在如今高度競爭且變化快速的職場中，僅僅被動接受、完成主管工作指令的部屬，已不足以幫助自己在職涯中取得成功，如何有效的向上影響主管，建立良好的上下互惠關係，已成為所有員工的首要課題，也是支持組織永續發展的關鍵。 有別於傳統以領導者為主軸的管理研究，向上影響研究強調部屬可能反過來管理主管，透過特定手段與策略來改變主管的態度與行為。過去研究已對於向上影響策略的定義與分類建立了初步的共識，與策略效能有關的研究，則大多關注於對部屬所帶來的好處，鮮少從主管的角度探討其被影響的歷程，因此本研究將主管的角色納入考量，以訊息處理理論為基礎，探討部屬向上影響策略對於主管授權的影響效果，並試圖瞭解人際信任在其中的中介作用，以及主管權力距離傾向可能扮演的調節角色。 本研究採問卷調查法施測，共蒐集291對主管-部屬對偶樣本，研究結果顯示：部屬的向上影響策略對主管授權具有顯著的影響效果，且主管對部屬的人際信任會中介向上影響策略與主管授權之間的關係，此外，本研究亦發現主管的權力距離傾向會調節部屬向上影響策略（軟性策略、硬性策略）以及人際信任之間的關係。最後，本研究針對研究結果進行討論，並對理論貢獻、實務意涵、研究限制，及未來研究方向加以闡述。 / Upward influence strategy is a gradually concerned research topic, which is considered to be highly related to organization effectiveness and numerous job outcomes. However, most of studies explored this issue from subordinates’ perspective and focused on subordinates’ outcomes, such as job satisfaction, promotion and salary progression. The present study aims at investigating the dynamic process of upward influence strategy from the perspectives of the supervisor, examining the relationship among upward influence strategies, interpersonal trust, delegation and power-distance orientation. Results from over 200 supervisor-subordinate dyads in Taiwan generally supported the hypothesis. Supervisor-perceived subordinate’ s upward influence strategies, i.e. soft, hard, rational, had a significant impact on delegation through the mediating effect of interpersonal trust. In addition, supervisor’s power-distance orientation moderated the relationships between upward influence strategies (soft strategy, hard strategy) and interpersonal trust. Managerial implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.

本研究以雷射掃描儀作為掃描建築物之工具，採用三維球型覘標作為相鄰測站間之共軛覘標，探討雷射掃描儀對於不同尺寸之共軛覘標在不同掃描距離條件下之球心坐標精度；及利用檢校場之固定樁位，求得雷射掃描儀與各覘標之距離誤差量，並建立距離誤差量改正模式；最後，提出最佳之掃描方式。 本研究分別選定三個場地作為不同實驗區，先選定一處室內場，以三種尺寸之三維共軛球型覘標，規劃距離儀器原點5公尺至40公尺，以每5公尺之等距離方式分布，並依序掃描，以求得球心坐標精度；再選定台中國土測繪中心之距離標準基線場，以雷射掃描儀直接掃描三段距離，分別為5公尺、23公尺及31公尺，以求得掃描儀之距離誤差；最後選定一建物，以一般掃描及較佳掃描之方式各別進行建築物掃描，以分析兩者間之效益。 依成果顯示，於相同掃描距離下，三維共軛球型覘標尺寸越小，其球心坐標精度越差；相同三維共軛球型覘標之尺寸，其球心坐標精度將隨著掃描距離增加而越差。另外，透過距離檢校場，可得知該儀器之系統性誤差，並建立其距離誤差改正模式，用以改正所獲取之點雲之系統性誤差，以提升三維點雲模型之精度。 最後將較佳掃描之方式與一般掃描情況下，進行實際掃描並比較分析兩者之數據，依成果顯示，於一般掃描作業及較佳掃描作業情況下，直徑14.5公分之三維共軛球型覘標較直徑12公分之三維共軛球型覘標，皆節省25％之掃描時間。而兩者之點雲模型精度相仿，且皆符合建築掃描精度要求於1 cm內之精度，可以得知最佳掃描效益能夠縮短掃描作業時間，並提升點雲模型之精度。 / This research uses laser scanner as the scanning tool, and 3D sphere marker as the conjugated marker between neighborhood stations, to investigate the accuracy of sphere center coordinates of different-sized 3D sphere markers at different scanning distances; calculate the distance errors between laser scanner and every marker with the fixed survey stations in the calibration field and establish distance error correction formula. At last, propose the best way to scan buildings according to the experiment results. Three different fields are selected as experiment areas. First, choose an indoor field, and scan three different-sized conjugated 3D sphere markers. Every conjugated marker is scanned at distances of 5 to 40 m at an interval of 5 m. Second, choose the standard baseline field of National Land Surveying and Mapping Center in Taichung as the experiment area, and use laser scanner to measure the distances of 5, 23 and 31 m to calculate scanning distance errors. At last, choose a building as scanning target, scan it in general way and efficient way respectively, and analyze the differences between the two methods. According to experiment results, the smaller the conjugated 3D sphere marker is, the worse the accuracy of sphere center coordinate will be at the same scanning distance; as the scanning distance gets longer, the accuracy of sphere center coordinate will decrease with the same size conjugated 3D sphere marker. On the other hand, the systematic error of the instrument can be known through the distance calibration field. With a known systematic error, a distance correction formula is established to correct the systematic error of the point cloud, and hence improve the accuracy of 3D point cloud model. Eventually, compare and analyze the differences of the results getting by the most efficient way and the general way of scanning. The results show that both scanning methods save 25% scanning time using 14.5-cm-diameter conjugated 3D sphere marker compare to using 12-cm-diameter conjugated 3D sphere marker. And the data represent that the point cloud models in the two situations have similar accuracy, and the accuracy of each model is better than 1 cm, which means they both meet the precision requirement of building scanning. Consequently, the most efficient way of scanning mentioned in this research can shorten the time of scanning work and improve the accuracy of point cloud model.

