Natural products are essential tools for basic cellular studies leading to the identification of medically relevant protein targets and the discovery of potential therapeutic agents. We have developed a set of second generation diazo reagents with small steric footprints, namely an alpha-trifluoroethyl (HTFB) diazo reagent, for simultaneous arming and SAR studies of bioactive natural products. The Rh(II)-catalyzed O-H insertions of several alcohol-containing natural products, including the potent translation inhibitor lactimidomycin, are investigated and useful reactivity and both chemo- and site- (chemosite) selectivities are observed. The alpha-trifluoroethyl diazo reagents (HTFB) shows clear differences in the IL-2 reporter assay with FK506 derivatives and provides greater retention of biological activity in a hMetAP2 proliferation assay of fumagillol derivatives compared to the first generation pbromophenyl diazo reagent (HBPA). The synthetic utilities of the new alpha-trifluoroethyl diazo reagent (HTFB) provide a great new tool for basic cellular studies facilitating the discovery of new drug candidates for human disease. Furthermore, we are interested in methodologies for beta-lactone synthesis and transformations. In this study, we demonstrated synthetic versatilities of beta-lactones for the synthesis of beta-lactam congeners of orlistat as fatty acid synthase inhibitors via SnCl4- promoted tandem Mukaiyama aldol-lactonization (TMAL) reaction and a one-pot, mild conversion of beta-lactones to beta-lactams. The inhibitory activities of the derived beta-lactam derivatives are determined in a biochemical fluorogenic assay using recombinant FASTE, and the micro-molar range FAS-TE inhibitory activities were observed. Additionally, we pursued synthetic studies toward the total synthesis of spongiolactone, which is a unique beta-lactone-containing marine diterpenoid, isolated from the marine sponge Spongionella gracilis. This natural product bears a unique tricyclic beta-lactone core possessing four contiguous stereogenic centers and an additional stereogenic quaternary carbon on a cyclohexyl appendage. We completed the total synthesis of 6,15-bis-epi-spongiolactone by employing an intramolecular nucleophilecatalyzed aldol-lactonization (NCAL) process as the key step to construct the fused tricyclic beta-lactone core. Importantly, we developed a double diastereoselective and, for the first time, a kinetic resolution via the NCAL process that enables an enantioselective strategy to the tricyclic beta-lactone core of (+)-spongiolactone.

The neurotoxic potential of intravenous administered benzylpenicillin (BPC) was studied in rabbits with intact blood-CNS barriers and rabbits with experimental E. coli meningitis. At onset of epileptogenic EEG activity or seizures, serum, CSF and brain tissue were collected for assay of BPC. Based on the fact that, in tissues, BPC seems to remain extracellularly, brain concentrations of BPC were expressed as brain tissue fluid (BTF) levels, calculated as lOx the concentration in whole brain tissue. Neurotoxicity could be precipitated in all rabbits. In normal rabbits BTF levels of BPC were considerably higher than those in CSF indicating a better penetration across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). BPC penetrated better to CSF and BTF in meningitic rabbits than in normal controls, suggesting some degree of damage of the BBB concomitant with meningeal inflammation. E. coli meningitis did not increase the neurotoxicity of BPC. In control rabbits the intracistemal injection of saline resulted in some degree of pleocytosis. Unmanipulated animals are therefore preferable as controls. Epileptogenic EEG-changes was the most precise of the two variables used for demonstration of neurotoxicity. EEG-changes were therefore used as neurotoxicity criterion in the following rabbit experiments. To evaluate the effect of uraemia alone and uraemia plus meningitis on the neurotoxity of BPC in rabbits, cephaloridine was used to induce uraemia. Meningitis was induced by intracistemal inoculation of a cephalosporinresistant strain of E. cloacae. Untreated  rabbits were used as controls. Uraemia resulted in increased BTF penetration of BPC, possibly explained by permeability changes in the BBB and/or decreased binding of BPC to albumin. Uraemia did not result in increased penetration of BPC into the CSF of non-meningitic rabbits. Uraemic non-meningitic rabbits had the highest BTF levels of BPC at the criterion, indicating that cephaloridine-induced renal failure increased the epileptogenic threshold in these rabbits. The combination of uraemia and meningitis increased the neurotoxicity of BPC since the criterion was reached at considerably lower BTF levels of BPC. Meningitis, either