi-Life 導入多媒體機商業模式後相關成果如上述，彙整效益結論如下： （一） 無形面 1、提升對消費者服務的深度。 2、提高消費者生活上便利性的廣度。 （二） 有形面: 1、業務類別提升:2003年~2012年9月整合異業業態，新增23項業務。 2、交易筆數提升:筆數整體提升30％，來客數提升25％。 3、增加營收: 手續費收入增加200％。 4、新銷售平台提供：新增101家廠商。 關鍵字:連鎖店、自助服務科技、Kiosk多媒體機、商業獲利模式

在存活分析中，含有轉折點的指數分配（又稱二段式指數分配）的模式,常被拿來研究某些疾病的復發率，以決定其治療方式是否有效。然而在文獻上，對這一個模式的探討大都局限在單一母體上，其問題不外乎有兩個：一是檢定此一轉折點是否存在；二是估計此一轉折點。 　　本文將此一問題擴充，從一個母體提昇至兩個母體，比較兩個母體是否具有相同的轉折點、起始危險率或轉換率。基本上，我們使用了貝氏方法和古典方法來分析。 　　我們利用貝氏方法，推導出兩個母體在不同的已知條件下，各母數比值或差值的事後分配。但是他們的形式幾乎都很複雜，使得欲做進一步的分析，困難重重。因此，我們引進了 Gibbs 抽樣法，利用各完全條件事後分配，萃取出各邊際事後分配，以供推論之用。 　　而在古典分析中，我們係採用概似比值檢定法。而最大的問題在於轉折點未知時，我們不知其對數概似比的分配為何。我們除了介紹兩個文獻中估計轉折點的方法，我們更利用了自助法 (bootstrap) 來估計其對數概似比的分配，以供檢定之用。 　　對於這樣兩母體的比較，在醫學上、工業上甚具意義。本文不僅推導出其供比較用的統計架構，更提供了具體而實用的抽樣方法， 對這問題的分析，頗具貢獻。

在人類社會中，失能老人大多由家庭來承擔照顧責任，也因此帶給照顧者相當重的負荷。在此脈絡下，家庭照顧者的相關政策與措施逐漸受到大眾的重視，期望藉由各式的措施與服務以減少照顧對生活的不利影響，進而增加照顧者的生活福祉。在心理性的支持服務中，自助團體能夠有效舒緩照顧者的身心壓力，但照顧者自助團體研究甚少，且照顧者自助團體之研究未正視團體成員先前團體參與的經驗，及既有研究忽略照顧者支持團體的延續性效益之探究，是故，本研究目的包括：一、從接觸自助團體的起源—探討照顧者參與支持團體的經驗；二、分析照顧者參與自助團體的經驗；三、以增強權能觀點探究照顧者參與自助團體的經驗；四、從自助團體成員及社工員的角度看自助團體的未來發展；五、依據研究結果，提供建議作為辦理照顧者自助團體的實務工作者及家庭照顧者相關團體之參考。 本研究使用質性取向的研究方法，以「台北縣家庭照顧者關懷協會」作為研究場域，本研究共計訪問八名受訪者，一名社工員及七位照顧者。照顧者皆為女性，年齡介於53-64歲之間。照顧狀況方面，有1位仍持續照顧中，6位已結束照顧工作。照顧者參與自助團體方面，僅有1位非團體幹部。 主要的研究結果如下： 1.照顧者參與支持團體經驗中，透過醫療單位及個人熟識者得知活動訊息。照顧者支持團體前的處境大致可區分心理壓力、生理壓力、缺乏社會支持網絡及不清楚照顧方面的資訊。照顧者實際參與支持團體的條件為能擁有自己可支配的時間，以及有人協助暫代照顧工作。支持團體活動內容包括身心成長類、藝術治療類、活動肢體類、人際學習類，其中團體領導者的角色為教育者、催化者及使能者。領導者與成員的關係會隨著時間而改變，隨著時間的發展，許多不在正式的團體中的互動行為跟關係開始產生，此互動經驗讓成員與領導者在團體之外仍保持密切互動，彼此約定舉辦定期的聚會，逐漸形成自助團體。 2.照顧者參與自助團體之經驗中，北縣家協每個月會安排一次三小時的座談分享會，座談內容偏向靜態主題如舒壓、按摩穴道等。自助團體成員的角色可區分為活動發起者、訊息傳遞者、聯繫者、支持者及追隨者。團體互動歷程包括三個階段：互動初期、關係建立期及關係維持期。成員彼此互動的情形中，共享相似的照顧經驗及用支持的力量陪伴成員走過艱辛路，此外，單身、結束照顧工作的成員與他人互動的頻率較高。 3.以增強權能觀點分析照顧者參與團體的經驗中，在個人面的改變部份，照顧者能夠「減少負面感受」、「改變認知」、「增加知能」、「增加自信」、「支配自己的生活」；在人際面的改變中，照顧者「以同理心與被照顧者互動」、「普同性的照顧經驗」、「利他性的互動」、「知識訊息分享」、「建立同儕友誼關係」及「擴大社會網絡」；在社會面的改變中，照顧者開始從事「志願服務」、「贊助協會」，對「家庭照顧者議題及政策」也有所看法。 4.從自助團體成員與社工員的角度看自助團體的未來發展：從照顧者角度看自助團體，可發現自助團體目前運作狀況為擴大服務據點至偏遠地區，北縣家協與自助團體彼此具有雙向的互動關係。照顧者建議將活動資訊發給每個社區的健康中心，透過增加資訊管道以使訊息更具有可近性。從社工員的角度看自助團體發現，照顧者喜愛輕鬆的聚餐，期待設計自助團體相關教材，並成立自助團體的關懷小組，及補助自助團體的運作經費。 / On an aging society, the disabled elderly usually cared by families that becomes a heavy load of caregivers. In this context, the policies and measures of family caregiver are valued by the general public gradually, and hope to reduce the negative effects, to increase the well-being of caregivers. Self-help groups can effectively reduce the ca-regiver physical and mental pressure, but there are few related studies. In addition, the experience of caregiver involve in previous groups few mentioned in current studies, and caregiver support groups of the continuity of the effectiveness is neglected to explore in existing studies. Accordingly, the purposes of this study are as following: first, examine the expe-rience of caregivers involved in the support group; second, consider the experience of caregivers involved in the self-help group; third, explore the experience of caregivers involved in the self-help group --analyze from the perspective of empowerment; fourth, the expectation of