文學可否作為跨文化的橋樑？本研究以跨文化溝通理論為基礎，從文化教學的角度切入，探討華語教學中的現代文學課，並以文化教學之概念進行現代文學教學設計和實踐。研究問題主要有三：(一)跨文化華語教學中的現代文學課有什麼特殊性？(二)適合華語學習者的現代文學文本為何？(三)現代文學如何融入跨文化華語教學？本研究的主要內容分為兩部分，採取內容分析法進行教材分析，使用行動研究進行教學實踐，研究設計參考ADDIE教學設計模式，進行分析、設計、發展、實施和評鑑。 教材分析部分，觀察台灣使用和出版的華語教材中的現代文學內容，分析其中的優點和不足。研究者發現台灣華語教材中的現代文學教材數量較少，且少有更新，教材內容對於華語學習者的針對性較不足，也未很好地提煉文本中的文化內容。研究者進一步提出篩選現代文學文本的三項考量：經典性、普遍性和文化主題，並從母語者的國文教科書中初步選出六篇合適的現代文學文本，分別為：〈差不多先生傳〉、〈孔乙己〉、〈背影〉、〈愛〉、〈鄉愁〉和〈聲音鐘〉，進一步結合Moran(2001)提出的五維文化分類分析其中的文化內容，編寫教材。 教學設計部分，本研究認為華語教學中的現代文學課應向文化教學靠攏，針對文本中的文化主題設計教學內容，引導學習者理解文化知識並進行跨文化分享。本研究參考Moran(2001)提出之融入文化教學的體驗式學習循環，將閱讀現代文學文本當作文化體驗，分階段進行描述、闡釋和跨文化分享。研究者使用自編教材進行兩次教學實踐，課程性質為華語中心的選修文化課，挑選六篇文本進入課程，並選擇〈愛〉作為教學範例，深入討論教案設計及課堂反應。本研究教學實踐的研究結論有四：一是文化討論應注重核心主題，二是重視知名作品與文化之連結，三是注意現代文學知識之建立，四是考量學習者之多元背景。 本研究作為文化教學結合現代文學教學之嘗試，認為面向華語學習者的現代文學教材和教學設計有其針對性和特殊性，應注重文本中的文化主題，進行跨文化的主題討論。本研究為華語教學中的現代文學教學提供讀寫教學之外的選擇，即是以文化主題為核心，進行跨文化華語教學。

以英語為母語以及非英語為母語之教師，兩者間之協同教學國家級計劃，從1990年代開始在日本、韓國及香港各地執行。過去十年，台灣地區共有兩個相關計劃：一個位於中部某縣轄市；另一個則在北部地區，由該地方教育局與某知名學術基金會合作執行。關於這類的計畫，目前已有文獻探討執行上的困難，主要包括文化歧見、老師教學效能、與行政單位之運作問題，但其實卻並無整體評析之深入研究可供參考。 本研究遵循質化與量化的方法，針對北部之計畫為對象，深入評析中外師協同教學執行一年後之師生學習成效。研究首先以量化方式以成就測驗與態度問卷了解計畫中80名四年級與六年級小學生的英文學習成果、他們對英文的態度以及學習動機。另外又以訪談、課室觀察以及教學日記蒐集資料，分三組追蹤調查六位中外師之專業成長，藉衛考斯基的社會文化理論做分析，而文化體認方面，則以第三向度觀點，了解不同文化背景的老師之發展。 研究結果顯示此項中外師協同教學計劃對學生學習有正面作用，但程度則多有不同。學生之閱讀與聽力有成長，四年級學生受益又比六年級學生更多，但成果則因時間較短而稍顯淺薄。另一方面，中外教師在專業知識與文化體認上有顯著成長，可以說是本計畫最大受益者。 整體而言，計畫單位對中外師雙方合作關係之培養具備完善的機制，而在文化體認方面又有一群能夠以持平立場看待文化差距的諮詢專家，為中外師創造第三向度合作空間，使雙方能夠大方擁抱兩種文化且無需掩飾彼此之不同。這些設計使計劃更有效能，整體執行方式具參考價值。 / National co-teacher programs involving native English speaker teachers (NESTs) and non-native English speaker teachers (NNESTs) have been in operation since the 1990’s in Japan, Korea and Hong Kong. Two major programs have been established in Taiwan in the last ten years, one by a city government in the central part of Taiwan, the other by the education bureau of a rural county in the north, in collaboration with a well known academic exchange foundation. The cultural, pedagogical and administrative challenges such schemes face are well documented but there has been little evaluation of the benefits for stakeholders This study focused on the program in northern Taiwan and followed a mixed methods approach in order to trace learning gains from co-teaching for teachers and students over the course of one year. Students’ gains in English proficiency and changes in attitude and motivation were measured in a quantitative study involving over 80 4th and 6th grade students who were tested and surveyed. A triple case study investigated growth in professional knowledge and cultural awareness in three teaching pairs through interviews, class observation and teacher journals. Teacher learning was studied through the prism of socio-cultural theory and growth in cultural awareness from the perspective of thirdness. The program was found to have a positive effect on students, but in varying degrees. Student scores in both reading and listening proficiency improved while their attitudes and motivation were positive. Proficiency gains were greater among 4th graders than 6th graders, but the results also showed that for students, the impact of a one year program is relatively shallow. Teachers grew considerably in both professional knowledge and cultural awareness and were the greatest beneficiaries of the program. This study also found that the effectiveness of the program was facilitated by certain enabling mechanisms which nurtured the relationship between NESTs and NNESTs. Cultural awareness was facilitated by a culturally fair panel which helped create third spaces where teachers could embrace both cultures without hiding the differences between them.

