Yes / This communication complements the DEA model proposed by Lovell and Pastor (1999), by incorporating both positive and negative criteria in the model. As such, we propose a DEA model, known as pure DEA, using a directional distance function approach.

Yes / The purpose of this study is to determine whether Indian banks were able to weather the COVID-19 storm. We estimate banks’ deposits-generating and operating efficiencies using a two-stage directional distance function-based network data envelopment analysis (DDF- NDEA) approach and seek to capture the immediate impact of COVID-19 on these efficiency measures by comparing their magnitudes in the pre-pandemic (2014/15-2019/20), just 1-year prior to the pandemic (2019/20), and during the pandemic year (2020/21) periods. The study looks at whether the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic was uniform across ownership types and size classes. The empirical findings suggest that the Indian banking system was resilient and withstood the immediate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. During the study period, however, the large and medium-sized banks experienced some effi ciency losses. By and large, regardless of bank group, banks have shown resilience to the shock of the global health pandemic and improvements in efficiency. / The full-text of this article will be released for public view at the end of the publisher embargo on 28 Dec 2024.

本文利用可以同時捕捉到銀行增加意欲產出、減少投入與減少非意欲產出的方向距離函數，評估台灣銀行業與個別銀行在民國93年至97年的無效率值與生產力變化。設定逾期放款為銀行生產放款時的非意欲產出，以考量銀行的放款品質，也考慮到銀行都會付出成本來提供服務給存戶，因此以交易性存款作為銀行提供服務的替代變數，使銀行的服務包含在效率評估內，並以固定的方向向量作為無效率值加總的基礎，來衡量台灣整體銀行業的無效率。實證結果是台灣銀行業的無效率值隨著雙卡風暴的遠去，有逐年遞減的趨勢，生產力的變化則是退步的情況較多。 / In this paper we estimate Taiwanese banks’ efficiency and productivity change during 2004-2008. The estimates are derived from the directional distance function. We treat non-performing loans as an undesirable output arising from the production of loans to measure the quality of loans. Considering every bank would make costs to serve customers, we choose transaction deposits as an alternative variable to capture the service provided by banks. The way we set the directional vector allows the aggregation of individual bank inefficiency and productivity change to the industry level. Our findings indicate that inefficiencies of Taiwanese banking industry were decreasing after the over of credit and cash card debts. And Taiwanese banking industry experienced productivity regress during this period.

全球暖化已成為大多數國家近幾年所關心的議題。雖然臺灣政府於2010年5月所核定的「國家節能減碳總計畫」之中，儘管減量目標及原則業已確立，但未充分探討各別產業的面臨碳排放管制時所造成的影響，因此，臺灣各產業或次部門究竟應承擔多大的減量責任仍是混沌不明。 為了更清楚瞭解碳排放管制對於臺灣工業部門之各產業的影響，本文以方向性距離函數，估算工業部門中14個產業367家上市櫃、興櫃和公開發行公司於2005年至2010年，在不同電力消費所產生的CO2之責任歸屬情況下之生產效率及汙染減量成本，以反映各產業於管制下的機會成本，便於鎖定某些產業或公司，來賦予減量責任。結果發現，各產業在實施碳排放管制後的效率水準，會高於未實施碳排放管制時的效率水準，且各產業的平均總汙染減量成本與每噸二氧化碳減量成本相差甚大。而臺灣尚未通過相關法規以規範各產業二氧化碳排放水準，若各產業節能技術或政府相關配套政策未改善，倉促實施碳排放管制，除了對管制對象的產生影響外，也可能間接衝擊未管制對象。政府除了加強輔導各種產業從事節能技術外，也需要適當的公布各產業各公司的各種汙染排放量資訊，以供各界研究碳排放管制或其他汙染排放管制對社會的影響。 / Global warming has become the topic of most countries which concerns things in recent years. Government sets up CO2 reduction objectives and principle in “General National Plan for Energy Saving and Carbon Reduction” in 2010, but the plan doesn’t probe effect of CO2 regulation which different industries. Therefore, it is unknown that different industries should be responsible for the abatement of CO2. In order to clearly understand effect of CO2 regulation for Taiwan industrial sector, this paper use directional distance function to estimate production efficiency and pollution abatement cost of 367 public companies in 14 industries in industrial sector from 2005 to 2010, and to reflect different industries’ opportunity cost under CO2 regulation. Production efficiency of different industries after the implementation of CO2 regulation will be higher than before the implementation of CO2 regulation. On the other hand, different industries have a variety of average pollution abatement cost and pollution abatement cost of CO2 per ton. However, Taiwan has not yet adopted the environment laws to set up industrial CO2 emission level, if the government hurriedly implemented CO2 regulation for Taiwan industrial sector, may be indirectly influence other sectors. Hence, the government should not only urge that industries must be engaged in energy-saving technologies, but also announce companies’ various pollution emission information which provides research institutes to analyze effect of social welfare under CO2 regulation.

本研究發展新的計量方法，運用隨機邊界法將單調性和曲度條件等性質納入迴歸模型，使用聯立迴歸模型進行估計，藉此讓係數估計值不易出現違反經濟理論的情況。 採用台灣2002年至2015年，51家商業銀行進行實證分析，發現本研究方法估計產出方向距離函數時，僅有5%以下的樣本點不符合單調和曲度等性質，用於估計產出面距離函數時，僅有2%以下的樣本點不符合。進一步探討台灣銀行業之非意欲產出--逾期放款--對估計技術效率的影響，顯示不考慮此非意欲產出造成整體銀行業、非金控本國銀行與外商銀行的技術效率被高估，而金控本國銀行的技術效率則被低估，此外，分析2007年金融風暴前後銀行業經營效率變化，顯示考慮非意欲產出銀行業經營效率顯著提升，然而，未考慮非意欲產出銀行業經營效率卻下降，兩者結果有著極大的差異。 / The aim of the paper is to develop a new approach, which is stochastic frontier analysis imposing monotonicity and curvature conditions, then using simultaneous regression model to estimate. By the approach, it can solve the problem of most of the coefficient estimates violating the economic theory. The study uses the data of 51 commercial banks in Taiwan from 2002 to 2015 to conduct the empirical analysis. It indicates that by output directional distance function, less than 5% sample points violate the monotonicity and curvature conditions; by output distance function, less than 2% sample points don’t obey the restricted conditions. Further, the paper discusses the effect of commercial banks’ undesirable output- non-performing loan- on estimating technical efficiency. The results show that ignoring the undesirable output cause the technical efficiency of overall banks, non-finance holding banks and foreign banks are overvalued, and the technical efficiency of finance holding banks are undervalued. Furthermore, analyze the change of business efficiency after financial crisis in 2007. It points out that using the model consider the undesirable output, the banks’ efficiency rises. However, using the model no consider the undesirable output, the banks’ efficiency decreases. There is an extremely conflict between two approach.