本篇論文的目的在於探討母親在親子對話中談論過去事件的方式對於小孩自行敘說過去事件能力的影響。研究語料來自於兩名以漢語為母語的三歲小孩與她們母親的對話，以及這兩名小孩與研究者之間的對話。研究結果顯示，根據Reese, Haden, & Fivush (1993)的研究，這兩位母親都展現出高度詳述的風格(high-elaborative style)，不過這兩位媽媽所注重的敘說內容(narrative information)是不同的，其中一位媽媽注重事件的過程(complicating action)，另一位媽媽則注重事件發生的背景(orientation)。至於小孩自行敘說過去事件的能力，研究結果發現這兩位小孩會受到她們母親的影響，亦即這兩位小孩在與研究者對話時，常常詳述(elaborate)正在討論的過去事件，較少重複(repeat)已提過的資訊，不過有關於敘說的內容(narrative information)，這兩位小孩到了後期所注重的內容並不相同，她們所強調的內容會與她們母親類似，而這個結果與維高斯基(Vygotsky)的理論是一致的。 / This study investigates mothers’ ways of co-constructing narratives about the past in mother-child conversations when the children were 3;6 and the children’s narrative performance in researcher-child conversations at three time points when the children were 3;6, 3;9, and 4;0. The effect of mothers’ ways of co-constructing narratives with children on children’s narrative performance was also investigated. Mothers’ ways of co-constructing narratives with children were examined in terms of the conversational styles and the narrative information types, and children’s narrative performance was examined in terms of the conversational contributions and the narrative information types. Subjects in this study are two female children (D and Z) and their mothers. The results show that the two mothers displayed the same conversational style, namely, high-elaborative style termed by Reese, Haden, & Fivush (1993). But, they differed in the type of narrative information that they placed more emphasis on. One of the mothers was particularly concerned about orientation information, while the other mother placed more emphasis on complicating actions. As for children’s narrative performance, the two children were very similar about the type of utterances that they contributed in the narratives when having conversations with the researcher. More specifically, they both frequently produced the type of elaborations, which was much higher than repetitions at each time point. In terms of narrative information types, at Time 1 (3;6) and Time 2 (3;9), D and Z were similar in that complicating action was higher than orientation. However, at Time 3 (4;0), Z’s orientation was higher than complicating action, while D’s complicating action was still higher than orientation. With respect to the effect of mothers’ ways of co-constructing narratives with children on children’s narrative performance, it was found that the difference that D’s mother provided or requested for complicating actions much more often than Z’s mother did at Time 1 (3;6) was reflected in the two children’s percentage of this narrative information type at Time 3 (4;0). This is in line with Vygotskian theory that early scaffolds provided by mothers would be reflected in children’s performance at a later time.

我國自鴉片戰爭以後，國勢一落千丈。中外學者在論及經濟發展遲緩原因時，大都認 為「文化障礙」及「政府的因循不振」實為兩大主因。行政學者如高斯（John Gaus ）、雷格斯（Fred Riggs）及邁爾（R.S.Milne ）等人皆強調二者交光互影的影響。例如，邁爾認為開發中國家有效行政的主要障礙 是文化。」然筆者認為所謂「過去」、「現在」、「未來」不過是時間上的轉瞬，一 種分類方式而已，事實上是無法分割的。何況文化傳統是個複雜的整體，是阻力抑助 力，操之在「人」。如學者所言，開發中國家行政體系若非社會的全部，亦佔了大部 分。因此行政體系除受到文化的影響外，亦因肩負塑造文化環境及實體環境的責任。 誠如大學所云：「湯之盤銘曰：『苟日新，又日新』。康誥：『作新民。』詩曰：『 周雖舊邦，其命維新。』是故，如何在舊有的基礎上，因應環境變化，從事新的變革 ，此即筆者探討「行政適 」 。本文分為五章，各章節要點如下： 第一章「緒論」：敘述經濟發展、行政改革、行政發展、發展行政及行政適應等相關 概念。並說明研究動機、研究範圍、架構、方法及其限制。 第二章：探討「影響經濟發展的因素」。分別敘述傳統文化及實體環境的變遷，對我 國行政適應的影響。 第三章：探討「經濟行政體系結構的適應」，分為決策機關設計機關及執行機關三個 方面探述，藉以瞭解行政體系寺經濟發展在結構上所作的適應情況。 第四章：探討「經濟行政體系功能的適應」，分為指導性功能、輔助性功能以及管制 功能三部分探述，藉以瞭解行政體系對經濟發展在功能上所作的適應情況。 第五章：「結論」。論述未來經濟發展的行政適應問題與展望，並試擬一行政適應模 型，藉供參考。

