Livestock and poultry are two growing subsectors of global farming economy with an impact on the environment and thus deserving closer attention. While the farms play a major role in providing protein essential for human diets, they are also sources of significant amounts of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Hence, the sectors need to improve their environmental performance and mitigate their negative impacts on climate. To estimate the annual GHG emissions from a dairy and poultry farm, a case study was conducted in the rural area of Bangladesh. The study has considered the supply chains of both farms while estimating the emissions.  The study also estimated the GHG emission reduction potential of a small biogas based polygeneration system aimed at providing energy services in the rural area. LCA (lifecycle assessment) has been used as the main tool while estimating the emissions.

This paper addresses the existing situation of Supply Chain Management (SCM) in readymade garment manufacturing factories in Bangladesh. Supply chain management is a key issue for garment manufacturers, retailers, and consumers. The literature on current supply chain management in garment factories in Bangladesh is very poor. Therefore, in this study, the author has made an attempt to analyze a more effective supply chain scenario for the Bangladeshi garment industry that will lead to better competitive advantage over their rivals by analyzing the current supply chain and examining the relationships among the actors in supply chain management.

Growing populations and especially the growing proportion of elderly in the developing countries in South Asia pose an increasingly higher pressure on the health care systems in these countries. For example, in Bangladesh, a part of the pressure is currently eased by the unofficial health care workers called village doctors but with the cost of wrong diagnoses and unnecessary medications leading to excess use of e.g. antibiotics. In order to help to produce a correct diagnosis and in planning the follow-up or preventive measures to improve the general health of the population, medical technology could be brought to the village doctors. Even though medical equipments are already been imported from developed countries to developing countries it has not notably improved the situation. This project has been conducted to unravel factors that affect bringing new medical technology to low resource settings, and to find outthe specific needs that countries with large rural populations but low income status have with medical technology. The purpose of this study is to investigate what demands should be placed on basic monitoring medical devices to ensure highly accurate and reliable readings, similar to those in Europe, but also an affordable product that meets the specific needs of rural health care in low income countries such as Bangladesh. This study also aims to find out what is the current need in therural areas of Bangladesh. The goal on the long run is to contribute to the development of safe and efficient medical devices that would increase the accessibility and quality of healthcare especially for the people living in the rural areas. The research questions were approached by first defining the current situation and the currenly known barriers in bringing two cost efficient medical devices for monitoring purposes to the Bangladeshi-market, and to define which requirements they should fulfil for the needs of the public health care. Secondly, European legislation was examined to research how the goal could be reached in practice. The methodology chosen for this project is qualitative methodology based on literature research and standard open-ended interviews. In addition, sensor-development work was done at KTH to study the properties of the sensors and the electric circuits. The results of this project show that, currently, medical technology is not used in large parts in South Asia such as in the rural areas of Bangladesh, but that there is a need and potential market for new devices that has not been researched before. Medical companies are aware of this, but the technology has not been developed yet to meet the local conditions. The results of this report suggest the following areas to be researched when developing new medical technology for rural areas in Bangladesh: technical requirements from an internationally acknowledged regulation (e.g. the EU regulation 2017/745 and ISO standards), reusability, robustness, user friendliness, post market surveillance, monitoring of performance and maintenance work. / Världens växande befolkning och speciellt den ökande andelen äldre i utvecklingsländerna utgör ett allt större tryck på hälsovårdssystemen i dessa länder. Till exempel i Bangladesh tas en del av trycket hand om av de inofficiella vårdpersonal, så kallade by-läkare. Eftersom en by-läkare oftast inte är utbildad inom medicin blir felaktiga diagnoser och onödiga läkemedel allt vanligare. Detta kan i sin tur leda till överdriven användning av till exempel antibiotika. För att bidra till mer effektiva och pålitliga diagnoser samt att underlätta planeringen av uppföljning eller förebyggande åtgärder för att förbättra allmänhälsan skulle medicinsk teknik kunna användas mer av by-läkarna. Trots att medicinsk utrustning redan har importerats från västländer till utvecklingsländer har det inte förbättrat situationen avsevärt. Det här examensarbetet har genomförts för att hitta olika faktorer som påverkar hur medicinsk teknik kan implementeras i låga resursinställningar samt för att ta reda på de specifika behov som länder med stora populationer men låg inkomst har med att använda medicinsk teknik. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilka krav bör ställas på grundläggande övervakningsmedicintekniska produkter som används i rurala omständigheter för att säkerställa pålitliga och säkra resultat som i Europa. Samtidigt borde denna produkt uppfylla även de specifika behoven hos landsbygdshälsovården i låginkomstländer som Bangladesh. På lång sikt är målet att bidra till utvecklingen av medicinsk utrustning av hög kvalitet som skulle öka tillgängligheten och kvaliteten på vården särskilt för de som bor i landsbygden i låginkomstländer. Först definierades de viktigaste hindren för två kostnadseffektiva medicintekniska produkter som skulle användas i övervakningssyfte att komma till den bangladeshiska marknaden. De krav som produkterna borde uppfylla för att möta folkhälsovårdens behov definierades. EU-lagstiftningen analyserades och hur målet skulle kunna nås i praktiken undersöktes. Metoden som valdes för detta projekt är kvalitativ metodik. Därmed är resultaten baserad på litteraturforskning och öppna intervjuer. Även sensorutvecklingsarbete utfördes vid KTH för att studera egenskaperna hos sensorerna och el-kretsarna. Resultaten som hittades i detta projekt visar att ny medicinsk teknik används inte tillräckligt i stora områden i Södra Asien som till exempel i Bangladesh. Det finns en potentiell marknad men detta har inte undersökts tidigare. Resultaten antyder att de följande områdena som borde undersökas när ny medicinsk teknologi utvecklas till denna marknaden är: tekniska krav från en internationellt erkänd lagstiftning (till exempel EU:s medicinsktekniska direktivet 2017/745 samt ISO standarder), återanvändbarhet, robusthet, användarvänlighet, reglerad ”post-market”-uppföljning, samt underhållsarbete.

