以往有關投資人風險分散行為的研究，較少以時間序列資料，探討投資人投資行為與時間的變化關係，本研究採用台灣證券交易所的每日交易成交資料，從西元1990年1月至西元2005年12月長達16年資料，模擬投資人的投資組合，對台灣股市投資人持股及交易狀況做描述性分析，並且分析投資人持有股數、歷年來曾交易過股票支數、單年進行交易的股票支數、交易次數與交易量，這五個變數與時間的變化關係。 以投資人持有股票支數作為風險分散程度的指標，發現台灣投資人平均持有股數逐年上升，從1990的5支，逐年成長到2005年的31支，歷年來曾投資過的股票支數更多，2005年時成長到128支，但是每年投資人會進行交易的股票支數卻變化不大，平均是17支，這代表了短期內投資人能夠注意或有能力與資金操作的股票支數有限，但隨著報章雜誌報導、類股輪動，投資人因注意力轉移而買進不同的新股票，長期來看，投資人可能因長期投資策略、零股交易不盛或處分效果，不賣出舊股票，卻持續交易新股票，使得平均持有股數逐年上升。但理論上，在同樣金額下增加持有股數才能算是增加風險分散程度，但是實際投資人增加持有股數往往是因為可用資金增加、受報章雜誌報導等影響，而不是傳統財務理論所說的為了增加風險分散程度。 本研究進一步探討不同特性的投資人，其投資行為隨時間的變化。發現不論是原先持股少或持股多的投資人，皆傾向逐年增加持股支數，會維持在原先持股水平的比例相當少。並且投資人當下決定投資的行為與經過時間累積後呈現出的投資行為並不相同。本研究對台灣股市投資人真實的投資行為更進一步了解，有助於學者在建構解釋投資行為的理論模型時的參考。

本文針對銀行業的業務分散程度與績效的關係，做實證上的研究。以一九九五年至二零零四年之間全球金融機構為研究對象，實證結果發現，業務較集中的金融機構會比業務較分散者的績效來得好，而且隨著分散的程度提高，績效變差的情況會更為明顯。除此之外，當銀行的本業是非利息收入時，提高業務分散程度所造成的績效降低會比本業為放款的銀行更為明顯。實證結果同時也指出，政府機關與民間的監督機制都能夠有助於減輕此種業務分散帶來的績效下降。 / This study examines the relationship between diversification of financial activities and performance in banking industry. Using cross-country data of financial institutions from 1995 to 2004, the empirical results suggest that focused banks outperform diversified banks. Moreover, I find that diversification discount declines as banks go diversified. Results show that banks which focus previously on noninterest income would suffer heavier diversification discount than loan-specialized banks while extending their activity into the other area. Results also suggest that the supervisory power from regulatory authorities and the policy of private-sector monitoring can help alleviate diversification discount that banks would experience when they go diversified.

近年來在競爭日益激烈以及法令逐漸開放之下，金融業透過購併進行跨業經營已成為一個趨勢，也使得金融產業的結構大大的改變。金融業跨業經營的模式包括以美國及我國為例的金融控股公司模式，德國的綜合銀行模式、英國轉投資的方式，然而各種的經營模式下各有其優缺點，且各有其形成的背景及理由。 　　本研究以美國的商業銀行Chase Manhattan和投資銀行JP Morgan的跨業合併案，進行個案分析，以瞭解其背後合併的動機、組織調整方式、合併經營後的績效以及合併過程中所遭遇到人事、文化整合的問題。 　　此外，本研究利用國內銀行、證券、產險、壽險業過去十年的會計資料，分析各金融業的獲利情形、風險程度。並以模擬合併的方式探討國內金融業跨業合併是否存在風險分散的效果。 　　研究結果發現，以國內的金融業而言，只有在證券業和產險、壽險業結合時有較顯著的風險分散效果。另一方面，透過個案分析，瞭解到透過金控公司方式跨業經營，可以達到部分的cross-selling的效果，然而風險的控管也更加重要，且各子公司之間在進行跨公司的緊密配合。而文化、人事的整合部分也是影響合併成功與否的重要因子，因此對於任何想要進行跨業合併的金融機構，更要謹慎的處理這方面的問題。

本研究主要使用財務績效、經營品質、策略發展及公司治理等四指標構面對台灣金融控股公司之經營績效進行評估，再選定富邦金、國泰金、台新金、中信金、玉山金、永豐金及元大金七家金融控股公司進行分析比較，本研究資料顯示金融控股公司表現可從以下的效果觀察： 一、風險分散效果 金控的經營業務範疇應涵蓋銀行、證券及保險等業務，就靜態面而言，將不致因其中一項產業之衰退而侵蝕整體金控獲利，此外金控各子公司獲利也會因整體景氣循環、利率匯率變動產生互補之效果。 二、綜效 從動態面來講，金控旗下子公司透過龐大的客戶基礎可以引進更大的銷售滲透力。這是金控3C之交叉銷售（Cross-selling）最重要的獲利擴大效應。就資本效率而言，金控可透過資本配置將資源移轉到獲利潛能較大的公司，資本的運用效益將可有效發揮。 三、經濟規模 金控夠大所產生的市佔主導效果相當顯著，以證券業為例，元大證券購併多家券商後，一舉成為國內證券市場龍頭，證券行銷通路資源也為旗下金融商品提供強勢的銷售管道。