本個案研究旨在探討實施聽力策略教學對四位台灣國中生的影響與衝擊。 不同於以往傳統認知取向的策略教學，本文採用維高斯基（Vygotsky）社會文化取向理論來分析學生的學習；相信策略教學與學習應該考量到學生與外界環境及人際間的互動，而非只探討教學本身的成效。因此本研究在個案對策略學習及自主學習的觀感和態度上多所著墨。文獻回顧內容則涵蓋聽力策略的理論及聽力策略教學實施情形及成效的研究。 　　本研究對象針對37位八年級的學生實施為期18週的聽力教學。但重心放在四位個案身上。研究方法採用質化的學生訪談及學生學習日記的分析輔以量化的聽力策略問卷。實施的步驟分為準備期、診斷期、教學期、練習期、及評估期。在教學開始前，學生們先通過全民英檢初級的聽力測試以評估其聽力能力並篩選個案。然後，實施聽力策略問卷調查以觀察學生平時使用的策略。之後，學生們接受六項聽力策略的教導，包含：猜測、分類、類推、記筆記、選擇性專注、及詢問。在教學實施期間，個案被要求寫學習日記，記錄對所學策略的感想及使用情形。學習日記及訪談是分析個案學習情形的主要資料。 第四章則著重於探討四位個案的家庭背景，學校表現，及對自主學習的態度和想法。目的是希望完整呈現四位個案不同的人格及學習特質，及之所以他們會如此學習的原因。第五章記錄了研究的兩樣重大發現： 1. 聽力能力較高的同學顯然比聽力較弱的學生更能夠有效率的交互使用「由上而下」 及「由下而上」的聽力策略。而聽力較弱的同學則傾向於過度依靠直接翻譯」策略。 2. 原本一向被傳統認知學習策略所忽略的情意方面的因素，反而似乎是影響學生策略學習的主因。這些情意方面的因素包括了：學生如何控制自己的脾氣，學習態度，及情緒。更重要的是，學生似乎都傾向於需要找到生命中的重要他人，並依靠這些較有能力的大人來提供他們踏出學習第一步時必要的安全感，知識，能力，方法及學習的動力。 因此，本研究的發現，回應了維高斯基的社會文化取向理論。唯有先透過人際間的互動與學習，才有可能回歸自我，反求諸己，達到內省與自發的境界。本研究希望能藉由教育現場的真實互動情形，喚醒策略學習及教學研究者對社會文化取向的學習理論，以及學生情意態度影響學習成效的重視。 / The purpose of this case study was to investigate four Taiwanese junior high school learners’ listening strategy use when receiving listening strategy instruction. Different from conventional quantitative SLA strategy studies, this present qualitative case study, adopting sociocultural perspectives, grounded on the conception that the issues of strategy learning should not be understood only in terms of direct instruction and its effectiveness. Instead, exploring the learning processes in which learners and the external environment are necessary. Therefore, this case study focused on the discussion of four learners’ attitude toward learning and their perspectives toward listening strategy instruction. The participants of this study were 37 students in a Taiwanese junior high school in the Taipei city. Yet, the focus was on four cases, Natalie, Tom, Jasmine and Jin Pin. Three major data collection instruments were adopted including the quantitative questionnaire, qualitative interviews and learning journals kept by the four cases. The instructional procedure was divided into five stages-- preparation, diagnosis, instruction, practice, and evaluation. A sample GEPT listening comprehension test was given to the students to pretest their proficiency in the diagnosis stage. Then the instruction on six listening strategies--guessing, grouping, inferencing, note-taking, selective attention, and asking for clarification was provided for 18 weeks. The Listening Comprehension Strategy Questionnaire based on Wang (2000) was conducted to identify the learners’ listening strategy use. Their learning journals were evaluated to explore their ongoing problems and perceptions toward learning the strategies. In Chapter Four, the profiles of the four cases were illustrated including their family background, school performance, and attitude toward learning autonomously to give a full picture of their learning habits. In Chapter Five, major findings are summarized. First, the case study echoed the previous finding that more skillful listeners seem to use both the ‘top-down’ and ‘bottom-up’ strategies more effectively while less skillful listeners rely too much on direct translation. Second, some salient issues previously not emphasized were found including learners’ affective concerns and their ability to control emotions, turned out to powerfully influence the learners’ learning. The learners needed to be assisted first by some adult surrogates and their significant others and to gain enough guidance, assurance, sense of security and control over the emotions before they can move on to self-regulated learning. If not, their learning tends to be subject to their own emotions, which are mostly controlled by the interaction between the learners and the external environment or the others. This finding consisted with the sociocultural perspective in that learning is a collaborative process between the learners and their social contexts. Only through interaction with others can learners achieve a new level of autonomy. To foster learner autonomy, strategy training needs to account for a more interactive view of learning. It also suggests that more efforts should be paid to explore the impact of learners’ affective and social concerns on their language learning toward autonomy.

