La gastronomie et l'onomastique n'ont encore jamais fait l'objet d'étude, de manière conjointe, d'un point de vue linguistique. L’objectif de cette thèse est de proposer un point de départ à une réflexion sur la structure, la nature et la place du nom propre dans la gastronomie française. Pour ce faire, après avoir exposé les différentes problématiques liées à la définition des concepts de gastronomie et de nom propre, nous avons réalisé une synthèse des principaux éléments théoriques qui servent de base à la recherche sur les noms de plats, tant sous un angle linguistique, historique qu’artistique ou législatif. La nécessité d’effectuer une distinction entre appellation culinaire et dénomination gastronomique selon la place qu’occupe le nom de plat sur un axe nom propre / nom commun s’est vite imposée et pour vérifier dans quelle mesure les types de noms propres dans les noms de plats sont conditionnés par le contexte, deux sortes de corpus ont été constitués. Sera d’abord traitée l’évolution du nom propre dans la gastronomie à travers le prisme de la norme dictionnairique au cours des 70 dernières années, au moyen d'une comparaison lexicographique des deux éditions du Larousse Gastronomique (1938 et 2007). Pour ce faire, une catégorisation des noms propres relevés dans le corpus a été établie. Dans un deuxième temps, la place des noms propres dans un corpus témoignant de l’usage a été examinée, en rassemblant des menus de restaurants parisiens ainsi que des dépliants publicitaires de la restauration livrée. / Gastronomy and onomastics have never previously been the subject of a joint study from a linguistic point of view. The objective of this thesis is to provide a starting point for research on the structure, nature and place of proper names in French gastronomy. After considering the various problems related to the definition of such concepts as gastronomy and proper name, we achieved a synthesis of the main theoretical elements that form the basis for research on the names of dishes from a linguistic, artistic, historic or legislative perspective. Then, a distinction was made between culinary denomination and gastronomic designation in relation to the place of a dish name on a proper name / common name axis, although the separation between the two poles is sometimes blurred and cannot be considered to be strict. Two kinds of corpus are established in order to verify that the types of proper names in gastronomy depend on the context where dish names originate. First, the evolution of the proper name in gastronomy over the past 70 years is studied from a normative perspective through the lexical comparison of the first and the latest editions of the Larousse Gastronomique (1938 and 2007) and the establishment of a categorization of proper names. Second, proper names in a corpus reflecting the use was examined using Parisian restaurant menus and flyers advertising for food delivery. The comparison of the results for the two types of corpus will shed light on the differences, both quantitative and classificatory, in the use of proper names in a normative or in a creative context.

Background: Intermediaries are an inherent part of global trade that take over various tasks within supply chains. These supply chain facilitators play vital roles within the trade of goods and services and over time, they have evolved into different types. These types have been categorized with regards to various factors, but within this study, the factors involvement and power are examined. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to develop a categorization of intermediaries within the companies’ supply chains. In addition, a categorization technique is aligned. This is important as most models established in the literature do not show steps of assessments. A black box is created, which hides processes and steps for outsiders. In addition, literature does show categorizations of intermediaries, however, no categorizations with involvement and power exist. Since some literature states that some intermediaries are very powerful within supply chain relationships, the purpose is to examine these relationships with regard to involvement and power. Method: This study is a multiple case study of a qualitative character. Semi-structured interviews are conducted in order to collect data. The data is processed via a qualitative content analysis. First, the collected data is quoted, in a second step it is coded, categorized and then explained and finally interpreted. In order to establish a categorization model, a technique to assess the categorization is developed by the authors themselves. Conclusion: The results show that intermediaries are involved within supply chains on a medium to high level. Intermediaries contain power on a low to medium level within supply chains. The technique that is established in order to receive results with regards to involvement and power, contains of 11 steps that range from choosing factors to the results and also includes the specific steps that usually are hidden in the black box.

