The Quiet Revolution, and the unceasing changes that characterize the Québec of the 60’s marked an enormous step forward for Québec studies. From the end of the 60’s, and beginning of the 70’s, a series of research on Québec started to see the light. With the October Crisis of 1970, the emergence of the “Parti Québecois” and the province’s first lost of referendum; hundreds of articles, books, and researches have been written. Québec’s economic relationship with the United States, the quest for Québec’s identity and its place within the Canadian federation, the tensions within Canada, its relations with other Canadian provinces, as well as the whole cultural aspects, i.e. French language, politic, well almost everything has been studied over and over, everything but the implication of Québec, or “The Québec Factor ” in the Canada-U.S. bilateral relations. A few texts have been written about, the sovereignty movement and the Canada-U.S. relations, still not so numerous amounts of data related to the strength of the Québec factor and its role in the Canadian decision-makings toward the U.S. This is where the motive emerges, the fact that this subject has rarely been touched is not only extremely attractive, it is also a once in a lifetime opportunity to contribute considerably not only to Taiwan’s Canadian studies, but also to the field of Québec studies. The main objective of the present thesis will be to demonstrate that the Québec factor influences not only relations with the rest of Canada, but as well, from time to time, Canadian bilateral relations with its southern neighbor: the United States. The extent to which Québec is implicated in the Canadian decision-making toward the United States will be explored. Furthermore, Québec’s distinct cultural background, its cultural insecurity generated by domestic tensions with Canada, and the role played by those tensions in the Québec government’s decision to slightly detach with the rest of Canada and get closer to the United States will be addressed. The study will put its emphasis not on the fact that Quebec is extremely powerful, because it would be a lie, but more on the fact that Quebec, which is only a province, as well can greatly influence Canada and its neighbor. The study will be structured as follow; the second chapter will define what really is the “Quebec factor”, and will emphasize on the definition of Quebec’s potential influence on Canada, as well as its origin i.e. the domestic tensions present in the federation that led to the two referendums for independence. The third chapter will introduce the Canada-U.S. bilateral relation in order to further comprehend the considerable importance of both actors for each other. The fourth chapter will put its focus on the actual economic power of the province, taking as example the signature of the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement and the role played by the province in the Canadian decision-making toward this issue, which we will see was much more desired in the U.S. as it was in Canada. Moreover, as well in this chapter, the actual strength of the province’s economy, prior and post CUFTA, will be assessed. The fifth chapter will exhibit the influence of the Quebec public opinion on political issues i.e. the Iraq incursion and the first refusal of Canada to participate to the building of the Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD). Finally, the last chapter will conclude on what really represents the province for the triangular Quebec-Canada-U.S. relation.

公元一九四一年十二月，中美兩國，雖然由於珍珠港事變而成為並肩作戰的國家，但 是對於亞洲太平洋地區的共同戰略，美國的反應，遠不及中國積極。美國由於先德後 日的基本戰略，除了繼續對華提供租借物資與空軍方面的援助，在聯合國宣言中提攜 中國名列四強之一，選派史迪威中將來華擔任中國戰區盟軍最高統帥蔣委員長的參謀 長暨本戰區美軍司令，並無條件給予五億美元的貸款外，美國既未娑遣陸軍來華協同 作戰，也不曾運送大量物資援助中國。 就在美英這種重歐輕亞的態度下，緬甸終於一九四二年五月淪陷，中外唯一陸上交通 線滇緬路亦隨之斷絕。中國抗戰形勢，遂更加困難，且種下日後中美爭執的一大根源 。 一九四三年二月至六月間，蔣夫人的訪問美國白宮、國會及其主要城市，使美國上下 對於中國的情況與立場有進一步的了解。 直到一九四三年八月的魁北克會議，羅斯福與英國道相邱吉爾，始決定聯合國於擊敗 德國後十二個月內擊敗日本的原則及其初步的作戰計劃，時距美國參戰已達二十一個 月之久。美英還原則上決定縮小反攻全緬計劃為反攻北緬，並一致認為沒有同時進攻 仰光與南緬以配合北緬攻勢的必要。凡此均為美國先德後日基本戰略以及迄無協助中 國早日強大的決心之具體表徵，而且不合我出兵的先決條件。然美英仍要求我出動駐 印軍與遠征軍入緬作戰，並交由新近成立的東南亞戰區總司令英國海軍中將蒙巴頓統 籌指揮。 一九四三年十月蔣委員長在重慶黃山召集蒙巴頓、索姆維爾、史迪威、陳納德及中國 將領等討論魁北京決議案。會中決定依照委員長的提議，於一九四四年一月十五日開 始反攻緬甸，並以蒙氏為總指揮。委員長並提示，聯軍必須控制孟加拉灣，同時必須 在南緬實施水陸兩棲作戰，以配合北緬攻勢，對於敵人軍力不可估計過低，印度雷多 方面國軍必須有預備隊、中印空運必須維持每月一萬噸，且不得因緬戰而減少。對於 此等條件，蒙、索兩氏均無確切的答覆或承諾。無怪乎一向力主加強美國駐華空軍力 量，並反對輕率出兵緬甸的陳納德認為，事實上黃山會議「關於緬甸之役，並沒有達 成明確的決定。」 一九四三年十一月中美英三個政府首長的開羅會議，即係中國促請美國採取此等有力 行動的良機，可惜會議前美國政府雖亦早已主張日本應歸還我失土，但美國無論在政 治與軍事上都顯然重蘇輕華，故決定不將史達林決意於擊敗德國後參加對日戰爭的消 息告訴我國。 一九四四年四月日軍對我發動孤注一擲式的空前強大攻勢，此即「一號」或「華東」 攻勢。蔣主席與陳納德對日軍此一攻勢早有所悉，故曾一再向美方提出警告，然華府 與史迪威均置諸不理。其時我遠征軍已被迫入緬、華中、華南及西南等地區軍力不足 ，逐漸敗退。 一九四四年六月美國副總統華萊士的奉命訪華即其著例。華氏訪華期間，蔣主席曾就 中共叛亂的事實、蘇聯侵華的野心，以及兩者之間的密切關係，詳加說明，並希望美 國對中共採取冷淡超然的立場，以有助於中共問題的早日解決。 一九四四年十一月赫爾利首度應中共之邀，前往延安時，便完全接受中共的條件，匆 促達成五項協定。其內容自非國民政府所能接受，於是提出對案。美國積極而又長期 深入的從事調停國共之爭的努力，自此揭開序幕。 美英蘇三國同盟合作的精神於一九四五年二月的雅爾達會議期間，達到空前的高潮。 按前此美蘇已曾就蘇聯參加對日戰爭的政治條件有所商討，故至此再經羅斯福與史達 林的面議後，即達成雅爾達秘密協定。 /