根據2010年人力銀行調查54%的尋找人才是以「工作分析」為主要依據，可見人才的遴選仍以經歷為主要因素。而近年來社會網絡與推薦系統普為應用於人才之找尋。 本研究實際以某國立大學EMBA學員資料，以同學與同事關係建置一個人脈社會網絡之人才推薦系統。本系統能依據使用者所輸入之人才搜尋條件，藉由距離相似度之運算，找出最接近的所需人才，並依距離相似度排序。其次，本系統可由各成員學歷，工作經歷所在之產業別，以及在組織中任職之功能別，來呈現人才之專業輪廓（Professional Profile），以作為決策者在遴選人才之依據。並提供所有關係路徑，以利使用者可進一步的諮詢路徑上成員對於推薦人選之評價。 本研究針對該校EMBA學員共計2,121人，應用資料探勘中群集分析建立推薦系統，有別於一般以關鍵字比對的搜尋方式，能找出與使用者需求條件相似度高的人才；並藉由人脈社會網路路徑，幫助使用者藉由自身的人脈評估推薦的結果。最後，本研究並提出結論、建議以及未來研究方向。 / Abstract According to the Job Bank survey in 2010, about 54% recruiters who search for specialist is mainly based on job analysis. This research is based on Social Network and Rcommendation system to build a relationship between the students and the colleagues with the personnel social network contacts, thus, a specialist recommendation system is constructed. First the system can compute the dissimilarity between the conditions users input and the background of people, find out the closest result required by sorting of similarity. Secondly, the professional profiles is established by the education background and work experiences (contain the various industries and position type), to serve as the basis for decision-makers in the selection of specialist. Besides, they can also inquire people from social network path for further appraisals of the candidate. The research is based on EMBA students totaled 2121 people, applying cluster analysis of data mining to build up the recommendation system, opposite to using key-word matching as a way to search people. Thus, the study can find the highest similar conditions demand of input. Via the associated social networks paths, to help users identify and use their own network to assess the recommend candidates. Finally, this study proposes conclusions, recommendations and future research directions. Keywords: Social Network , Similarity , Professional Profile , Specialist Recommendation System , Social Network Path