以往投資人認為透過『附加保護層』的保護機制，損失不易流通至主擔保債權憑證，潛在損失較低；又因包含龐大之標的債權，投資人也認為該投資風險分散程度較高，風險暴露程度較低。然而，2007年7月發生次級房貸風暴，導致複合型保護層信用擔保債權憑證各分券投資人產生鉅額損失，方了解於保護層的面紗之下，隱含了不為人知的風險。 　　因此，本研究目的發展合成型複合型保護層信用擔保債權憑證之評價模型，以雙層信用擔保債權為例，『由下而上』依序建構標的債權群組，至主擔保債權憑證之總損失機率分配；並透過直觀的考慮所有損失的可能組合，使估計之合理信用價差更為精確，不僅解決以往評價雙層擔保債權憑證的維度限制，計算子分券數目為二以上的情形，更能將此模型推廣至所有複合型保護層信用擔保債權憑證之評價，適合實務應用。 　　除此之外，本研究亦希望透過實務界常用之風險衡量指標，揭開保護層之厚重面紗，探討複合型保護層信用擔保債權憑證所隱含之風險，提供投資人參考。透過與一般信用擔保債權憑證之風險特性，探討『附加保護層』機制是否真能提升風險分散程度，抑或反而有損失累積的效果。最後，本研究也藉由風險衡量指標，分析資產重疊程度由低至高時，對對雙層信用擔保債權憑證風險的影響，了解風險是否會隨其資產重疊度增加而增加。

This work presents model development and model analyses of CO2 storage in deep saline aquifers. The goal has been two-fold, firstly to develop models and address the system behaviour under geological heterogeneity, second to tackle the issues related to problem scale as modelling of the CO2 storage systems can become prohibitively complex when large systems are considered. The work starts from a Monte Carlo analysis of heterogeneous 2D domains with a focus on the sensitivity of two CO2  storage performance measurements, namely, the injectivity index (Iinj) and storage efficiency coefficient (E), on parameters characterizing heterogeneity. It is found that E and Iinj are determined by two different parameter groups which both include correlation length (λ) and standard deviation (σ) of the permeability. Next, the issue of upscaling is addressed by modelling a heterogeneous system with multi-modal heterogeneity and an upscaling scheme of the constitutive relationships is proposed to enable the numerical simulation to be done using a coarser geological mesh built for a larger domain. Finally, in order to better address stochastically heterogeneous systems, a new method for model simulations and uncertainty analysis based on a Gaussian processes emulator is introduced. Instead of conventional point estimates this Bayesian approach can efficiently approximate cumulative distribution functions for the selected outputs which are CO2 breakthrough time and its total mass. After focusing on reservoir behaviour in small domains and modelling the heterogeneity effects in them, the work moves to predictive modelling of large scale CO2  storage systems. To maximize the confidence in the model predictions, a set of different modelling approaches of varying complexity is employed, including a semi-analytical model, a sharp-interface vertical equilibrium (VE) model and a TOUGH2MP / ECO2N model. Based on this approach, the CO2 storage potential of two large scale sites is modelled, namely the South Scania site, Sweden and the Dalders Monocline in the Baltic Sea basin. The methodologies developed and demonstrated in this work enable improved analyses of CO2 geological storage at both small and large scales, including better approaches to address medium heterogeneity. Finally, recommendations for future work are also discussed.