the future development of self-help groups of members from the self-help groups and social workers; fifth, according to research findings, provide suggestions for caregivers’ practitioners and relevant groups. This study employs a qualitative research approach, and data collection is gotten from " Family Caregivers Association in Taipei County", including semi-structured in-depth interviews with a social worker and seven caregivers, aging from 53 to 64. One caregiver who still cares her family members and one caregiver is not the cadre. The study findings are listed below: First, caregivers get information through the medical units and individuals who are familiar to them. Caregivers have psychological stress, physical stress, lack of social support networks, and lack of care information. Caregivers can involve support groups because they have their own time, or someone help to take care temporarily. Support group include physical and mental growth activities, art therapy classes, common activities and interpersonal learning classes. The role of support group leader is a educator, catalyst and enabler. The relationship between leaders and members change over time, as time goes on, members and leaders still remain in close interaction, therefore a self-help group formed gradually. Second, when caregivers involve in the self-help group, the Association arrange a three-hour discussion sharing monthly. The role of self-help group members can be divided into active sponsors, messengers, associates, supporters and followers. Group interaction process consists of three stages: the initial interaction, relationship building and relationship of the maintenance phase. Members interact with each other, sharing similar experiences and support each other .In addition, caregivers who are single, or do not have to care their family members have higher participation rates to involve in self-help group. Third, explore the experience of caregivers involved in the self-help group --analyze from the perspective of empowerment. Changes in the personal aspect include "reduce the negative feelings", "change the perception", "more knowledge", and “more confident”, “control their own life”. Changes in the interpersonal aspect include " empathy the care receivers "," same experiences in taking care "," altruistic interaction "," knowledge and information sharing "," establish peer friendships and relationship "and" expand the social network ". Changes in the social aspect include "engage in voluntary service "," contribute money to Association ", besides caregivers have ability to suggest for family caregiver issues and policy. Fourth, the perspective of self-help group members is self-help groups expand services to remote areas. The Association and self-help groups also have good interaction. Caregivers suggest activities distributed to each community's health information center, make information more accessibility. The perspectives of social workers is design teaching material about self-help group, and set up a support team, and grant funding for self-help.

