京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(文学) / 甲第22192号 / 文博第839号 / 新制||文||692(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院文学研究科行動文化学専攻 / (主査)教授 蘆田 宏, 准教授 黒島 妃香, 教授 西田 眞也 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Letters / Kyoto University / DGAM

本研究是國內第一個以「警政負面新聞」為主題的研究，希望藉由第三人效果的認知假設，探討警政負面新聞的影響。除了探討警察人員對警政負面新聞是否存在所謂的第三人效果之外；並分別從人口變項、議題涉入感、社會距離、職業認同感等變項，探究對警政負面新聞的認知影響，同時也進一步就行為層面上的關係加以剖析。 本研究以服務於全國二十三縣市警察局之現職警察為目標，採用問卷調查法為主，回收並取得八百四十六份有效問卷。資料分析顯示，警政負面新聞對警察人員產生第一人和第三人的效果，受訪警察認為警政負面新聞對於自己的影響大於一般警察，即呈現了所謂的第一人效果；同時又普遍認為警政負面新聞對於一般民眾會產生更大的負面影響，呈現非常明顯的第三人效果。就社會距離而言，警政負面新聞對於一般警察和一般民眾的影響，會隨著與受訪者之間的距離增加而增加。這種社會距離的形成，肇因於不同團體之間的異質性和不確定感。 對於警政議題涉入感方面，研究證實受訪者對警政新聞議題涉入愈高者，普遍認為對自己、一般警察、一般民眾愈會造成負面影響。本研究同時發現警察的職業認同感維持在中度以上，結果顯示職業認同感可以正面預測「對自己的影響」、「對一般警察的影響」、「對一般民眾的影響」三者，即警察的職業認同感愈高，愈傾向認為警政負面新聞的負面影響愈大。受訪者認為警政負面新聞的影響愈大，愈傾向支持媒介限制行動。總的來說，警政負面新聞「對自己的影響」、「對一般警察的影響」、「對一般民眾的影響」等變項，均是預測支持警政機關採取媒介限制行為的顯著變項。 / This thesis is the first study in Taiwan focusing on “negative police news”, attempting to apply the third person effect theory to study the possible impact of negative news coverage of police. This research furthermore investigates several variables, including demographic variables, issue involvement, social distance, and professional identification, and their influence on the perception of negative police news. A relationship of exposure of negative news and support of media regulation is analyzed at the same time. A survey of 846 incumbent officers from twenty-three metropolitan police agencies in Taiwan was conducted. Results show that negative news coverage of police has both first and third person effects on police officers. Officers consider that effects of negative police news have stronger impact on themselves than on other officers. They generally consider that negative police news has more negative influence on the general public. From a viewpoint of social distance, an attitude formed through heterogeneity and uncertainty among different social groups, this study found that effects of exposure to negative police news upon perception of the effect on other officers were more limited than on the general public. From the aspect of issue involvement, the more the officers were involved in negative news issues, the more they consider negative police news has negative effects upon themselves, other officers and the general public. This study also concluded that the higher the professional identification a police officer held, the more she/he tended to consider that negative police news had a stronger impact. We also found that there was a tendency that police officers were more likely to support media regulation. Effects upon oneself, effects upon other police officers, and effects upon the general public of negative news coverage of police, were all variables significantly predicting the support of media regulation.

在現今多工、多角色而多刺激的工作環境中，人與人因為頻繁的接觸，使得部屬的情緒問題及其影響愈來愈受到組織所重視，其中，主管情緒協助扮演的角色舉足輕重，如何透過主管的行為影響部屬，進而影響整個組織，對管理意涵而言尤其重要。立基於過去情緒協助研究的認知概念，並以資源保存理論的觀點為基礎，本研究探討主管情緒協助的行為層面的內涵與分類，是如何保存與增加部屬的個人資源，而透過資源的變動，對部屬的主觀幸福感與工作疲勞狀況所產生的影響，另外，根據廣義的社會衝擊理論，試圖理解部屬權力距離傾向可能扮演的調節角色。本研究將採問卷調查法施測，第一階段共回收226份問卷，第二階段發放給226位第一階段的填答者，共回收線上問卷152份，因此，共回收有效線上問卷152份，有效回收率約為67%，研究結果顯示，在高部屬權力距離傾向調節的情況下，主管情緒協助會降低個人資源，使其主觀幸福感降低、工作疲勞上升，而在低部屬權力距離傾向調節的情況下，主管情緒協助會提升個人資源，使其主觀幸福感上升、工作疲勞降低。最後，本研究針對研究結果進行討論，並對理論貢獻、實務意涵、研究限制，以及未來研究方向加以闡述。 / The working environments nowadays are multi-work, multi-role and multi-stimulation. The emotion issue of employees is held in high regard today for organizations since people get in touch with each other more frequently. Among them, supervisors’ emotion helping plays an important role in this situation. Moreover, how supervisors’ behaviors affect subordinates, followed by the impact on organization is crucial when it comes to leadership. Based on pervious cognitive knowledge of emotion helping related studies and conservation of resources theory, the main focus of this research is to examine whether supervisors’ emotion helping behaviors are associated with personal resources and the distinctive mediating mechanisms that may explain subordinates’ subjective well being and work fatigue, as well as the classification of emotion helping behaviors. Furthermore, understanding the moderating role of power distance orientation according to broad social impact theory. This study is conducted by questionnaire survey and received 152 replies from subordinates. The results indicated that personal resources mediated the relationship between emotion helping – subjective well-being and emotion helping – work fatigue while subordinate power distance orientation play a moderated role between emotion helping and personal resources. This study contributing to the implications for organizational researches and managerial practices. Furthermore, limitation and future direction were being discussed at the end of this paper.