本文研究目的是在探討跨國的投資者在面對國際投資日益開放的同時，是否充分的利用國際上的資產市場以分散投資者所面對的風險。本文參考Brandt, Cochrane, and Santa-Clara（2006），建立一種衡量國際間風險分散程度的風險分散指數，並以台灣為本國基準，取台灣前三大貿易夥伴：美國、日本、中國為外國基準，以分析此四國的國際風險分散指數，衡量的標的為各國資產市場中的主要股票交易市場指數報酬率，以分析各國風險分散的情形。此外我們亦嘗試解釋國際間風險分散的情形並解釋我們所計算出的結果，並進行一些模型參數的演算，以分析在面對其他總體變化時將會遇到的情形。經由本文的實證研究發現，對於台灣而言，在國際間的風險分散程度是偏高的，亦即，面對此四國的資產市場，台灣投資者的投資配置符合風險分散的趨勢，當匯率波動愈小時，國際風險分散程度亦將愈高，大致上與Brandt et al.(2006)之以美國為本國基準所得之國際風險分散程度結果相似。 / This thesis tries to discuss if risks are shared internationally by the international asset markets. This study refers to the Brandt, Cochrane, and Santa-Clara (2006) which built an international risk sharing index to measure the degree of international risk sharing. We set up a international risk sharing indices between Taiwan and its important trading partners, US, Japan and China by the asset returns composed by the main stock indices in each country. Furthermore, we try to explain the empirical results and to show how the degree of international risk sharing will different with the changes of the macro-variables. Our empirical analyses find that the degree of the international risk sharing for Taiwan using asset-based method is better than we think. In addition, the empirical results of this thesis are similar to Brandt et al. (2006) that if the volatility of exchange rates declines, the degree of the international risk sharing will be better.

本研究從風險分散的角度，探討近年來廣為討論的準被動式指數策略(Quasi-passive index strategy)，其中挑選三大投資組合策略--等權重(Equal Weighted Portfolio, EW)、風險平價(Naïve Risk Parity Portfolio, RP)、相關性極小化(Minimum Correlation Portfolio, MCP)，實證應用於元大台灣卓越50ETF，回測基準時間從2004年1月5日起至2016年12月30日止，共計13年。在實證分析中，除了探討一般的投資組合績效結果外，文中也進一步比較文獻回顧中各式風險分散測度指標，其中包含(1)風險分散比率(Diversification Ratio, DR)、(2)集中度比率(Concentration Ratio, CR)、(3)波動性加權平均相關性(Volatility-weighted Average Correlation)、(4)赫芬戴爾指數(Herfindahl Index, Index)等對各種策略的控制成效。 本研究的實證結果如下: 相關性極小化投資組合策略(MCP)在元大台灣卓越50ETF的實證應用下，雖然成分股集中配置於某特定產業類股(即集中度比率、赫芬戴爾比率相對較高)，但本策略透過「波動性加權平均相關性」顯著且有效的控制，使得成對資產的相關性極小化，最終達成風險分散的投資目標。 / This article discusses the recently most popular “Quasi-passive index strategy”, especially from risk diversification aspect. We select three major portfolio strategies, including Equal Weighted Portfolio (EW), Naïve Risk Parity Portfolio (RP), and Minimum Correlation Portfolio (MCP), and apply all of three to the Yuanta/ P-shares Taiwan Top 50 ETF in Taiwan. The back-test period of the strategy is from January 5th, 2004, to December 30th, 2016 (around 13 years). In the empirical analysis, we not only compare the performance and risk of different strategies, but also focus on a variety of the measurement of diversification, such as Diversification Ratio (DR), Concentration Ratio (CR), Volatility-weighted Average Correlation (ρ), and Herfindahl Index (HI), all of which can quantify the degree of diversification control. In the empirical result, we find that Minimum Correlation Portfolio (MCP), applied in the Yuanta/ P-shares Taiwan Top 50 ETF, will allocate highly concentrated on some specific industry (equivalently high CR and high HI). However, this strategy significantly and efficiently controls the factor of “Volatility-weighted Average Correlation (ρ)”. Therefore, MCP can minimize the coefficient correlation between each pair asset and achieve the goal of risk diversification.