無 / Backpacker is an emerging new market niche in current International tourism market. It’s important to understand backpackers’ touring experiences with specific national identity to benefit global destination experience providers. Therefore, metaphors concerning backpacking experiences are projected first. Second, from the perspective of experiential marketing, this study is attempted to analyze Taiwanese backpackers’ outbound traveling experience elements which engage sense, feel, think, act, and relate experiences for creating unique and lasting memories, by examining direct influential factors. Then, according to their satisfaction statements, their perspectives about overall on-tour experiences are concluded. This study adopts quasi-netnography methodology, alone with event-based narrative inquiry technique, to analyze 37 Taiwanese backpackers’ online narratives on backpackers.com.tw. The metaphors, direct influential factors (personnel, other tourist, product/souvenir, and physical environment) on five experience modules (sense, feel, act, think, and relate), and satisfaction (overall evaluation, recommendation, and willing of revisit) are examined. And, the reliability check achieves significance level. The results show that five metaphors can be seen as bases for designing unforgettable backpacking experiences. And, aside from direct influences, there are also other three indirect influences (media, cultural status, and resource constraint). Further, “people” and “environment” factors influence Taiwanese backpackers’ on-tour experiences most. Next, their experiences encompass multi-sensory experiences, engaged/involved emotions, personal cognitive development, social relationship building, and personal fulfillment. Finally, the finding regarding satisfaction can be used as a management tool to enhance the overall experience. Thus, this study sheds light on offering practical insights to International tourism industry.

This business plan has been developed in order to evaluate the feasibility for the start-up of a trading company based in Honduras and a Latin American Cafeteria based in Taipei, Taiwan, Eureka LLC. The present will also serve as an operational framework and plan for the first three years that the company will be in business. According to Taiwanese law, the company needs to have a representative from the home office and a manager that lives in Taiwan. Hence, Eureka LLC will have two founding partners, and will need a start-up capital of $44,347.64 which will be provided jointly in equal parts by the founding partners. While taking advantage of the current FTAs between Taiwan and some Latin American countries, this business plan will also serve to demonstrate the enormous potential that there is for trading between Latin America and Taiwan, not only for the economy of the countries but also for the well-being of Latin American expats living in Taiwan. The forecasts show that the business model works and it can let the company grow organically over time, by adding new products according to the demand or even by entering other Asian markets.

本研究以某國中之某一班級學生為研究對象，藉由長時間觀察班級友誼動態網絡圖之變化，來了解班級內同學之間的互動和交友情形。 在研究方法上，兼採量化與質化研究。量化部分，本研究採用自製問卷，自2010年9月至2011年10月，共計進行九次問卷，將問卷以NETDRAW軟體製成動態網絡圖，並以UCINET軟體做資料分析及密度檢定，比較各次問卷之間的友誼網絡密度，是否會受到學校內活動或其他特殊事件的影響；質化部分，配合量化分析結果，以教師觀察、訪談、校園活動事件觀點，分析友誼網絡變化的可能原因，期能成為教師在班級團體輔導上的參考。 根據研究發現，本研究的結論如下： 一、班級內友誼動態網絡圖可幫助導師掌握同學交友情形。 二、學生的友誼網絡及網絡密度可能會受到校內活動或特殊事件而改變。 三、班級內的同儕團體中，男生可分為大團體、小團體，而女生可分為活躍主導團體、非主流團體、內向團體和邊際團體。 四、班級內同儕團體間的互動情形是：女生的界線明顯，互動不多；男生界線不明顯，互動頻繁。 五、男女生的友誼網絡密度不同，其中原因可能是對「朋友」定義的認知差異。 六、導師對於班級內受排擠同學，若未及時處理，則不易立即改變被排擠的現象。 綜合以上，本研究提出的建議如下： 一、未來的研究者，可多以青少年為研究對象，並以量化和質化研究並用之方式進行。 二、導師應即時給予被孤立者協助。 三、可透過不同的分組策略，增加班級內彼此不熟悉同學的互動。 四、導師可透過問卷，掌握學生的交友狀況。 五、學校可以開設交友相關課程，讓青少年懂得如何與人相處。

