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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

跨國援助, 都市失業與國家福利

鮑世亨 Unknown Date (has links)
本文將嚐試利用一小國Harris-Todaro模型,探討所得與資本移轉所產生的就業效果,是否會導致移轉矛盾發生。 在第2章,為了方便和後續各章結論比較,我們先由一個兩財兩要素且充分就業的經濟體系,探討所得與資本移轉在關稅、配額與自動出口限制三種貿易障礙下對受贈小國所產生之長短期福利效果。所得移轉在三種貿易障礙下均只會產生直接效果而無間接效果。但資本移轉則有可能產生間接效果,例如在關稅下會產生Johnson效果,在自動出口限制下會因可貿易財價格的變動而產生進口支出效果,但在配額下間接效果不會影響受贈國的福利。 在第3章,我們將Harris-Todaro失業特徵放入模型中,在本章我們假設受贈國對進口財課徵關稅。在關稅下,所得與長期資本移轉的經濟效果與充分就業的情況一致,並無額外的間接效果。但在短期資本移轉下,則會多出就業效果。 在第4章我們假設受贈國採取配額政策,或貿易伙伴國對其採取自動出口限制。在本章,無論所得與資本移轉均比充分就業的情況多就業此一間接效果。 第5章則比第3章多一個非貿易財部門,其餘條件均與第3章同。我們想利用本章探討貿易財價格不變而非貿易財價格可變的情況下,跨國援助的經濟效果有何不同。在本章,跨國援助會因資本在部門間移動的差異,而有不同的間接效果。但總而言之,在本章下,可能發生的間接效果為Johnson、就業與非貿易部門效果此三種。 第6章則為本文的總結。
2

製藥業產品標準與我國藥品貿易發展之研究—以實施PIC/S GMP為例 / Pharmaceutical product standards and international trade in Taiwan: A Case study on PIC/S GMP

林聖峪, Lin, Sheng Yu Unknown Date (has links)
產品標準在現今社會中扮演非常重要的角色,但也容易造成許多技術性貿易障礙。醫藥產品由於攸關人類身體的健康及安全,因此相較於其他行業,各國對藥品皆設有許多嚴格的產品標準及技術法規,對藥品的國際貿易產生嚴重的技術性貿易障礙。PIC/S制定共通的GMP標準,並且旨在降低醫藥產品在國際貿易及流通上所面臨的非關稅貿易障礙。台灣藥物食品檢驗局於2007年公告實施PIC/S GMP,預計於2013年開始全面實施。本研究關注的核心議題,主要將以WTO對技術性貿易障礙的主要規範原則,分析探討PIC/S降低醫藥產品技術性貿易障礙的功能。另外,台灣製藥業由於缺乏關鍵技術、藥廠家數眾多、生產規模小,惡性競爭十分激烈,未來實施PIC/S GMP後,對我國製藥業的衝擊不容小覷,因此本研究另一項主要議題是PIC/S GMP對我國製藥業及藥品貿易之可能影響。 / Product standards play an important role in modern societies. However, they also raise many concerns about technical barriers to trade, particularly for pharmaceutical products which must comply with numerous stringent product standards, such as GMP standards. Therefore, PIC/S aims at reducing the technical barriers to pharmaceutical trade by providing a common GMP standard, which the Bureau of Food and Drug Analysis of Taiwan declared to introduce PIC/S GMP in 2007, and to fully enforce in 2013. This study will examine how PIC/S decreases technical barriers to trade for pharmaceutical products with principals in the WTO TBT Agreement. In addition, since Taiwan pharmaceutical industry has low competitiveness for a long time, how PIC/S GMP will affect the pharmaceutical industry and international trade of Taiwan is another main issue of this study.
3

