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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

訪問買賣規範及爭議問題之探討 / The statutory issues on door- to- door sales

呂惠珍 Unknown Date (has links)
訪問買賣之消費糾紛有逐年增加之趨勢,然而國內研究文獻卻相當稀少。本論文嘗試以較宏觀之角度,整理歸納學說理論及實務見解,並與外國法進行比較分析,藉以檢討現行法規範及提出修正建議。 第一章「緒論」:本論文之研究動機與目的在於探討實務上訪問買賣常見之糾紛類型,並依消費者保護法規範之體系,從定義、適用範圍、企業經營者之告知義務、消費者之解除權逐次展開,檢討現行法是否足以預防或解決問題?主管機關或司法判決對於訪問買賣有何發展性之見解?外國法制對於類似行銷方式之規範,是否有值得我國借鏡之處?期本文之初步探討能拋磚引玉。   第二章「訪問買賣之規範」:介紹我國消費者保護法及其施行細則、定型化契約應記載事項與範本、地方消費者保護自治條例等有關訪問買賣相關規範;外國法部分主要介紹與我國法制淵源較深之德國及日本相關規範,其餘主要國家法規範摘要則列為附錄。   第三章「訪問買賣定義及適用範圍之檢討」:由於消費者保護法對於訪問買賣之定義及適用範圍不夠清淅,具體個案是否可適用訪問買賣易形成爭議。就訪問買賣之定義:「指企業經營者未經邀約而在消費者之住居所或其他場所從事銷售」而言,其簡短之文字並無法清楚勾勒那些情形符合訪問買賣。實務上常見業者主張其到宅銷售係先以電話聯繫,經過消費者事先同意,不屬「未經邀約」之情形,另有主張消費者成立契約係在展覽會場或業者之營業場所,故不屬訪問買賣。究竟何種行銷方式符合消費者保護法所定義之「訪問買賣」?在法律定義曖昧不明之情況下,主管機關於函釋中所表示之見解及司法判決實務所承認之類型,即顯重要,故除了學說之外,本論文將實務見解納為主要觀察對象,並嘗試將觸角伸展至外國法規範,尋求解答。其次,在訪問買賣之適用主體上,金融商品結合訪問買賣之行銷方式為實務所常見,而多層次傳銷參加人亦有購買傳銷商品自用之情形,是否可適用消費者保護法訪問買賣之規定?學說及實務見解存有極大之爭議,本論文就此爭點加以整理並提出解釋意見;在適用之客體上,外國法對於訪問買賣多有除外適用之標的,我國法並未有排除之規定,全國工業總會對此曾提出修正建議,是否應適當調整無條件解除權之適用客體,本論文嘗試從客觀之角度加以分析。   第四章「告知義務及解除權規範之檢討」:為保護消費者於訪問買賣過程中處於弱勢之地位,要求業者應盡買賣條件等資訊提供義務及賦予消費者猶豫期間以重新考量,為比較法上所常見,惟我國之規範內容與外國法相較,除了告知內容顯得不夠充分外,亦欠缺違反告知義務之法律效果,造成許多業者未遵守告知義務,而消費者亦不瞭解自己權利所衍生之糾紛;另外,有關契約解除後,雙方當事人如何回復原狀,亦屬實務上常見之爭議,依現行法制,雖可適用民法第259條等相關規定加以補充,惟若能針對訪問買賣之特性,考量作特別之規範,應較能定分止爭。   第五章「訪問買賣常見消費糾紛類型及實務發展」:經歸納司法院網站所公布最近10年(2000年至2009年)與訪問買賣相關之裁判,發現其契約標的以涉及教材及各類學習課程最多,其次為度假村會員權。此外,訪問買賣銷售人員於行銷時,經常對於資金不足之消費者宣稱可分期付款,惟實際上卻讓不知情之消費者簽下金融機構貸款申請書,一旦發生業者停業、倒閉之情形,消費者不但無法繼續受領商品或服務,反而成為金融機構訴追貸款之對象,形成大量「假分期 真貸款」之爭訟案件。本章針對上述三種消費糾紛類型,探討如何解決類似爭議。   第六章「法制上之建議-代結論」:現行法有關訪問買賣之規範難以符合時代之需求,非但學說存有爭議,主管機關之見解亦常瞹眛不明。實務判決依個案事實,或有引用外國立法例作為法理,依誠信原則調整企業經營者與當事人間之法律關係,然檢討現行法規範,適當地修正或增訂,為釜底抽薪之道。本章綜整前面各章節之議題,就未來修法可思考之方向提出建議。 / The disputes over” door- to- door sales” are increasing year after year. However, the related dissertations are rare. This thesis is trying to generalize theories and rules in order to review current laws and bring up some suggestions. The first chapter “preface” states about the motive and objective of this thesis which is aiming to find the dispute types. Meanwhile, in compliance with the article order of Consumer Protection Act, from definition, application, information notification to rescission, review if current laws could prevent or resolve disputes. Furthermore, observe foreign legislation which is worth imitating. The second chapter ”the statute of door- to- door sales” which is introducing related national statutes and local ordinances; meanwhile, introducing German and Japanese codes, etc. The third chapter “review on definition and application of door- to- door sales”: Since the legal definition “door- to- door sales means a sale completed through trader’s solicitation at the consumer's premises or other locations without any invitation” is not specific enough, there are lots of controversial issues such as- (a) If a consumer shall be considered to have made an express request for a visit by the trader by reason only that the consumer consented to the visit by the trader after an initial contact at which the trader indicates expressly or by implication that the trader is willing to visit the consumer? (b) If a consumer agreement that is concluded at the trader’s place of business or the trade fair could be considered “door- to- door sales”? In addition to discussing above-mentioned issues, who and what subjects are applicable to “door- to- door sales” articles in CPA is a question, too. If an investor or a participant in multi-level sales may apply to them? If the supply of goods which, by reason of their nature, are liable to deteriorate or expire rapidly, or the supply of audio or video recordings or computer software which were unsealed by the consumer shall render the consumer the right of withdrawal? This thesis is trying to analyze foregoing issues objectively. The fourth chapter” review on obligation of providing information and withdrawal of contract”: The consumer is often unprepared in contracts made at the doorstep; therefore it is necessary to provide the consumer a right of cancellation over a period of days and adequate information to enable him to understand the contract. However, the CPA is too simple to protect consumers when comparing with foreign laws. In case we could aim at the characteristics of “door- to- door sales” to regulate individually, the disputes would decrease. The fifth chapter” familiar disputes and legal opinion development”:To sum up the cases filed during last ten years, the most related contract subjects are learning materials including encyclopedias, language books or on-line lessons, etc.;The second is time-sharing membership which is usually touted by taking advantage of human vulnerability;Besides, “linked credit agreement” is also regularly seen. This chapter would make a study of how to resolve the similar problems. The sixth chapter “legal suggestions-instead of conclusion”:Domestic “door- to- door sales” statutes are not able to meet time steps. Not only is there discrepancy between theories, but the opinion of the competent authority is not clear. Some court cases cited foreign laws as jurisprudence to revise the right or obligation between the trader and consumer; Nevertheless, if the competent authority could overhaul the current statutes, the problem-solving methods may be found and established.
2