本研究利用元大台灣50 ETF作為樣本資料，檢測2006年至2016年實證期間風險基礎指數和市值加權指數所分別建構的投資組合，其績效表現、風險表現、分散性表現的優劣性；其中Choueifaty, Froidure, and Reynier (2011) 所建構的最佳風險分散投資組合 (most diversified portfolio) 為近年來新起的風險基礎指數投資組合，我們將證實在獲得良好的投資組合分散性同時，如同其他的風險基礎指數投資組合的目標，同時也能獲得超越以追蹤市值加權指數為標的的投資組合績效。 本研究以夏普比率、信息比率、阿爾法作為衡量績效的指標；以標準差、貝他作為風險衡量的指摽；另以Choueifaty and Coignard (2008) 提出的分散性比率作為分散性衡量的指標。實證結果顯示，在整體實證期間，最佳風險分散投資組合在績效、風險、分散性的指標上皆有超越市值加權指數投資組合的能力，再以年為單位的個別期間，其績效衡量上大致優於市值加權指數投資組合，風險和分散性衡量上則優於市值加權指數投資組合的表現，但論以其整體表現，並非為本研究所提出的風險基礎指數投資組合中最佳者，因此投資人在選擇該類投資組合策略時，建議從該投資組合過去表現中判斷，選擇符合自己投資習慣者為之。 / This article examines the performance, risks and diversification of different types of portfolio strategies such as risk-based indexes and cap-weighted index during 2006- 2016. We introduce the recent most diversified portfolio (MDP), which was proposed by Choueifaty, Froidure, and Reynier (2011) and find the result that like the goal of other risk-based portfolios, which is to improve the risk-return profile of cap-weighted portfolio, MDP surpasses overall performance, risks and diversification compared to cap-weighted portfolio while achieving diversification. We use Sharpe ratio, information ratio and alpha as the performance indicators, use standard deviation, beta as the risk indicators, and adopt diversification ratio (DR), which was proposed by Choueifaty and Coignard (2008), as the diversification indicator in our analysis. The results of this study show that MDP surpasses overall performance, risks and diversification compared to cap-weighted portfolio in the full empirical period. In addition, MDP is generally superior to cap-weighted portfolios in terms of performance in many single years of the whole period, and completely beat cap-weighted portfolios in terms of risks and diversification in every single year of the whole period. Although the ability of exceeding cap-weighted portfolio, MDP do not win first place of mentioned risk-based portfolios in our research. As a result, we suggest investors choose their portfolio strategies refer to its past performance, risks and diversification, and select the best according to their investment preference.