名古屋大学博士学位論文 学位の種類 : 博士(医学)(論文) 学位授与年月日:平成4年3月25日 井戸田仁氏の博士論文として提出された

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全球暖化已成為大多數國家近幾年所關心的議題。雖然臺灣政府於2010年5月所核定的「國家節能減碳總計畫」之中，儘管減量目標及原則業已確立，但未充分探討各別產業的面臨碳排放管制時所造成的影響，因此，臺灣各產業或次部門究竟應承擔多大的減量責任仍是混沌不明。 為了更清楚瞭解碳排放管制對於臺灣工業部門之各產業的影響，本文以方向性距離函數，估算工業部門中14個產業367家上市櫃、興櫃和公開發行公司於2005年至2010年，在不同電力消費所產生的CO2之責任歸屬情況下之生產效率及汙染減量成本，以反映各產業於管制下的機會成本，便於鎖定某些產業或公司，來賦予減量責任。結果發現，各產業在實施碳排放管制後的效率水準，會高於未實施碳排放管制時的效率水準，且各產業的平均總汙染減量成本與每噸二氧化碳減量成本相差甚大。而臺灣尚未通過相關法規以規範各產業二氧化碳排放水準，若各產業節能技術或政府相關配套政策未改善，倉促實施碳排放管制，除了對管制對象的產生影響外，也可能間接衝擊未管制對象。政府除了加強輔導各種產業從事節能技術外，也需要適當的公布各產業各公司的各種汙染排放量資訊，以供各界研究碳排放管制或其他汙染排放管制對社會的影響。 / Global warming has become the topic of most countries which concerns things in recent years. Government sets up CO2 reduction objectives and principle in “General National Plan for Energy Saving and Carbon Reduction” in 2010, but the plan doesn’t probe effect of CO2 regulation which different industries. Therefore, it is unknown that different industries should be responsible for the abatement of CO2. In order to clearly understand effect of CO2 regulation for Taiwan industrial sector, this paper use directional distance function to estimate production efficiency and pollution abatement cost of 367 public companies in 14 industries in industrial sector from 2005 to 2010, and to reflect different industries’ opportunity cost under CO2 regulation. Production efficiency of different industries after the implementation of CO2 regulation will be higher than before the implementation of CO2 regulation. On the other hand, different industries have a variety of average pollution abatement cost and pollution abatement cost of CO2 per ton. However, Taiwan has not yet adopted the environment laws to set up industrial CO2 emission level, if the government hurriedly implemented CO2 regulation for Taiwan industrial sector, may be indirectly influence other sectors. Hence, the government should not only urge that industries must be engaged in energy-saving technologies, but also announce companies’ various pollution emission information which provides research institutes to analyze effect of social welfare under CO2 regulation.

本研究旨在探討不當督導、上下級關係及非志願性公民行為之關係，並探究上下級關係在不當督導與非志願性公民行為之間是否具有中介效果以及權力距離、組織政治知覺在不當督導與非志願性公民行為、上下級關係與非志願性公民行為之間是否具有調節效果。 本研究採用問卷調查法，以全國507所高中職教師為樣本母群體，採分層隨機抽樣，抽出600位受試者邀請填寫網路問卷，回收有效問卷375份，所得資料分別以描述性統計、t考驗、單因子變異數分析及迴歸分析等統計方法進行資料的分析與處理，以瞭解高中職教師知覺校長不當督導與上下級關係、非志願性公民行為之現況、差異情形及上下級關係、權力距離、組織政治知覺的中介、調節效果，研究結論如下： 一、高中職教師對校長不當督導之知覺現況屬低度。 二、高中職教師上下級關係之表現程度屬中低程度。 三、高中職教師非志願性公民行為之表現程度屬中低程度。 四、學校規模等背景變項在不當督導有顯著差異，24班以下高於50班以上。 五、性別、年齡、職務及學校公私立屬性等背景變項在上下級關係上有顯著差異，男性、兼任主任的教師情感型關係顯著較高；男性、35歲以下、私立學校教師的工具型關係顯著較高。 六、本校服務年資、職務在非志願性公民行為有顯著差異，組長高於專任、服務年資6-15年高於5年以下。此外，服務總年資、學歷等二個背景變項在不當督導、上下級關係、非志願性公民行為上皆無顯著差異。 七、上下級關係在不當督導與非志願性公民行為間有部分中介效果。 八、權力距離在「不當督導」、「工具型關係」與非志願性公民行為間具有調節效果。 九、組織政治知覺只在工具型關係與非志願性公民行為間具有調節效果。 最後依據研究結果與結論，提出具體建議，以作為高中職校長以及未來研究的參考。 / The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship among principal’s Abusive Supervision (AS) and Supervisor-Subordinate GuanXi (SSG) and Compulsory Citizenship Behavior (CCB) of senior high school teachers. Furthermore, the mediating effect of SSG between AS and CCB is analyzed, And the moderating effects of Power Distance (PD) and Organizational Politics (OP) between AS and CCB, between SSG and CCB are explored in the study. A survey research was conducted using a sample of senior high school teachers in Taiwan, excluding the complete schools. 600 teachers from 570 schools were selected by stratified random sampling. 375 valid sample data collected was analyzed and processed with the methods of descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, multiple-regression analysis. Based on 6-point Likert Scale, the major findings of this study are as follows: 1. Teachers’ perception of principal’s abusive supervision is below average. 2. Teachers’ perception of Supervisor-Subordinate GuanXi is below average. 3. Teachers’ Compulsory Citizenship Behavior is below average. 4. One demographic variable, school size, show significant differences in AS. Teachers who work at schools with less than 24 classes show higher perceptions of AS. 5. Four demographic variables, including gender, age, position, school type, show significant differences in SSG. Teachers who are male, younger than 35, work as the director of the department, or work in private schools show higher perceptions of SSG, especially instrumental ties. 6. Two demographic variables, tenure at the present school and position, show significant differences in CCB. Teachers whose tenure at the present school is longer, who work as the chief, show higher perceptions of CCB. Furthermore, two demographic variables, tenure and education, show no significant differences in AS, SSG and CCB. 7. AS is positively related to SSG and CCB. In addition, AS has a positive direct effect on CCB, SSG has a positive direct effect on CCB. AS has a positive direct effect on SSG. SSG does have mediating effects between AS and CCB. 8. Power Distance has moderating effects between AS and CCB, between SSG and CCB. 9. Organizational Politics has moderating effects only between SSG and CCB. Based on the results of the research, suggestions for principals and future related study are proposed.