加拿大自脫離英國政府的殖民統治以來，至今已經有一百三十多年的歷史。期間雖經歷了保守黨、自由黨之輪流執政，仍無法完全解決長期以來魁北克人民對於「獨特社會」地位、保護法語文化及傳統的要求。尤有甚者，一九七六年魁人黨（Parti Quebecois）在魁北克省執政成功，並分別於一九八○年及一九九五年針對獨立與否議題舉辦兩次魁省公民投票。雖然最後魁北克人企圖獨立的公投失敗，但其所帶來的衝擊、餘波，更強力震撼了加拿大的政治生態。 一九九三年柯瑞祥（Jean Chretien）領導的自由黨在大選中擊敗執政長達九年的穆隆尼（Brian Moulorney）保守黨政府，順利當選加拿大聯邦總理後，一直致力於改善失業率，通貨膨脹率及削減預算赤字等國內經濟問題。然一九九五年魁北克公投期間，柯瑞祥被許多聯邦派人士批評過於輕忽國家統一問題及魁北克分離派（separatist）的實力。最後聯邦主義者（federalist）雖以1.2％約五萬五千票的差距取得勝利，但獨立派人士卻揚言要繼續推動第三次公投以尋求最後的成功。 本論文主要探討柯瑞祥政府對魁北克獨立運動的因應策略，其中主要以經濟、政治、法律等三個層面予以分析。在經濟層面探討柯瑞祥政府的安撫策略（carrot strategy）及強硬策略（stick strategy）；政治上則探討魁人治魁的傳統策略，以及提前大選策略、外交策略、多元文化策略等；法律上則探討密契湖協議（Meech Lake Accord）與查洛城協議（Charletown Accord），以及九五年公投法律分析、Ｂ計畫 (Plan B)、澄清法案（Clarity Bill）等。由於一九九五年魁省公投對加拿大聯邦政府帶來的衝擊，使得柯瑞祥不得不更謹慎處理國家統一問題。其後，從一九九七年的大選和一九九八年的魁北克省長選舉得票結果可知，魁北克獨立勢力似乎已有見緩的趨勢。因此柯瑞祥政府在經濟、政治和法律面上對魁北克獨立運動策略之成效為何，以及魁北克獨立運動的未來可能發展，均值得探討，此乃本論文之主軸。 由於國內研究加拿大的學者不多，特別是針對魁北克獨立問題的研究更是鳳毛麟角，因此引發筆者的研究動機。面對近來因民族主義意識而興起之獨立運動風潮，魁北克的獨立議題實值得深入分析。 / It has been more than 130 years since Canada stopped being an English colony. Although conservative and liberal governments had come and go, none had managed to resolve completely and permanently the Quebec people's demands for a "distinct society" status and moves to protect the French language and culture. The quest for the former is especially worth mentioning. In 1976, Partis Qucbecois was voted into power in Quebec and held 2 state referendums to decide whether to be independent in 1980 and 1995. Despite failing to get a majority in the referendum, these events sent the shockwaves throughout the political world. In 1993, the Liberal party led by Jean Chretien beat the conservative government led by Brian Moulorney, which had been in power for 9 years. After Chretien became the federal prime minister of Canada, he concentrated on cutting down the unemployment rate and other internal economical problems such as the inflation rate and the deficit. In spite of this, he was criticized by many federalists as neglecting the country unification issue and the power of Quebec's separatists. Although, in 1995's referendum, federalists managed to win with a margin of 1.2% (around 55,000 votes) in the end, independents vow to seek a referendum again until they win. This thesis aims to analyze strategies taken by the Chretien government against the Quebec independent movement from three viewpoints: Economical, Political and Legal. From the economical viewpoint we'll take a look at Chretien's "Carrot and Stick Strategy". From the political viewpoint, the traditional "Quebecers rule Quebec" policy as well as the "earlier election" policy, foreign policies, multicultural policies, etc. are examined. From the legal viewpoint, the Meech Lake Accord, the Charletown Accord as well as 1995's referendum law analysis, Plan B, the Clarity Bill, etc. are examined. Due to shockwaves to the federal government brought about by 1995's Quebec Referendum, Chretien had to handle the country unification problem with even more care. After 1995, as can be seen from 1997 general elections and 1998 Quebec's provincial election, the Quebec Independence Movement started to lose steam. Therefore, it is worthwhile to examine the effects the economical, political and legal polices the Chretien government took had on the movement, as well as possible developments of the movement. That will be the main topic of this thesis. The author was motivated to do research on this topic as there aren't many researchers on Canada locally, especially researchers on the problems of Quebec's Independence Movement. Facing the independent movement recently due to heightening nationalist sentiments, Quebec's Independence Movement case study is worth an in-depth analysis.

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