論服務貿易模式四自由化之可行方向 / Approaches to the Liberalization of Mode 4 Trade

蔡元閎, Tsai, Yuan Hung Unknown Date (has links)
服務貿易「模式四」涉及生產要素之一的勞動力跨境移動,其所能帶來之貿易利得相當可觀;然而,勞動力之移動向來不為地主國青睞,各國針對此等自然人服務提供者多所管制,造成模式四貿易之諸多障礙,致使模式四佔服務貿易總量之比例極低,而亟待開發。在盤點多邊與非多邊體制下WTO之GATS與TPP協定消弭模式四貿易障礙之成果後,本文發現,國際間對於模式四貿易障礙之消弭必須持續推動,方能早日獲致模式四貿易自由化附隨之經濟利益。奠基於上述多邊與非多邊體制之成果,本文提出未來國際間在持續消弭模式四貿易障礙之可行方向,並以現正如火如荼談判中之「服務貿易協定(TiSA)」為例,印證本文所建議之方向有其可行性。 / Mode 4 of trade in services entails the cross border movement of one of the factors of production: labor. The potential gains from labor mobility can be substantial; however, labor mobility has never been welcome. Numerous regulations imposed by the receiving countries on the natural persons as service suppliers create barriers to the Mode 4 trade, resulting in the fact that Mode 4 trade accounts for little proportion of all four modes of service supply. After conducting stock takes on the elimination results of Mode 4 trade barriers through the GATS and the TPP Agreement respectively under multilateral and non-multilateral trade regimes, this article argues that efforts to remove Mode 4 trade impediments should continue in order that the ensuing welfare gains from Mode 4 trade liberalization can ultimately be achieved. Based on the aforementioned elimination results under both multilateral and non-multilateral regimes, this article proposes several approaches to further elimination of Mode 4 trade barriers, taking the ongoing Trade in Services Agreement (TiSA) as an example to verify the feasibility of the proposed approaches.
4

WTO規範下保險服務貿易之自由化

申富鑫, Shen Fu-Hsin,Dominique Unknown Date (has links)
二○○二年一月一日,我國以「台灣、澎湖、金門及馬祖個別關稅領域」之名義(簡稱中華台北Chinese Taipei),正式成為世界貿易組織(World Trade Organization,以下簡稱WTO)之一員,適逢服務貿易總協定(General Agreement on Trade in Services,以下簡稱GATS)第十九條之既定談判依多哈發展議程之規定進入「要求與回應」(offer and request)之階段,掌握GATS服務貿易談判現狀、熟稔前回合談判WTO會員提出之初始承諾,以便於未來談判中爭取我國之利益,便是我國加入WTO後履行會員義務、行使會員權益重要的工作。 我國保險服務市場,自一九八五年與美國簽署保險服務市場開放協定後,便逐步開放;二○○一年七月九日,我國通過之保險法修正內容,在提昇保險業經營效率、調整保險業資金運用之範圍與限制、商品審核制度等方面,亦展現了政府保險服務市場管制革新的動向。另一方面,隨著兩岸商業交易熱絡及兩岸雙雙加入WTO之下,我國保險業者出口保險服務的腳步也轉為積極。 保險服務貿易,在WTO規範架構中,隸屬於GATS之金融服務部門下之保險、銀行、證券三項服務之一。自烏拉圭回合以來,會員保險服務貿易議題,經歷一九九三年至一九九七年多次的金融服務貿易談判,並利用金融服務第二附件、第二議定書、第五議定書,讓會員有修改或撤回承諾表之機會,最後在一九九七年達成會員全體合意之初始承諾承諾水準。現在進行之保險服務談判(二千年即展開了),即是以上述承諾表及後加入WTO之新會員承諾表為基礎。在上述之背景下,為了準備刻正進行之談判,爭取我國最大的利益,實有深入研究WTO架構下之保險服務貿易自由化談判之必要。 本文第一章「緒論」,概述研究目的與方法、研究範圍、研究之限制。第二章「GATS與保險服務貿易」,首先簡述GATS適用之範圍與定義、GATS一般性義務、特定承諾規範,及GATS金融服務規範。其次,介紹GATS之保險服務分類、國際上保險服務供給者的型態,及各項保險服務中較具國際性之險種,作為保險服務貿易之背景說明。最後,本文藉由對現行GATS保險服務分類之分析,說明目前談判上遇到的困難,及WTO各會員保險法制差異性所造成之貿易限制問題。 第三章「保險服務貿易施與WTO會員自由化承諾」,首先說明現行WTO各會員保險服務高度政府干預的原因、主張減少政府干預的理由,及目前GATS允許的政府干預型態。其次,對於保險服務貿易各種限制措施加以說明,除了反映WTO會員初始承諾表所表列之市場開放與國民待遇限制外,其他初始承諾表無法看到的貿易限制措施,亦藉由學者的觀察亦反應在本文。本章節,除指出現存保險服務貿易限制措施,WTO各會員對同一保險服務不同的立法考量、開放政策或限制政策選擇,本文亦選擇部分會員的例子,作為採取限制措施政策之對照。 第四章「保險服務貿易自由化談判」,本文先簡述了GATS金融服務貿易談判各階段的成就及談判背景。其次,以第五議定書程序WTO會員保險服務所提高之自由化承諾之內容,及會員國整體初始承諾之情形,說明會員初始承諾之自由化程度、填寫承諾表上會員集團性之差異、會員提高保險服務貿易自由化承諾的方式。最後,以日本、美國、歐洲在GATS額外承諾上之承諾國內法規改革的例子,說明下一階段WTO保險服務自由化在「國內法規改革」方面之趨勢。 第五章,「結論與建議」,除對本文研究上之重要發現作一歸納說明,並提出幾點相關之建議。
5