本論文研究以｢間接抱怨的反應｣的語言行為為研究方向；一方面以跨文化語用學的探討為主，研究母語為中文的台灣人與母語為美語的美國人語言行為之差異，藉以探討該語言行為的文化普遍性、獨特性；另一方面是以外語語用學的探討為主，研究台灣大專生學習美語的外語行為是否接近母語為英語的美國人，以深究研究對象的語用轉移現象。研究的四組受試人分別為36位以英語為母語的美國大學生、36位以中文為母語且以中文為學習主要媒介的台灣的大學生、36位英語學習程度較佳的台灣大學生、36位英語學習程度中等的台灣大學生。蒐集語言資料的工具是語言言談情境問卷(Discourse Completion Task，簡稱DCT)，依照蒐集到的語料進行量化、質化的資料分析。研究結果顯示：四組研究對象皆傾向以憐憫策略來回應間接抱怨。然而以兩項研究變項(性別與社交關係)來進一步討論時，研究結果呈現不同的策略使用：以中文為母語和英語學習程度較佳的台灣大學生這兩個研究對象趨於以沉默或是轉移話題來回應女性陌生人的間接抱怨，但是英語學習程度較中等的台灣大學生，卻是較常使用建議策略來回覆陌生人。再者，探究研究對象們的語用標記時，英語學習者常轉化中文的發語詞於英語表達中，相較於以英語為母語的美國大學生，他們的語用句型也較為簡化。根據研究結果與探討，英語學習者們的英語學習程度高低並不與其語用表現成正比，這論述可以呼應語用知識是有別於語言知識的概念。故在英語為外語教學上，除了英語能力的提升外，學習者應能有機會體驗不同情境下的語用表現，自覺性的討論出該表現背後的不同文化意涵，進而提升其對母語文化以及目標語文化所該具有的知識與內涵。 / This study investigated response strategies to indirect complaints (IC). On the one hand, it explored the cross-cultural differences in speech behaviors between native Mandarin Chinese speakers and native American English speakers. On the other hand, it examined EFL learners’ IC response behaviors in Taiwan. Four participant groups were invited in this study: 36 native speakers of American English living in the United States, 36 native Mandarin Chinese speakers living in Taiwan, 36 EFL learners with high English proficiency level, and 36 EFL learners with intermediate English proficiency level. Their language data were collected through designed Discourse Completion Test (DCT). Both quantitative and qualitative analyses were conducted to deal with the collected data. The research results indicated that the commiseration strategy was mostly used by all four participant groups. Yet, taking the two independent variables (gender and social-distance relationships) into consideration, informative results were found across different groups. The two groups of native Chinese speakers and EFL learners with high English proficiency level applied off strategy to their female strangers’ indirect complaints. On the contrary, the group of EFL learners with intermediate English proficiency level used more advice strategy to their strangers’ indirect complaints. Furthermore, negative transfer was found in the EFL learners’ linguistic realization to achieve illocutionary forces, including pragmatic markers and simplified sentential expressions. The research findings implied that there was not any positive relationship between language learners’ linguistic abilities and their pragmatic performance. The implicature is correlated with the concept that pragmatic knowledge is distinct from linguistic knowledge. Thus, in EFL courses, language learners should be provided opportunities to consciously explore different cultural meanings behind speech act behaviors.

從實踐中體現： 匯聚而生一個多元文化「Hackerspace」社群 / Hackerspaces are open and public workshops where participants pro-actively engage with technology in a social context. From origins in 1990s Germany, the global propagation of hackerspaces has been grassroots, decentralized, and extra-institutional. How does a new hackerspace emerge? What are some key social processes at work within a hackerspace and how are they conditioned by a multilingual, multicultural setting? What roles do values and ideology play? The present study addresses these questions through immersion in the social world of a hackerspace in Taipei, Taiwan. Participant observation and in-depth interview data were analyzed using grounded theory techniques. The results emphasize that initial organizing depends on catalysts and relevant prior experience may be crucial. Local conditions in the form of a multicultural, multilingual environment are shown to affect social processes, sometimes as a source of friction. Ideological and political concerns do not seem salient to Taipei Hackerspace participants generally, though values implicit in practices present alternatives to institutional conventions. In addition, four primary processes are proposed: “Project-ing,” Sharing, “Making it one’s own,” and Negotiating. Finally, support is given to the concept of a transferable hackerspace model that is adapted to local conditions. The values and principles observed—sharing and openness norms, “do-ocracy”, ad hoc organizing, resistance to rules and hierarchy—can be traced to various influences in hackerspaces’ historical development, particularly the open source movement, and serve to optimize hacking potential while fostering a heterogeneous community network.