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第16819号 / 工博第3540号 / 新制||工||1535(附属図書館) / 29494 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 澤田 純男, 教授 清野 純史, 教授 林 康裕 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

本論文研究以｢間接抱怨的反應｣的語言行為為研究方向；一方面以跨文化語用學的探討為主，研究母語為中文的台灣人與母語為美語的美國人語言行為之差異，藉以探討該語言行為的文化普遍性、獨特性；另一方面是以外語語用學的探討為主，研究台灣大專生學習美語的外語行為是否接近母語為英語的美國人，以深究研究對象的語用轉移現象。研究的四組受試人分別為36位以英語為母語的美國大學生、36位以中文為母語且以中文為學習主要媒介的台灣的大學生、36位英語學習程度較佳的台灣大學生、36位英語學習程度中等的台灣大學生。蒐集語言資料的工具是語言言談情境問卷(Discourse Completion Task，簡稱DCT)，依照蒐集到的語料進行量化、質化的資料分析。研究結果顯示：四組研究對象皆傾向以憐憫策略來回應間接抱怨。然而以兩項研究變項(性別與社交關係)來進一步討論時，研究結果呈現不同的策略使用：以中文為母語和英語學習程度較佳的台灣大學生這兩個研究對象趨於以沉默或是轉移話題來回應女性陌生人的間接抱怨，但是英語學習程度較中等的台灣大學生，卻是較常使用建議策略來回覆陌生人。再者，探究研究對象們的語用標記時，英語學習者常轉化中文的發語詞於英語表達中，相較於以英語為母語的美國大學生，他們的語用句型也較為簡化。根據研究結果與探討，英語學習者們的英語學習程度高低並不與其語用表現成正比，這論述可以呼應語用知識是有別於語言知識的概念。故在英語為外語教學上，除了英語能力的提升外，學習者應能有機會體驗不同情境下的語用表現，自覺性的討論出該表現背後的不同文化意涵，進而提升其對母語文化以及目標語文化所該具有的知識與內涵。 / This study investigated response strategies to indirect complaints (IC). On the one hand, it explored the cross-cultural differences in speech behaviors between native Mandarin Chinese speakers and native American English speakers. On the other hand, it examined EFL learners’ IC response behaviors in Taiwan. Four participant groups were invited in this study: 36 native speakers of American English living in the United States, 36 native Mandarin Chinese speakers living in Taiwan, 36 EFL learners with high English proficiency level, and 36 EFL learners with intermediate English proficiency level. Their language data were collected through designed Discourse Completion Test (DCT). Both quantitative and qualitative analyses were conducted to deal with the collected data. The research results indicated that the commiseration strategy was mostly used by all four participant groups. Yet, taking the two independent variables (gender and social-distance relationships) into consideration, informative results were found across different groups. The two groups of native Chinese speakers and EFL learners with high English proficiency level applied off strategy to their female strangers’ indirect complaints. On the contrary, the group of EFL learners with intermediate English proficiency level used more advice strategy to their strangers’ indirect complaints. Furthermore, negative transfer was found in the EFL learners’ linguistic realization to achieve illocutionary forces, including pragmatic markers and simplified sentential expressions. The research findings implied that there was not any positive relationship between language learners’ linguistic abilities and their pragmatic performance. The implicature is correlated with the concept that pragmatic knowledge is distinct from linguistic knowledge. Thus, in EFL courses, language learners should be provided opportunities to consciously explore different cultural meanings behind speech act behaviors.

本文以貝氏方法估計方向距離函數，加入單調性與曲度限制，同時考慮環境變數於模型中。為了凸顯考慮非意欲產出方向距離函數的優點，本文同時估計產出面射線距離函數，並與方向距離函數模型比較。實證分析資料為1970至2010年間各國總體經濟變數，分別在有無加入限制條件與環境變數的狀況下，估計兩種距離函數，從無效率值、效率分數與技術進步率等角度分析彼此間的差異。發現射線距離函數模型由於忽略非意欲產出，傾向高估生產單位的技術效率。另一方面，其係數估計值容易違反射線距離函數的先天性質，較不具參考性。而方向距離函數模型當中，有無加入限制條件與有無考慮環境變數的模型結果各不相同，其中同時加入限制條件與環境變數的模型結果最為合理。