Submitted by Gustavo Moreira Tavares (gustavo.gmt@hotmail.com) on 2016-05-05T20:25:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Gustavo Tavares - MSc Thesis 2016.pdf: 1175635 bytes, checksum: 195b027ba9e3ef81b9ebb9753d2fcd73 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2016-05-20T15:43:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Gustavo Tavares - MSc Thesis 2016.pdf: 1175635 bytes, checksum: 195b027ba9e3ef81b9ebb9753d2fcd73 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2016-06-07T18:13:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Gustavo Tavares - MSc Thesis 2016.pdf: 1175635 bytes, checksum: 195b027ba9e3ef81b9ebb9753d2fcd73 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-07T18:13:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gustavo Tavares - MSc Thesis 2016.pdf: 1175635 bytes, checksum: 195b027ba9e3ef81b9ebb9753d2fcd73 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-28 / Although research on Implicit Leadership Theories (ILT) has put great effort on determining what attributes define a leader prototype, little attention has been given to understanding the relative importance of each of these attributes in the categorization process by followers. Knowing that recognition-based leadership perceptions are the result of the match between followers’ ILTs and the perceived attributes in their actual leaders, understanding how specific prototypical leader attributes impact this impression formation process is particularly relevant. In this study, we draw upon socio-cognitive theories to explore how followers cognitively process the information about a leader’s attributes. By using Conjoint Analysis (CA), a technique that allows us to measure an individual’s trade-offs when making choices about multi-attributed options, we conducted a series of 4 studies with a total of 879 participants. Our results demonstrate that attributes’ importance for individuals’ leadership perceptions formation is rather heterogeneous, and that some attributes can enhance or spoil the importance of other prototypical attributes. Finally, by manipulating the leadership domain, we show that the weighting pattern of attributes is context dependent, as suggested by the connectionist approach to leadership categorization. Our findings also demonstrate that Conjoint Analysis can be a valuable tool for ILT research.

OLivro de Travesseiro (Makura no Sôshi), de Sei Shônagon, escrito entre o fim do século X e o início do XI, possui hoje inegável status canônico no contexto da literatura japonesa. Ao mesmo tempo, é o texto japonês mais traduzido do mundo, ocupando lugar estável na lista de títulos que são considerados como pertencentes à Weltliteratur, com uma adaptação cinematográfica (O Livro de Cabeceira, de Peter Greenaway, 1996) e duas versões para o português do Brasil (2008 e 2013). A posteridade tratou as enumerações presentes no texto como tópicos poéticos, ou mesmo, contemporaneamente, como poesia - principalmente em tradução. As listas revelam uma atitude lúdica com relação à linguagem e àquilo que Foucault chamava de "categorias do pensamento" Nesse sentido, o texto de Sei Shônagon pode ser posto em diálogo com o olhar de estranheza em relação à categorização racionalista, que é a premissa de As Palavras e as Coisas (Michel Foucault, 1966) e com a obra de Jorge Luis Borges. A obra de Sei Shônagon mobiliza diversas camadas de conceitos problemáticos ao mesmo tempo. Por outro lado, nenhuma dessas categorias se aplica a O Livro de Travesseiro sem provocar, por sua vez, desestabilizações conceituais. A questão da autoria feminina e de sua relação com a figura do pai e com a cultura do patriarcado reaparece em O Livro de Cabeceira, na trajetória de liberação pela escrita da personagem principal do filme. Essas possíveis leituras dos textos propostos contribuem para a problematização de questões relacionadas à autoria, ao conhecimento, à tradução e à adaptação. / The Pillow Book (Makura no Sõshi) of Sei Shônagon, written between the end of the tenth and the beginning of the eleventh century, has attained undeniable canonical status in the context o f Japanese Literature. lt also is the most translated ]a panes e text in the world, and occupies a stable place in the list of works that are considered as belonging to the realm of Weltliteratur. It has been adapted to the screen outside Japan (The Pillow Book by Peter Greenaway, 1996) and translated twice to Brazilian Portuguese (in 2008 and 2013). Later generations of readers have treated the text's enumerations as catalogues of poetic topics or even, since the beginning of the twentieth century, and especially in translation, as poetry. The lists show a playful approach to language and to what Foucault has called the "categories of thought". In this sense, Sei Shõnagon's reuvre can be read in resonance with Foucault's Les Mots et les Choses (1966) and its attempt to defamiliarize rational categorization, a conceptual device which can also be found in the work ofJorge Luis Borges. Sei Shõnagon's work simultaneously mobilizes severallayers of problematíc concepts. On the other hand, none of these categories applies to lhe Pillow Book without engendering further conceptual destabilization. The issues of female authorship and woman authors' relationships with their fathers in a patriarchal culture reappear in the film, in the main character's journey towards liberation through writing. Those possible readings of the proposed texts contribute to the problematization of issues related to authorship, knowledge, translation and adaptation.

Categorization of predators is fundamental for birds? life. However, the mechanism is not well explained yet. Two basic theories of categorization were tested in the laboratory conditions, where we have the possibility to focus on the behavior of each individuum. In the experiments we focused on the relevance of the key features and colour patterns. The responses of the Great Tit to variously modified dummies of Sparrowhawk were observed. The results confirm that the bird does not recognize the predator only on the basis of the key features and the colour patterns have a essential influence on the categorization. Categorization of the predator is a complex process and it cannot be explained only on the basis of one psychological theory. A combination of the key features and a prototype of a particular category learned throughout its life is probably used.