In this research, we explore the impact of international buyer-supplier relationships on sustainability practices in the Ready-Made Garments (RMG) industry, concentrating specifically on the context of Bangladesh. The root of this investigation centers around unpacking the influence of global business interconnectivity on operational approaches at the supplier juncture, with a specific emphasis on sustainability. Two core research queries were set as the guiding posts for this investigation: (1) What is the impact of international buyer-supplier relationships on sustainable practices in the RMG sector of Bangladesh? and (2) How do different types of buyer-supplier relationships influence this impact? Drawing from the theoretical discourse, the study ventured to hypothesize those certain elements of international buyer-supplier relationships - the relational dynamics, enduring alliances, and the commitment of international buyers to sustainability - have a positive bearing on sustainable practices within the Bangladeshi RMG industry. To provide empirical support to these assumptions, a quantitative study involving 66 managers working within Bangladesh's RMG industry was undertaken. Utilizing covariance-based descriptive statistics as our analytical tool, we proceeded to examine the validity of our hypotheses. The findings provided a resounding confirmation, highlighting that attributes like trust, commitment, open communication, and long-term partnerships favorably influence the incorporation of sustainable practices. Moreover, it was observed that the commitment of international buyers to sustainability, demonstrated through the enforcement of standards and initiatives to support suppliers, has a substantial influence on suppliers' operational strategies, elbowing them towards the adoption of sustainable and ethical business practices. These insights shed light on how international buyer-supplier relationships impact global trading dynamics and underscore the intensifying significance of sustainability in modern business ethics. This research extends the theoretical discourse on international business, supply chain management, and sustainability. Additionally, it offers pragmatic insights for managers operating within Bangladesh's RMG industry, accentuating the necessity to cultivate enduring, trust- centric relationships with international buyers and to align their operational strategies with the global shift towards sustainable business practices.

This thesis highlights the issue of organ trafficking in Bangladesh and focuses on the role of the international organizations in combatting organ trafficking. The objective of this paper is to provide a deeper understanding of the role of the UN and international organizations.  This thesis draws information for sources such as the United Nations (UN) and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to examen organ trafficking. Organ trafficking leads to human rights abuses and health consequences faced by victims. The consequences of organ trafficking impact the healthcare systems, ethics in transplantation and community trust. (WHO, 2019). It requires strengthening of legal frameworks, enhancing law enforcement, promotion of international collaboration to address organ trafficking. (UNODC 2020) This study contributes to the existing literature by combining information from reputable sources, and highlight the need efforts by local authorities, international organizations, and the civil society to combat organ trafficking and protect vulnerable people from this trade.

The aim of this thesis is to explore the localisation agenda in humanitarian aid put forward during the 2016 Grand Bargain. The thesis aims to prove that localisation remains a high level concept with little effective implementation in humanitarian contexts. The concepts of “the local”, decoloniality and localisation provide a theoretical framework for the analysis, while the theories of power and dependency are used to analyse the results of the research.  In order to show that localisation has not been highly effective at the local level, this thesis compares the contexts of Haiti and Bangladesh to the 2016 Grand Bargain commitments and the fifth annual report on the progress of the Grand Bargain. A comparative case study was conducted using desk research to analyse the available data on each Grand Bargain commitment. This research suggests that there has been mixed success in implementing the Grand Bargain commitments in Haiti and Bangladesh. Some commitments, such as increasing the use of cash and joint assessments, have been successful in both contexts, and are consistent with the reported progress by IASC. Several commitments, such as shifting power to affected communities and increasing funding to local and national humanitarian organizations, have seen little progress in either Haiti or Bangladesh. The findings are largely in line with the fifth annual report on the progress of the Grand Bargain commissioned by IASC. Despite this seeming progress on the Grand Bargain commitments, this thesis also explores how the international sphere — including INGOs and donors — have shaped the localisation agenda to be more palatable to the stakeholders who have to give up funding and power to empower local actors.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 乙第13389号 / 論地環博第15号 / 新制||地環||40(附属図書館) / (主査)准教授 森 晶寿, 教授 諸富 徹, 准教授 SINGER JANE / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第23556号 / 地環博第213号 / 新制||地環||41(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎地球環境学専攻 / (主査)教授 星野 敏, 准教授 鬼塚 健一郎, 教授 西前 出 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