從傳統民法解除權到特種買賣解約權

游楨德 Unknown Date (has links)
傳統的民法理論與規範架構中,得以解除契約或行使撤銷權,乃基於立法者對於傳統私法體系下,擬欲維持私法自治原則及契約制度嚴格遵守之例外,其要件限制多較嚴苛。然則,在現代社會之消費關係,隨著大量生產下的經濟發展等演變,消費者與企業經營者間,其專業知識、經濟力及交涉力則常處於不均衡之地位,在消費者面對無店舖銷售及業者強力新穎勸誘的行銷衝擊下,傳統民法解除權之機制,似乎很難有效彌補消費者於交易中弱勢地位,使得消費者的權利受到完整的保障。 因之,本文擬先以民法上解除權及撤銷權之相關規範作探討,並進一步檢討消費者無條件解約權之法理、進展及其相關重要規定。此外,消費者之解除權立法後之執行成效及若干問題,亦值得關注。例如,消費者解約權之期間長短、起算期間、數位化商品及企業經營者違反告知義務之法律效果等,似有若干問題仍困擾著消費者與企業經營者,本文擬一併討論之。 最後,本文亦擬透過詳細的分析與檢討,針對消費者無條件解約權的法規範,提出改善建議。並嘗試對現行民法與消費者保護法之立法模式,提出建議,期能對現行相關問題,尋找更佳之解決途徑。
3

分時享有契約與消費者保護-以海外渡假村為中心 / Time-Share Contract and Consumer Protection-Centered on Overseas Resorts

曹能芝 Unknown Date (has links)
台灣近年來隨著國民所得提高與週休二日實施,休閒旅遊已成為現代人生活中必要的調劑,各種新型態之休閒活動應運而生,「海外渡假村會員卡(權)」即為一由國外引進之新興旅遊產品。其係以消費者購買分時渡假權,而得於每年預先固定之時段,利用某特定不動產及其相關設施之休閒類型。由於渡假地點在海外,消費者難以實地瞭解會員權益及服務品質,且可比較的產品亦屬缺乏,較不易獲得正確完整的資訊。加上該產品之銷售,多採取街頭問卷調查等方式來得到消費者個人資料,並以「恭喜中獎」來引誘消費者參加業者所舉辦的說明會,除了長達四、五個小時的推銷攻勢外,並以當天簽約方可享有更優惠價格等促銷手法,促使消費者在對契約內容無所知悉之情形下作出締約之決定。 企業經營者為了銷售方便等因素,對不同之交易相對人適用相同之交易條件,故多預先就契約之內容擬定定型化約款。惟對締約之消費者而言,締約前對於該契約之法律性質及雙方之權利義務常難以獲取資訊,倘企業經營者未就其所擬定之定型化契約於締約前善盡說明義務、或給予消費者充分之審閱期間,消費者多係於未對契約內容有相當程度瞭解之狀態下與業者締約。俟簽訂契約後,發生債務不履行情形時,亦不知如何就契約內容主張權利、救濟。 由於一般民眾對此項產品所涉之權利義務關係及運作方式多未能完全掌握,在部分銷售業者採取不當的行銷手段並使用不公平的定型化契約之情況下,致此類交易頻生紛爭。尤其是渡假村所在地位於國外,消費者對於外國相關法令多屬陌生,不僅締約前欠缺資訊之獲取,締約後如有爭議,更不知如何向業者依法請求損害的救濟。 觀察實務上的訴訟及行政處分案件,發現此類交易主要爭議多在於其銷售手法是否受消費者保護法中訪問買賣之規範所拘束,及其衍生之無條件解約權該如何行使等問題。有鑑於「海外渡假村會員卡(權)」之銷售發生諸多消費糾紛,依照消費者保護法第一條規定:「保護消費者權益,促進國民消費生活安全,提升國民消費生活品質」之意旨,實應對此交易型態之法律性質、契約雙方當事人之權利義務等作進一步之釐清。因此本文擬從我國海外渡假村會員權契約之現況談起,就國內之法律規範及定型化契約範本加以分析,並介紹外國法制之重要規範,與我國法制檢討比較, 再針對此契約類型所衍生出的實務爭議問題,輔以司法實務及學界見解,予以整理、研析,期能藉由檢討行政法制之規定、司法實務之見解,提出相關建議,以避免經濟優勢地位者繼續濫用契約自由,影響消費者權益。

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