本研究之宗旨在於探究中國大陸對亞洲區域內國家的金融市場影響程度之變化。由過去的各國股市日報酬率資料間相關程度與政策改變間的影響結果，來觀察是否未來在兩岸政策更開放下會使中國大陸對台灣的影響程度上升，進而使國際間投資組合的風險分散效果下降。本研究自DataStream選取台灣、香港、中國大陸、泰國、印尼、新加坡、馬來西亞、菲律賓、日本以及美國等十國的股價指數日資料，以對數轉換為日報酬率後年化加以分析。選取時間自1991年7月15日(中國大陸上海證券交易所股價指數公開後)至2008年12月31日。本研究選用的方法為使用風險值(VaR; Value at Risk)的概念來取代傳統的標準差，衡量以該十國所分別組成的各投資組合風險值變動情形；以及由風險值所衍生出的Diversification Benefit與Incremental VaR的結果。發現到僅由亞洲區域國家內組成的投資組合風險分散效果逐漸下降；且效果並不如有納入區域外國家(如美國)的投資組合。接著本研究將Gaussian Copula模型放入VaR中以增加對極端值的捕捉能力，結果發現本研究所選用的指數加權移動平均法所求得之相關係數已可有效反應出各國之間的相依程度，即加入Copula的效果有限。另外藉由Copula所求得之相關係數顯示，台灣、香港對中國大陸之間的相依程度已逐漸上升，並開始出現超越美國之現象，其中又以2005年為上升趨勢的起點。最後本研究以向量自我迴歸模型(VARs)來驗證2005年前後中國大陸股市對其他亞洲區域國家的影響力是否存在結構性的改變；並再佐以變異數拆解之方法來觀察2005年前後各國家之間自發性衝擊對彼此之間的影響程度變化。研究結果發現，透過VARs可證明中國大陸對亞洲區域各國的影響力在2005年後轉變為顯著；僅對美國不存在此一現象。另外變異數拆解的結果也顯示各國之間的相依程度在2005年後有明顯的上升，中國大陸對各國的影響程度亦然。透過本研究之結論，在未來兩岸將簽訂金融監理備忘錄使整合關係提升的環境下，需提醒投資人整合關係的上升將使得以之為標的之投資組合風險分散效果下降，需作為投資策略之考量。 / The object of this research is to find out the trend of dependence and correlation between China and other Asian countries. Based on past information about the relationship between equity markets’ correlation and changes in policies, this research can make suggestions to the foreseeable future of Taiwan and China whose relationship will be more solid due to new policy. The data of this research are gathered from DataStream, which includes Taiwan, Hong Kong, China, Thailand, Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, Japan and United States. Selected from 1991/07/15 (when the Shanghai SE Composite went public) to 2008/12/31, this research calculates the annualized daily return using natural logarithms of two consecutive daily index prices. This research uses Value at Risk (VaR) to measure the risk exposure of portfolios formed by ten countries, and extends to the use of Diversification Benefit and Incremental VaR. The results found out that the diversification effects of portfolio which includes only Asian countries are decreasing and inferior to the effects when cross region countries are included. The second study of this research is to combine Gaussian Copula Model with VaR to capture the effects of extreme values. Empirical results found out that the VaR using Exponentially Weighted Moving Average method is good enough for analyzing Asian stock markets. The correlation in Copula model suggests that the dependence between Taiwan and China had increased since 2005 and has the increasing trend which might overwhelm the dependence between Taiwan and United States. Final research is about using Vector Autoregressions Model (VARs) to testify is there exist any structural change of dependence before and after 2005, and using Variance Decomposition to observe the relationships between these ten countries. The results found out that there exist structural change in 2005, the post-2005 periods shows that for Asian countries the effect from China are significant and greater than pre-2005 periods.