This thesis studies the experiences of Albanian and Bosnian Muslim immigrants in Canada in the post-9/11 period. It draws upon a boundary-making framework and employs qualitative and quantitative methods to investigate the destigmatization strategies of Balkan Muslims, as well the national and cultural repertoires that enable and facilitate their utilization. The study yields several important findings. The quantitative findings show that Albanian and Bosnian Muslim immigrants in general show lower levels of attachment to religion compared to other Muslim immigrants. Also, many members of these ethnic groups appear to have resorted to the strategy of distancing and/or disidentifying from Muslim identification and/or faith in favour of identifying as irreligious as a way of coping with rising Islamophobia in Canadian society. The qualitative findings show that the move towards distancing/disidentification is due to a dissonance between the cultural repertoires of the meaning(s) of “Muslim” in participants’ homeland versus that of the host society. Discursively, the process of distancing/disidentification occurs mostly by drawing religious and, relatedly, moral and value boundaries from other, mostly non-European and racialized Muslims. Importantly, despite having been exposed to instances of Islamophobia, participants overwhelmingly reported that their communities have not been significantly affected by anti-Muslim sentiments. I argue that the Albanian and Bosnian Muslims’ lack of religious signs, bolstered by their “whiteness” and society’s general unfamiliarity with Muslims and the Balkans, have greatly contributed to the perceived lack of religion-based discrimination. This study thus demonstrates that Islamophobia is to a significant extent an issue of racism, and that, relatedly, “race” continues to be a weighty marker of differentiation in Canadian society, where skin colour and appearance function as a religious sign.

This investigation evaluated the use of conditional discrimination (CD) instruction and multiple exemplar instruction (MEI) to establish derived relational responding in accordance with hierarchical frames with school aged children. The first experiment used a multiple probe design to evaluate the effectiveness of MEI to teach participants to correctly respond to BELONGS TO and INCLUDES relations between academically relevant stimuli in the target hierarchy. The protocol was presented via an automated computer program. Written and oral intraverbal pre and posttest were administered to determine if CD instruction and MEI were sufficient for academically relevant behaviors to emerge. Transformation of stimulus functions was assessed using a property inheritance task. A retrospective protocol analysis was used to evaluate the covert verbal behavior the participants were engaging in when responding to the CD across the hierarchy task. The second experiment also used a multiple probe across participants design to assess hierarchical responding. An ABABCB withdrawal design was used to assess the functional relation of covert verbal behavior and the CD across the hierarchy task. The target stimuli and procedures for Experiment 2 were identical to the first experiment with the exception of using a concurrent protocol analysis as opposed to the retrospective protocol analysis to assess the role of the participants' covert verbal behavior on task performance. That is, the second experiment used the silent dog method (Hayes, White, & Bissett, 1998) to assess if self-talk is functionally related to the transformation of stimulus function task.

Les débris spatiaux constituent une menace pour l'exploration et l'exploitation de l'espace. Leur nombre ne cesse d'augmenter et continuera à grandir même si on arrête toute activité spatiale, augmentant ainsi la probabilité d'entrer en collision avec un satellite actif. Le retrait des débris s'avère le seul moyen de protéger ces satellites. Le nombre des débris spatiaux étant très élevé, il convient préalablement de repérer les plus dangereux.Dans la première partie de la thèse, nous avons élaboré une approche multicritère afin de classer les débris selon leur degré de priorité d'enlèvement. Les débris de la classe la plus prioritaire, feront l'objet d'une mission spatiale de retrait de débris.La planification d'une telle mission est étudiée dans la deuxième partie de la thèse. Elle doit être réalisée en minimisant deux critères : le coût de la mission ainsi que la durée nécessaire pour traiter tous les débris. / Space debris are a threat for the space exploitation and exploration. Their number will continue to increase even if we stop all space activities, making collisions between debris and operational satellites more likely to happen. Debris removal proves necessary to protect active satellites. Since the number of space debris is very high, we should first deal with the most dangerous ones.In the first part of this thesis, we have developed a multicriteria approach to categorize debris depending on their removal priority degree. Debris belonging to the most urgent category will be dealt with during a space mission. The planning of such a space mission is studied in the second part of this thesis.The planning should be designed while optimizing two criteria: mission cost and mission duration.

