Syfte: Syftet med föreliggande studie var att beskriva förberedelser och distraktionsmetoder som sjuksköterskor använder sig av i samband med smärtsamma omvårdnadsprocedurer för att hjälpa barn i åldern 4-6 år samt vilka fördelar detta hade. Metod: En deskriptiv design användes till den kvalitativa studien. Materialet inhämtades genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med nio sjuksköterskor som arbetade på barnkliniker. Det insamlade materialet analyserades genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Huvudresultat: Resultatet av berättelserna kunde kategoriseras i ”Sociala och praktiska förberedelser”, ”Ickefarmakologiska distraktionsmetoder”, ”Farmakologiska distraktionsmetoder” samt ”Distraktionen kan hjälpa barnet att främja dess självkänsla”. Att verbalt och praktiskt förbereda barn inför smärtsamma omvårdnadsprocedurer ansågs underlätta barnets besök på kliniken. Både farmakologiska och ickefarmakologiska distraktionsmetoder användes med gott resultat för att distrahera barnets uppmärksamhet från den smärtsamma omvårdnadsproceduren. Distraktionen ansågs även hindra utvecklingen av en långvarig stick- och sjukhusrädsla genom att barnet fick ett positivt minne och en stärkt självkänsla. Slutsats: Verbal och praktisk information till barn och föräldrar var viktiga aspekter i förberedelsen inför den smärtsamma omvårdnadsproceduren. Såväl farmakologiska som ickefarmakologiska distraktionsmetoder användes i stor utsträckning med gott resultat vilket kunde ha många fördelar på både kort och lång sikt. / Aim: The aim of this study was to describe preparations and distraction techniques that nurses use when dealing with painful care procedures to help children aged 4-6 years, and the benefits they have. Methods: A descriptive design was used for the qualitative study. The materials have been collected by semi-structured interviews with nine nurses working in paediatric clinics. The collected data was analyzed through a qualitative content analysis. Results: The results of the interviews were categorized in “Social and practical preparations”, “Non-pharmacological distraction techniques”, “Pharmacological distraction techniques” and “Distractions can help the child promote their self esteem”. To verbally and practically prepare the child for painful procedures was considered to facilitate the child’s visit to the clinic. Both pharmacological and non pharmacological distraction techniques were used successfully to distract the child’s attention from the painful procedure. Distraction could also prevent the development of a long term fear of hospitals and needle related procedures if the child received a positive memory and there by an enhanced self esteem. Conclusion: Verbal and practical information to children and parents were important aspects in the preparation for the painful procedure. Both pharmacological and non pharmacological distraction techniques were used extensively with good results, which could have many benefits, in both short and long term.

The distribution of yeast fungi has been ascertained as their influence on SCM etiology. Our developed preparation for treatment for yeast and microbe caused mastitis “Gentafung” is composition of wide spectrum antibiotics and antifungal medications. An evaluation was performed of commercially available homeopathic preparations in treating SCM. A new recommended preparation “OrbeScal” was evaluated for drying cows. A comparison of Candida genus commercial identification systems diagnostic accuracy was via classical methods.

1. GENERAL CHARACTERICTICS OF THE WORK First drugs were of herbal origin. Today, preparations of this kind are highly appreciated. Social and economic changes have been influencing public health. The rhythm of life and nervous strain have negative effects on the human body. Many ailments are caused by emotional variations. Illnesses of the nervous system and related disorders of the digestive system raise an important concern nowadays. The potential of phytopreparations in the treatment of such ailments is capable of completing the gaps of their treatment. Phytopreparations can be used for treatment for an extensive period of time. Critics of phytotherapy can argue that existence of modern synthetic medicine supersedes phytopreparations. It must be noted, though, that this medicine is effective and easily digested. It does not compete with, but only complements pharmacotherapy. Phytopreparations are often used in the treatment of chronic disorders of the digestive system such as higher sensitivity, atony, ailments of bile bladder and duct. Functional disorders of intestine cause diarrhea, spasmodic pains, stomach rumble, and loose bowels. In case of functional stomach and intestine disorders, treatment with sedative and peristalsis regulating medicine is applied in addition to a rational daily routine and diet. Digestive disorders are well eliminated with the help of herbal drugs. At present, medicinal herbs and preparations from herbal materials have been receiving a lot of... [to full text]

Many feed additives are designed to secure animal’s health status and to optimize growth performance. Among others, antibiotics have been used as growth promoters for a number of years in intensive animal production systems. However, the increasing public concern over the production of food from animals has led to worries about the routine use of antibiotics in animal production. It is now feared that antibiotic residues could get into food for human consumption. The use of antibiotics as promoters of animal performance in the EU was banned by January 2006 (Øverland et al., 2003). Inborr (2000) has reported that with the aid of number of alternatives including probiotics, prebiotics (mainly oligosaccharides) and feed enzymes not only has the general health status of the poultry been maintained, but also the growth performance and feed efficiency improved. The aim of our research project was to determine the effect of different prebiotics - mannanooligosccharides, fructooligosaccharides and enzymes on broiler chickens growth performance and meat sensory attributes. To realize this aim, we conducted two experiments: 1. Effects of enzymes RovabioTMExcel AP and prebiotics mannanoligosaccharides Agrimoss on broiler chickens body weight, feed conversion (kg feed/kg weight gain), mortality, breast and leg meat pH, breast fatty acids concentration and breast and leg meat sensory attributes. 400 broiler chickens were allocated to two groups and for 35 days were fed basal diet... [to full text]

Thesis (M.Sc.(Tech.))--University of Waikato, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 221-230) Also available via the World Wide Web.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2005. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2005. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Univ., 2002. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis--Copenhagen. / At head of title: Johs. Ipsen. "The translation from Danish is by Mr. Einar Christensen."--Pref. "Dansk resume": p. [151]-157. "Literature": p. [246]-248.