Coastal areas are vulnerable to different natural hazards, including hurricanes, cyclones, tsunami, floods, coastal erosion, and saltwater intrusion. These hazards cause extensive social, ecological, economic, and human losses. Continued climate change and sea-level rise is expected to substantially impact the people living in coastal areas. Sea level rise poses serious threats for the people living in the coastal zone, which leads to coastal erosion, inundations in the low-lying areas, tidal water encroachment and subsequent salt-water intrusion, as well as the displacement of the people living along the coast. Coastal erosion is one of the biggest environmental threats in the coastal areas globally. In Bangladesh, coastal erosion is a regularly occurring and major destructive process, impacting both human and ecological systems at sea level. The Lower Meghna estuary, located in southern Bangladesh, is among the most vulnerable landscapes in the world to the impacts of coastal erosion. Erosion causes population displacement, loss of productive land area, loss of infrastructure and communication systems, and, most importantly, household livelihoods. For a lower middle-class country, such as Bangladesh, with limited internal resources, it is hard to cope with catastrophic natural hazards, such as coastal erosion and its related consequences. This research aims to advance the scientific understanding of past and future coastal erosion risk and associated changes in land change and land cover using geospatial analysis techniques. It also aims to understand the patterns and drivers of human perception of coastal erosion risk. To place the research questions and objectives in content, Chapter 1 includes a brief introduction and literature review of the coastal erosion context in Bangladesh. Chapter 2 assesses different methods of prediction to investigate the performance of future shoreline position predictions by quantifying how prediction performance varies depending on the time depths of input historical shoreline data and the time horizons of predicted shorelines. Chapter 3 evaluates historical land loss and how well predicted shorelines predict amounts of succeeding LULC resources lost to erosion. Chapter 4 focuses on the patterns and drivers of erosion risk perception using data from spatially explicit measures of coastal erosion risk derived from satellite imagery and a random sample survey of residents living in the coastal communities. In summary, this research advances our scientific understanding of past and future coastal erosion risk and associated changes in land change and land cover using geospatial analysis techniques. It also enhances the understanding of the patterns and drivers of human perception of coastal erosion risk by combining satellite imagery and social survey data. Compared to much of the coastal erosion literature, this work draws from a 35-year time series of satellite-derived shorelines at annual temporal resolution. This time depth enables us to employ a temporal design strategy expected to yield a robust characterization of space-time erosion patterns. This study also enabled us to assess how well predicted shorelines predict amounts of succeeding LULC resources lost to erosion by using long-term historical data. The innovative we use has potential applications to other deltas and vulnerable shorelines globally. While empirical results are specific to the project's study area, results can inform the region's shoreline forecasting ability and associated mitigation and adaptation strategies. / Doctor of Philosophy / Coastal erosion is a global problem. Coastal Bangladesh has one of the highest rates of erosion in the world. Erosion causes population displacement, loss of productive land area, loss of infrastructure and communication systems, and, most importantly, household livelihoods. With an aim to advance our understanding of coastal erosion hazard, this study assessed past and future coastal erosion risk and associated changes in land change and land cover and human risk perceptions using different geospatial and statistical analysis techniques. First, different methods of coastal erosion prediction were evaluated to investigate the performance of future shoreline position predictions. Second, the historical land loss was estimated and how well predicted shorelines predict amounts of succeeding LULC resources lost to erosion were assessed. Finally, the patterns and drivers of human perception of coastal erosion risk were explored.

The purpose of this thesis is to explore the importance of Smart Grid and to conduct a full feasibility analysis of its implementation in Bangladesh. A smart grid is an electric power system that improves grid accuracy and effectiveness by reacting to systemic disruptions proactively. For a developing country like Bangladesh, it is important for both increased electricity generation and to prevent power outage. A basic necessity for individuals and economies is the efficient transmission and distribution of electricity alongside vital energy supplies. The thesis examines and describes the features and economic topology of Smart Grid, as well as potential solutions to Bangladesh's power issue. It also covers the sustainable transmission and distribution of electricity, as well as the integration of communication and smart monitoring technologies of smart grid.