Modelos de regressão para variáveis resposta binárias são muito comuns em diversas áreas do conhecimento. O modelo mais utilizado nessas situações é o modelo de regressão logística, que assume que o logito da probabilidade de ocorrência de um dos valores da variável resposta é uma função linear das variáveis preditoras. Quando essa suposição não é razoável, algumas possíveis alternativas são: realizar transformação das variáveis preditoras e/ou inserir termos quadráticos ou cúbicos no modelo. O problema dessa abordagem é que ela dificulta bastante a interpretação dos parâmetros do modelo e, em algumas áreas, é fundamental que eles sejam interpretáveis. Assim, uma abordagem muitas vezes utilizada é a categorização das variáveis preditoras quantitativas do modelo. Sendo assim, este trabalho tem como objetivo propor duas novas classes de métodos de categorização de variáveis contínuas em modelos de regressão para variáveis resposta binárias. A primeira classe de métodos é univariada e busca maximizar a associação entre a variável resposta e a covariável categorizada utilizando medidas de associação para variáveis qualitativas. Já a classe de métodos multivariada tenta incorporar a estrutura de dependência entre as covariáveis do modelo através da categorização conjunta de todas as variáveis preditoras. Para avaliar o desempenho, aplicamos as classes de métodos propostas e quatro métodos de categorização existentes em 3 bases de dados relacionadas à área de risco de crédito e a dois cenários de dados simulados. Os resultados nas bases reais sugerem que a classe univariada proposta têm um desempenho superior aos métodos existentes quando comparamos o poder preditivo do modelo de regressão logística. Já os resultados nas bases de dados simuladas sugerem que ambas as classes propostas possuem um desempenho superior aos métodos existentes. Em relação ao desempenho computacional, o método multivariado mostrou-se inferior e o univariado é superior aos métodos existentes. / Regression models for binary response variables are very common in several areas of knowledge. The most used model in these situations is the logistic regression model, which assumes that the logit of the probability of a certain event is a linear function of the predictors variables. When this assumption is not reasonable, it is common to make some changes in the model, such as: transformation of predictor variables and/or add quadratic or cubic terms to the model. The problem with this approach is that it hinders parameter interpretation, and in some areas it is fundamental to interpret the parameters. Thus, a common approach is to categorize the quantitative covariates. This work aims to propose two new classes of categorization methods for continuous variables in binary regression models. The first class of methods is univariate and seeks to maximize the association between the response variable and the categorized covariate using measures of association for qualitative variables. The second class of methods is multivariate and incorporates the predictor variables correlation structure through the joint categorization of all covariates. To evaluate the performance, we applied the proposed methods and four existing categorization methods in 3 credit scoring databases and in two simulated cenarios. The results in the real databases suggest that the proposed univariate class of categorization methods performs better than the existing methods when we compare the predictive power of the logistic regression model. The results in the simulated databases suggest that both proposed classes perform better than the existing methods. Regarding computational performance, the multivariate method is inferior and the univariate method is superior to the existing methods.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:16:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1176317 bytes, checksum: 23bb6112fe0fe9f5c008e95103bb29db (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work aims to investigate the role played by accent on the relationship between categorization and discrimination and the psychological mechanism underlying this relation. To this end, three main hypotheses were formulated that guide the execution of four empirical studies. In a scenario of decision-making in recruitment and selection for hiring an employee, four studies were conducted in Portugal. We manipulated candidate s accent, which was Portuguese accent or Brazilian immigrant accent. Then, the participants indicated which applicant should be hired (discrimination measure). Study 1 aims to test the hypothesis that the influence of the categorization of a target by his accent (national vs. immigrant) on discrimination is moderated by prejudice. Seventy-two university students participated in this study (Mage = 21.8, SD = 4.27; 34 male and 37 female), they were randomly allocated to one of two conditions (Portuguese accent vs. Brazilian accent) of a between-subjects unifactorial design. The results showed that the influence of categorization of the target by accent on discrimination is moderated by prejudice, b = .51, t (67) = 2.67, p ˂ .05, η2p = .31, and occur only in more prejudiced participants. Study 2 intended to replicate the previous one and test the hypothesis that the previous tested path is mediated by assessment of candidate s accent, because we believe that the assessment of accent triggers a process of perceives the outgroup member s accent as worst. One hundred and twenty-nine