國內規章:必要性測試的困境與解決 / Necessity test in domestic regulation: challenges and solutions

李宜芳, Lee, Yi-Fang Unknown Date (has links)
服務貿易的管制密集,因此管制也最有可能形成主要的貿易障礙,然而服務貿易總協定第6條第4項國內規章準則的談判卻幾近停滯。本文探究其中原因,著眼於管制、國內規章準則的共同點皆在於「管制」,而好的管制必然植基於成本效益評估,因此必要性測試即成為國內規章準則的核心。必要性測試的核心為管制目的、成本效益評估,本文觀察必要性測試的談判歷程,認為必要性測試的談判實不應透過管制目的的限縮,而應著重於成本效益的衡量,因此著重於成本效益評估要件的設計方有可能於必要性測試的議題取得突破。 / As service sector is heavily regulated, domestic regulation might become the major trade barrier. However, the negotiation under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) article 6.4 is almost stalled. The paper aims at analyzing the challenges in the negotiation. Focusing on the common nature of “governance” between domestic regulation and trade governance in GATS article 6.4, the paper argues that good governance must be based on impact analysis, which makes necessity test the core of GATS article 6.4 negotiation. The paper examines the negotiation history of necessity test, and argues that the focus of negotiation should be the necessity analysis, rather than the scope of objectives in necessity test. The solution of the negotiation challenge is therefore focusing on the elements of necessity analysis, particularly the trade restrictiveness.
6

私營標準於WTO下之法律問題研究-以全球良好農業慣例標準(GlobalGAP Standard)為例 / The Legal Analysis of Private Standards under the WTO Agreements—Taking GlobalGAP Standard for Example

張仁憶, Chang, Jen-Yi Unknown Date (has links)
近年來,由於消費者對於產品安全的重視程度與日俱增,各式各樣的私營標準開始蓬勃發展。這些私營標準雖不具備法律強制力,其所導致的市場排擠效應仍使生產者不得不積極使其產品取得各項私營標準的認證,引發私營標準是否具有實質上強制力並進而影響國際間自由貿易之疑慮。隨著開發中國家自2005年開始於SPS委員會中提出全球良好農業慣例標準對國際自由貿易之負面影響,私營標準之相關法律議題於WTO場域中益發重要,實有研究討論之必要。鑒於私營標準種類、數量之眾,本論文以於WTO下被具體指謫之全球良好農業慣例標準為例,探討全球良好農業慣例標準是否有落入WTO法規範管轄範疇之可能,並透過涉及私營標準議題之食品衛生檢驗與動植物檢疫措施協定、技術性貿易障礙協定與關稅及貿易總協定相關條文的解釋與分析,討論全球良好農業慣例標準與該些規範之關連性及適法性,既而於WTO下甚至WTO以外之國際場域,探究尋求相關貿易衝擊因應之道的可行性,希冀能為私營標準對國際自由貿易體系所帶來的影響及其與WTO之關係進行審視並作出建議。 / In recent years, all kinds of private standards have started to develop prosperously because consumers consider product safety more and more important. Although these private standards are not mandatory, the crowding out effect of markets causing by these standards still makes producers have to achieve relevant certification as far as possible. This situation causes anxiety about the possibility that private standards are de facto mandatory and create trade barriers. While developing countries have stated that GlobalGAP Standard makes bad influence on international trade in the SPS Committees since 2005, the legal issues about private standards become more and more important under WTO regime and need to be studied and discussed. In view of the fact that there are too many kinds of private standards, the thesis takes GlobalGAP Standard for example to discuss whether private standards shall be subject to the rules of WTO Agreements. In order to conduct careful examining and come up with suggestions of the influence on international trade which caused by private standards and the relationship between private standards and WTO, it is necessary to research into the connection between GlobalGAP Standard and WTO rules and the legality of this standard through explaining and analyzing relevant rules which involves the issue of private standards under the SPS Agreement, TBT Agreement, and GATT and to discuss the feasibility of finding the solution to relevant trade impact under WTO regime or other international fields.

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