保險詐欺是自有保險制度以來就有的問題，世界各國都被這個問題所困擾。因為沒有受到廣泛的宣傳及討論，加上執法機關的忽視、抗拒提供調查機能及加強追訴，所以在1980年代以前沒有被當作重大問題予以重視，一般民眾完全不知它的嚴重性，把它當作「沒有被害人的犯罪（victimless crime）」。然而保險詐欺隨時都在發生，而且範圍及程度日益擴大，已堪稱為「溫和的巨災（quiet catastrophe）」，不但影響個人經濟負擔，且破壞社會安定，因此本文就如何防制保險詐欺加以探討。 保險詐欺直接衝擊的是保險公司的經營穩定性與安全性，對保險公司而言是經營上的風險，因此從風險管理的角度，分析保險公司的實務運作，探討運用各種風險管理對策防制保險詐欺的可行性。經本文研究發覺以風險管理模式可以防制保險詐欺或減輕保險詐欺的損失，各種風險管理對策運用如下： （一） 風險自承原則：對規模小、影響層面小的保險詐欺案件，列為「堪忍的詐欺」，予以承受，以節省相關的查證經費。 （二） 風險規避原則：建立「防範保險詐欺查核表」，在進行核保、理賠作業時嚴格查核，積極避開保險詐欺風險。 （三） 風險分散原則：針對損失頻率低、損失幅度大的案件採取同業共保的方式；對損失頻率高、損失幅度小的案件採取約定自負額方式承保，以分散風險。 （四） 風險轉嫁原則：約集保險同業成立相互保險組織，把保險詐欺所帶來的風險移轉給相互保險組織。 保險詐欺基本上是犯罪行為，要消弭犯罪行為可以藉由對犯罪環境加以有效管理、設計或操作，以及降低犯罪機會達到目的。本文研究發現推動「詐欺管理生命週期理論」的嚇阻、預防、察覺、緩和、分析、政策、偵查、追溯等措施，及「情境犯罪預防理論」的增加犯罪困難度、提升犯罪風險、降低犯罪報酬、削弱犯罪動機等措施，喚起全民共同防制保險詐欺的意念，可以壓制保險詐欺之發生。 嚴謹的法令規範是防制犯罪的根本，經由本文的探討發覺保險詐欺的盛行，除了民眾法治觀念差以外，現行法令不周全，讓歹徒有機可乘及執法單位強制力不足，亦是原因之一。修訂保險法及刑法，對於防制保險詐欺有很大的效益。 / “Insurance Fraud” has been an issue, by which the countries all over the world are perplexed, since there exists the system of insurance. By 1980’s, not much attention has been paid to this issue which deemed a victimless crime and the public does not realize how serious the problem is due to the lake of broad propaganda and the ignorance, being rejected to offer the function, and being refused to strengthen prosecution by the law enforcement agency. Nevertheless, insurance fraud happens all the time and has already been called the “quiet catastrophe” because the range and severity caused keep expanding day by day. Resulting from, not only the financial burden of the individual is influenced, but the social stability is destroyed as well. Therefore, this paper probed into “how to prevent Insurance Fraud”. Since Insurance Fraud would strike the financial stability and security of an insurance company, it becomes kind of risk on company’s management. This paper would be analyzing the practical operation of an insurance company and trying to find out the feasibility of Insurance Fraud Prevention by using various kinds of risk management countermeasures. By which, this paper discovers the losses caused by insurance fraud could be prevented and/ or reduced. The followings are those risk management countermeasures studied and applied: A. The principle of “Risk Retention & Reduction”: Sorting out those cases by loss amount scale. Smaller ones are classified & named as “Admitted Fraud”, and settled without verification in order to save the related expenses for investigation. B. The principle of “Risk Avoidance or Hedging”: Setting up “Checking List of Insurance Fraud”, by using which to actively avoid the risk of insurance fraud while carrying on the operations of underwriting and claim handling. C. The principle of “Risk Sharing & Diversification”: Co-insuring with peer companies for those accounts with the characteristic of low frequency & high severity in terms of loss exposure. As to other accounts, appointing an appropriate policy deductible level to disperse the risk of Insurance Fraud. D. The principle of “Risk Transference or Shift”: Establishing the pooling system or organization to transfer the risk of Insurance Fraud to the peer companies. Basically, Insurance Fraud is a criminal offence, which could be eliminated and / or reduced by way of methods of management, design, and operation on the crime environment. It is found that the occurrence of Insurance Fraud could be depressed by: A. Promoting measures of “The Fraud Management Lifecycle Theory”, such as deterrence, prevention, detection, mitigation, analysis, policy, investigation, prosecution etc., and B. Executing the countermeasures of “The Situational Crime Prevention Theory” such as increasing perceived efforts, increasing perceived risks, reducing anticipated reward, removing excuses etc., and C. Arousing the public the thought of fighting Insurance Fraud mutually. A rigorous legal system is the base of preventing criminal offence. As discovered and presented by this paper, reasons why the Insurance Fraud has been prevailing are not only because of a poor sense of legal compliance of the public, but also the un-thoroughness of the current legal system resulting in offering ruffians opportunities to take advantages from Insurance Fraud and the in-sufficient power of prosecution of the law enforcement agency. Therefore, to revise the insurance law and criminal law would be greatly workable for preventing Insurance Fruad.