家庭照顧者的照顧負荷沉重，其多表達有支持性服務的需要，故針對家庭照顧者使用支持性方案之經驗，頗值得研究加以探討。本研究目的為瞭解家庭照顧者使用支持性方案的情形為何，進而探索使用服務期間從事活動的經驗，剖析家庭照顧者在使用支持性服務期間重新回復能量之過程。 本文採質性研究法，以深度訪談法蒐集資料，訪談樣本來自台灣失智症協會，共有4位失智症照顧者接受訪談。主要研究結果如下﹕ 1.家屬使用「各項家庭照顧者支持性方案」的情形，以瑞智學堂、瑞智互助家庭、家屬聯誼會為例，進而比較上述三項服務方案之異同：(1)學堂到互助家庭，家屬「聚在一起」和「舒緩的時間」更多；家屬更懂得「釋放關心」。(2)從學堂到家屬聯誼會：「家屬未經組織的團體聚會」到「成為團體成員後的聚會」。(3)服務對象與受惠對象方面，學堂服務對象以「失智長者為主，長者受惠較多」；互助家庭以「長者和家屬為主，家屬受惠較多」；家屬聯誼會以「家屬為主，家屬受惠較多」；但其實「長者與家屬之間具有相互性」，家屬獲益之後，更能以健康的身心靈來提供長者的照顧，相對的，長者的功能得以維持或減緩退化，亦有益於家屬提供照顧。 2.家屬的需求與動力是推動支持性方案重要的推展，從學堂到互助家庭的歷程，家屬與長者有三個階段的活動經驗，包含麻將班、烹飪班以及樂樂班，其顯示家屬有時間、空間以及活動參與的需求。 3.家屬使用服務期間從事活動獲得「心理喘息」的要素，可就休閒與休息、自我效能感、團體的歸屬感、採取行動的層面進行分析，分別為(1)休閒與休息：「才能展現」、「享受說話」以及提升生活「滿意感」；(2)自我效能感：「學習」、「突破」、「成就感」的過程，增進自我效能感；(3)團體的「歸屬感」，以及(4)社會貢獻的使命和生命的「意義感」，可見家屬由照顧者蛻變成助人者的軌跡。 / The caregivers in families carry a heavy responsibility, and many of them express the need for supportive services. As such, their experience in using supportive programs warrants further study and examination. In this study, we aim to first understand how such programs are being used. Next, we examine the restorative process in which caregivers use such services to gain respite. This study used the qualitative research approach, and collected data from Taiwan Alzheimer's Disease Association and included semi-structured in-depth interviews with four caregivers of the elderly with dementia. The research findings were listed below: 1.We studied the following three supportive programs and analyzed their similarities and differences: the School of Wisdom, the Family of Wisdom, and the Family Club. (1) As the group progresses from the School of Wisdom to the Family of Wisdom, family members have more and more time to spend together and respite time; they also tend to show more care for others. (2) As the group progresses from the School of Wisdom to the Family Club, unorganized group gatherings evolve into organized gatherings for members of the group. (3) The target participants for the School, the Family and the Club are, respectively, senile seniors, seniors and their families, and families; the beneficiaries of the programs are seniors, families, and families. However, there is also an interrelation between seniors and their families: families who benefit from improved mental, physical and spiritual health are better able to care for their seniors. Vice versa, it is easier for families to care for seniors who are able to maintain or mitigate the degeneration of their daily functions. 2.The needs and motivations of families are pivotal drivers for supportive programs. Throughout the evolution from the "School" to the "Family", families and seniors go through three stages of participation in activities, namely, mahjong classes, cooking classes and hobby classes. The progress reveals the families' need for respite time and space and their levels of participation. 3.Families enjoy a restorative mental break by participating in activities. We analyzed the key elements of this mental break: leisure and rest, self-efficacy, belongingness, and level of participation. (1) Leisure and rest: display of talent, enjoyment of talking, and enhanced satisfaction toward life. (2) Self-efficacy: enhanced self-efficacy through the process of learning, breakthrough and sense of achievement. (3) Belongingness: the sense of belonging to a group. (4) Level of participation: the sense of mission to contribute to the society and meaning of life demonstrated by the families show an evolution from being the caregiver to the one who helps others.