alone or together with uraemia, did not increase the neurotoxicity in comparison to control rabbits. Higher BTF levels of BPC were found in meningitic rabbits than in controls with intact blood-CNS barriers at onset of EEG-changes. In all groups of rabbits there was a pronounced variability of BPC levels in the CSF while the intra-group variations in BTF levels were much smaller. Thus, BTF and not CSF levels were decisive for the neurotoxicity of BPC. Using   the same EEG-model, the neurotoxic potential of imipenem/cilastatin (I) and a new penem derivative, FCE 22101 were compared in a cross-over study. Both I and FCE 22101 were significantly more neurotoxic than BPC. While BTF levels of the three antibiotics could be detected in all tested rabbits, detectable CSF levels were only found in one of twelve rabbits treated with I or FCE 22101, indicating that BTF concentrations rather than CSF ones are decisive for neurotoxicity of ß-lactam antibiotics. The EEG-model used was found to be a suitable model for cross-over studies of intravenously administered antibiotics. Using the "silent-second" as EEG-threshold, a CNS interaction between intraperitoneally administered BPC and intravenous thiopental was demonstrated in rats. The most probably site for this interaction is the organic acid transport system out of the CNS. Thiopental distribution in the rat brain seemed to depend not only on its lipid solubility. / <p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1988, härtill 5 uppsatser.</p> / digitalisering@umu

Modifying substrate specificity of β-glucuronidase (GUS) would be helpful in various enzyme prodrug systems in delivering drug dose to the site of action in the cancer treatment. Due to the presence of endogenous enzyme in human tissues, GUS-based Antibody-Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy (ADEPT) requires a novel substrate to avoid undesirable systemic activation. GUS is a glycosyl hydrolase, highly specific towards the glucuronide derivatives. It catalyzes the glycosidic cleavage of β-D-glucuronides to β-D-glucuronic acid and aglycone moiety. In order to gain insight on the substrate specificity of GUS, C6 carboxyl group of glucuronic acid was modified to C6 carboxamide (amide derivative). We have examined amide derivatized substrates with a variety of different aglycone groups including p-nitrophenyl, phenyl and 4-methylumbelliferone to further probe the activity profile of GUS. In an effort to optimize GUS activity, docking studies have been performed which indicated that amino acid point mutations near C6 carboxyl group of glucuronic acid could improve binding of the derivatized substrates. As a result point mutations to Arg-562 and Lys-568 which make the active site less positively charged either by glutamine or glutamate lead to an enzyme with much lower native substrate activity but abolished activity for the amide-derivatized substrate. This research study showed that there is still a further need of finding appropriate mutations required to make glucuronamide a better substrate for the mutated version of GUS.

Les hypersensibilités retardées (HSR) cutanées sont hétérogènes, à la fois par la nature des mécanismes impliqués (allergiques versus non allergiques) mais aussi par les différents degrés de sévérité rencontrés. Seules les HSR allergiques sont dues à la présence de lymphocytes T (LT), mal caractérisés chez l'homme. Le but de ce travail est d'étudier la contribution des LT CD8 cytotoxiques dans le développement et la sévérité des HSR cutanées chez l'homme, à partir de deux pathologies fréquentes : les toxidermies aux béta lactamines et l'eczéma allergique de contact à la para-phénylènediamine (PPD). Tout d'abord, la présence de LT spécifiques de médicament au sein des toxidermies aux béta lactamines a été recherchée in vivo et in vitro. Nous avons montré que les HSR sévères étaient plus souvent d'origine allergique que les HSR bénignes. Nous avons ensuite caractérisé le rôle des LT CD8 dans les HSR allergiques. Dans les toxidermies bénignes à l'amoxicilline, l'étude de la cinétique de recrutement des LT au niveau cutané ainsi que l'analyse des LT spécifiques du sang circulant ont permis de mettre en évidence le rôle essentiel des LT CD8 cytotoxiques dans l'initiation de ces réactions. Ensuite, dans l'eczéma allergique de contact à la PPD, un recrutement épidermique précoce des LT CD8 associés à des marqueurs de cytotoxicité, a été retrouvé, corrélé avec la sévérité des lésions. Ces résultats ont été confortés par ceux obtenus dans un modèle pré-clinique d'HSR allergique à la PPD chez la souris. En conclusion, ce travail montre que les LT CD8 cytotoxiques pourraient être les principales cellules effectrices des HSR cutanées allergiques chez l'homme / Skin delayed