university students participated in this study (Mage = 23.7, SD = 4.83; 60 male and 64 female), they were randomly allocated to one of two conditions, Portuguese accent vs. Brazilian accent. The results reinforce the evidence that categorization of a target assessed by his accent triggers discrimination against this target, and also showed that the influence of categorization by accent on discrimination is mediated by individuals perception of the quality of accent (Z = 2.46, p ˂ .05). Study 3 intended to replicate the previous ones by using a within-subject design and test the alternative hypothesis that the influence of targets categorization on discrimination is due to using stereotypical information. One hundred and five university students participated in this study (Mage = 24.1, SD = 4.37; 58 male and 47 female). The results corroborated our predictions that the influence of categorization by accent on discrimination is moderated by prejudice and mediated only by assessment of accent (Z = 1.98, p ˂ .05). Study 4 seeks to test the hypothesis that the mediation occur because the accent s quality assessment acts as a legitimizing factor of discrimination. Subjects were 27 female and 12 male university students (Mage = 20.5, SD = 3.67), randomly allocated to one of two conditions (justification without mentioned accent vs. justification based on candidate s accent) in a unifactorial between-subjects design. The results showed that the participants judge as more legitimate the condition in it was justified based on accent (M = 4.30, SD = 1.31) than in the other condition (M = 3.25, SD = 1.18), t(35) = -2.54, p ˂ .05. In this sense, the results supports our hypothesis that accent can be legitimate as an argument to justify discrimination. Hence, the implications of these results should be considered as the first step to analyze the role of accent on discrimination. / Esta tese teve como objetivo principal investigar o papel desencadeado pelo sotaque na relação entre categorização e discriminação, bem como especificar o mecanismo psicológico que explica este processo. Para tanto, foram formuladas três hipóteses principais que norteiam a execução de quatro estudos empíricos. Em um cenário de tomada de decisão para contratação de um funcionário foram realizados quatro estudos em Portugal. O sotaque do candidato à vaga foi manipulado, podendo ser o sotaque português ou o sotaque de imigrante brasileiro. Os participantes eram solicitados a informar qual candidato deveria ser contratado (medida de discriminação). O Estudo 1 testou a hipótese de que a influência da categorização de um alvo ativada pelo seu sotaque (nacional vs. imigrante) na discriminação é moderada pelo preconceito. Participaram 71 estudantes universitários com idade média de 21,8 anos (DP = 4,27; 34 homens e 37 mulheres), que foram randomicamente alocados em uma de duas condições experimentais (sotaque de imigrante brasileiro vs. sotaque português). Os resultados indicaram que a relação entre a categorização pelo sotaque e a discriminação é moderada pelo preconceito (b = 0,51, t (67) = 2,67, p ˂ 0,05, η2p = 0,31), de modo que apenas em participantes preconceituosos a categorização pelo sotaque leva à discriminação do imigrante brasileiro. O Estudo 2 buscou replicar o estudo anterior e testar a hipótese de que a relação proposta na hipótese 1 é mediada pela avaliação do sotaque do candidato, pois a avaliação do sotaque desencadeia um processo de perceber o sotaque do membro do grupo externo como pior. Contou-se com a participação de 124 estudantes universitários com idade média de 23,7 anos (DP = 4,83; 60 homens e 64 mulheres), aleatoriamente alocados em uma de duas condições, sotaque português vs. sotaque de imigrante brasileiro. Como previsto, os resultados indicaram que o preconceito modera a influência da categorização pelo sotaque na discriminação. Ademais, os resultados suportam a mediação da avaliação do sotaque nesta relação (Z = 2,46, p ˂ 0,05), corroborando a segunda hipótese. O Estudo 3 buscou replicar o estudo anterior, desta vez, com um delineamento dentre participantes, e testar a hipótese alternativa de que a influência da categorização na discriminação é mediada pelo uso da informação estereotípica. Contou-se com a participação de 105 estudantes universitários com idade média de 24,1 anos (DP = 4,37; 48 homens e 47 mulheres). Como previsto, os resultados indicaram que o preconceito modera a influência da categorização pelo sotaque na discriminação e que apenas a avaliação do sotaque medeia esta relação (Z = 1,98, p ˂ 0,05). O Estudo 4 buscou testar a hipótese de que a mediação ocorre porque a avaliação da qualidade do sotaque atua como um fator legitimador da discriminação. Contou-se com a participação de 39 estudantes universitários com idade média de 20,5 anos (DP = 3,67; 12 homens e 27 mulheres), aleatoriamente alocados em uma de duas condições (sem ou com a justificação pelo sotaque), em um design unifatorial entre participantes. Como previsto, os resultados indicaram que os participantes julgaram como mais legítima a condição em que a justificação ocorre pelo sotaque (M = 4,30, DP = 1,31) do que a outra condição (M = 3,25, DP = 1,18), t(35) = -2,54, p ˂ 0,05. Neste sentido, os resultados desse estudo suportam a hipótese de que o sotaque pode ser legítimo como um argumento para justificar a discriminação. Destarte, as implicações destes resultados devem ser consideradas como o primeiro passo para analisar o papel do sotaque na discriminação.