本研究發展新的計量方法，運用隨機邊界法將單調性和曲度條件等性質納入迴歸模型，使用聯立迴歸模型進行估計，藉此讓係數估計值不易出現違反經濟理論的情況。 採用台灣2002年至2015年，51家商業銀行進行實證分析，發現本研究方法估計產出方向距離函數時，僅有5%以下的樣本點不符合單調和曲度等性質，用於估計產出面距離函數時，僅有2%以下的樣本點不符合。進一步探討台灣銀行業之非意欲產出--逾期放款--對估計技術效率的影響，顯示不考慮此非意欲產出造成整體銀行業、非金控本國銀行與外商銀行的技術效率被高估，而金控本國銀行的技術效率則被低估，此外，分析2007年金融風暴前後銀行業經營效率變化，顯示考慮非意欲產出銀行業經營效率顯著提升，然而，未考慮非意欲產出銀行業經營效率卻下降，兩者結果有著極大的差異。 / The aim of the paper is to develop a new approach, which is stochastic frontier analysis imposing monotonicity and curvature conditions, then using simultaneous regression model to estimate. By the approach, it can solve the problem of most of the coefficient estimates violating the economic theory. The study uses the data of 51 commercial banks in Taiwan from 2002 to 2015 to conduct the empirical analysis. It indicates that by output directional distance function, less than 5% sample points violate the monotonicity and curvature conditions; by output distance function, less than 2% sample points don’t obey the restricted conditions. Further, the paper discusses the effect of commercial banks’ undesirable output- non-performing loan- on estimating technical efficiency. The results show that ignoring the undesirable output cause the technical efficiency of overall banks, non-finance holding banks and foreign banks are overvalued, and the technical efficiency of finance holding banks are undervalued. Furthermore, analyze the change of business efficiency after financial crisis in 2007. It points out that using the model consider the undesirable output, the banks’ efficiency rises. However, using the model no consider the undesirable output, the banks’ efficiency decreases. There is an extremely conflict between two approach.

在迴歸分析中，當資料中存在很多離群值時，偵測的工作變得非常不容易。 在此狀況下，我們無法使用傳統的殘差分析正確地偵測出其是否存在，此現象稱為遮蔽效應(The Masking Effect)。 而為了避免此效應的發生，我們利用最小中位數穩健迴歸估計值(Least Median Squares Estimator)正確地找出這些群集離群值，此估計值擁有最大即50﹪的容離值 (Breakdown point)。 在這篇論文中，用來求出最小中位數穩健迴歸估計值的演算法稱為步進搜尋演算法 (the Forward Search Algorithm)。 結果顯示，我們可以利用此演算法得到的穩健迴歸估計值，很快並有效率的找出資料中的群集離群值；另外，更進一步的結果顯示，我們只需從資料中隨機選取一百次子集，並進行步進搜尋，即可得到概似的穩健迴歸估計值並正確的找出那些群集離群值。 最後，我們利用鐘乳石圖(Stalactite Plot)列出所有被偵測到的離群值。 在多變量資料中，我們若使用Mahalanobis距離也會遭遇到同樣的屏蔽效應。 而此一問題，隨著另一高度穩健估計值的採用，亦可迎刃而解。 此估計值稱為最小體積橢圓體估計值 (Minimum Volume Ellipsoid)，其亦擁有最大即50﹪的容離值。 在此，我們也利用步進搜尋法求出此估計值，並利用鐘乳石圖列出所有被偵測到的離群值。 這篇論文的第二部分則利用變數轉換的技巧將迴歸資料中的殘差項常態化並且加強其等變異的特性以利後續的資料分析。 在步進搜尋進行的過程中，我們觀察分數統計量(Score Statistic)和其他相關診斷統計量的變化。 結果顯示，這些統計量一起提供了有關轉換參數選取豐富的資訊，並且我們亦可從步進搜尋進行的過程中觀察出某些離群值對參數選取的影響。 / Detecting regression outliers is not trivial when there are many of them. The methods of using classical diagnostic plots sometimes fail to detect them. This phenomenon is known as the masking effect. To avoid this, we propose to find out those multiple outliers by using a highly robust regression estimator called the least median squares (LMS) estimator which has maximal breakdown point. The algorithm in search of the LMS estimator is called the forward search algorithm. The estimator found by the forward search is shown to lead to the rapid detection of multiple outliers. Furthermore, the result reveals that 100 repeats of a simple forward search from a random starting subset are shown to provide sufficiently robust parameter estimators to reveal multiple outliers. Finally, those detected outliers are exhibited by the stalactite plot that shows greatly stable pattern of them. Referring to multivariate data, the Mahalanobis distance also suffers from the masking effect that can be remedied by using a highly robust estimator called the minimum volume ellipsoid (MVE) estimator. It can also be found by using the forward search algorithm and it also has maximal breakdown point. The detected outliers are then displayed in the stalactite plot. The second part of this dissertation is the transformation of regression data so that the approximate normality and the homogeneity of the residuals can be achieved. During the process of the forward search, we monitor the quantity of interest called score statistic and some other diagnostic plots. They jointly provide a wealth of information about transformation along with the effect of individual observation on this statistic.