hypersensitivity (DHS) are heterogeneous, by the nature of the mechanisms involved (allergic versus non allergic) and also by their different degrees of severity. Only allergic DHS is due to T cells, poorly characterized in humans. The aim of this work is to study the contribution of cytotoxic CD8 T cells in the development and severity of skin DHS in humans, induced by two common diseases: cutaneous adverse drug reactions to beta lactam antibiotics and allergic contact dermatitis to para-phenylenediamine (PPD). First, the presence of drug specific T cells in cutaneous adverse drug reactions to beta lactams was investigated in vivo and in vitro. We showed that severe DHS were more often allergic than benign DHS. Then, we characterized the role of CD8 T cells in allergic DHS. In benign cutaneous adverse drug reactions to amoxicillin, the study of the kinetics of skin T cell recruitment as well as the analysis of circulating specific T cells highlight the essential role of cytotoxic CD8 T cells in the initiation phase of these reactions. In allergic contact dermatitis to PPD, early recruitment of epidermal CD8 T cells associated with cytotoxic markers was found, correlated with the severity of lesions. These results were supported by those obtained in a mouse model of allergic contact dermatitis to PPD. In conclusion, this work showed that cytotoxic CD8 T cells could be the main effector cells of allergic skin DHS in humans

Streptococcus pneumoniae, le pneumocoque, est une bactérie pathogène qui entraîne le décès de plus d'un million et demi de personnes dans le monde chaque année. Les β-lactamines sont très utilisées pour traiter les infections à pneumocoques. Ces antibiotiques inhibent la synthèse du peptidoglycane, une molécule géante constituant un réseau de chaînes glycopeptidiques qui englobe la cellule, lui confère sa forme et lui permet de maintenir son intégrité face à la pression osmotique. Le mécanisme d'action des β-lactamines est bien connud'un point de vue biochimique. En revanche, la réponse physiologique empêchant la multiplication des bactéries traitées est mal connue. Au cours de ma thèse, j'ai étudié les mécanismes moléculaires de la morphogenèse du pneumocoque par des approches de biochimie et de microbiologie. Un modèle de morphogenèse est proposé intégrant mes résultats à la littérature et permettant de formuler des hypothèses sur la réponse physiologique de S. pneumoniae aux β-lactamines. / Streptococcus pneumoniae, the pneumococcus, is a bacterial pathogen that causes more than 1.5 million deaths each year in the world. β-Lactams are widely used to treat patients with pneumococcal infections. These antibiotics inhibit the synthesis of the peptidoglycan, a giant molecule constituting a mesh of aminosugar strands encasing the cell. This main constituent of the cell wall allows cells to maintain their integrity under the turgor pressure, and endows bacteria with their shape. The action of β-lactams is well understood from a biochemical point of view. However, a complete understanding of the physiological response of treated bacteria remains elusive. In this thesis, I investigated the molecular mechanisms of the morphogenesis of S. pneumoniae using methods of biochemistry and microbiology. A morphogenesis model is built based on my results and the literature, which permits to emit hypotheses concerning the response of the pneumococcus to β-lactams.

Orientadores : Thales Rocha de Mattos Filho, Francisco Carlos Groppo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T06:37:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Junqueira_MarcelodeSouza_D.pdf: 648615 bytes, checksum: 3b46ad75b56af2255d981b942d82fa8f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: O uso de antimicrobianos e de antiinflamatórios é prática comum na odontologia, embora haja escassez de trabalhos sobre seu uso simultâneo. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, em ratos, os efeitos do diclofenaco sódico na absorção, concentração sérica e excreção da amoxicilina utilizando a técnica de perfusão tecidual e o método microbiológico. Foram utilizados 108 ratos Wistar machos (12 grupos, n= 9), com peso entre 150 e 200 g. Foram administrados aos animais: amoxicilina 25 mg/Kg (grupos: G1, D1, S1 e R1), diclofenaco sódico 2,5 mg/Kg + amoxicilina 25 mg/Kg (grupos: G2, D2, S2 e R2) e 1,0 mL de solução de cloreto de sódio a 0,9% (grupos: G3, D3, S3 e R3). As drogas foram administradas por injeção intraluminal aos animais dos grupos G1, G2, G3, D1, D2 e D3 e por via oral aos animais dos grupos S1, S2, S3, R1, R2 e R3. Foram avaliadas nos tempos de 15, 30, 45, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 e 360 minutos as concentrações plasmáticas e urinárias de amoxicilina e a absorção gastrintestinal ¿in vitro¿ do antimicrobiano. O diclofenaco sódico causou uma redução significativa na absorção intestinal e um aumento na excreção renal do antimicrobiano em ratos, com conseqüente diminuição da sua concentração sérica. Portanto, em algumas situações clínicas, a eficácia da amoxicilina poderia ser prejudicada pela sua co-administração com o diclofenaco sódico / Abstract: The prescription of antibiotics associated to anti-inflammatory drugs is common in dentistry; however its effects have not been studied enough. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of sodium diclofenac on absorption, serum concentration and excretion of amoxicillin, in rats, by the microbiologic and tissue perfusion methods. The sample consisted of 108 male Wistar rats (12 groups, 9 rats each), weighing 150¿200 g. The animals were given: amoxicillin 25 mg/Kg (groups G1, D1, S1 and R1), sodium diclofenac 2.5 mg/Kg plus amoxicillin 25 mg/Kg (groups G2, D2, S2 and R2) and 1.0 mL of solution of sodium chloride 0.9% (groups G3, D3, S3 and R3). The animals in the groups G1, G2, G3, D1, D2 and D3 were administered drugs by intra-luminal injection and the animals in the groups S1, S2, S3, R1, R2 and R3 were administered drugs p.o. After 15, 30, 45, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 minutes, were evaluated the blood and urine concentrations of amoxicillin and the ¿in vitro¿ absorption of the antibiotic. Sodium diclofenac had decreased the intestinal absorption, increased renal excretion and, consequently, decreased the serum concentration of the amoxicillin. Thus, sodium diclofenac could decrease the efficacy of amoxicillin under some clinical situations / Doutorado / Farmacologia, Anestesiologia e Terapeutica / Doutor em Odontologia

Orientador: Francisco Carlos Groppo / Dissertação (mestrado) Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T01:52:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Simoes_RobertaPessoa_M.pdf: 1951478 bytes, checksum: fa986a3125f61b41fa59a6ea91b73746 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2000 / Resumo: O presente trabalho teve por objetivo observar o efeito da amoxicilina, do diclofenaco sódico e da associação de ambos sobre a infecção estafilocócica induzida em tecidos granulomatosos, em ratos. Também foram avaliadas as concentrações sérica e teciduais da amoxicilina, observando o efeito da associação do diclofenaco sódico sobre as mesmas. Trinta animais receberam implantes de quatro esponjas de poliuretana subcutâneamente no dorso e, após 14 dias, dois dos tecidos resultantes (posicionados caudalmente) receberam 0,5mL de um inóculo de 108 ufcjmL de S. aureus ATCC 25923. Dois dias após, os animais foram divididos em grupos de seis, os quais receberam uma dose única de amoxicilina 50mgjkgjvo (grupo 1), amoxicilina 25 mg/kg/vo (grup02), diclofenaco sódico 2,5mg/kg/im (grupo 3), diclofenaco sódico 2,5mg/kg/im + amoxicilina 50mg/kg/vo (grupo 4) e soro fisiológico 1mLjanimal/vo (controle). Após 6h, dois tecidos granulomatosos (posicionados em direção à cabeça) e 10 _L de soro sangüíneo foram obtidos de cada animal, os quais foram dispostos em diferentes placas com MHA semeado com 108 ufcjmL de S. aureus ATCC 25923. Após incubação, foram medidos os halos de inibição proporcionados pelos tecidos granulomatosos e pelo soro sangüíneo. Dez microlitros, provenientes dos tecidos infectados após dispersão com auxílio de sonicador em tubos de ensaio contendo 10m L de NaCI foram distribuídos em placas contendo ágar salt manitol; permitiram a contagem do número de microrganismos em cada grupo. Os resultados mostraram concentrações teciduais de amoxicilina de 6,6 I-Ig/g para o grupo 1; 2,8I-1g/g para o grupo 2 e 0,8 I-Ig/g para o grupo 4. As concentrações séricas do antimicrobiano encontradas foram 11,6 I-Ig/mL para o grupo 1; 5,4I-1g/mL para o grupo 2 e 1,3I-1g/mL para o grupo 4. Não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre o número de microrganismos dos grupos 1, 2 e 4. Entretanto, estes foram significativamente diferentes do controle e do grupo 3, os quais foram diferentes entre si. Foi concluído que, embora o diclofenaco sódico (grupo 4) tenha diminuído a concentração tecidual da amoxicilina, a concentração resultante foi suficiente para permitir uma redução do número de microrganismos viáveis similar à observada nos grupos 1 e 2 / Abstract: The aim of this work was to observe the effect of the amoxicillin, sodium diclofenac and amoxicillin plus sodium diclofenac against staphylococcal infection in granulomatous tissues. Four polyurethane sponges placed under the back skin of thirty rats induced these tissues. After 14 days two tissues (tall position) received 0.5 mL of 108 ufc of S. aureus ATCC 25923/mL. Two days after, the animais were divided into five groups of six each. Group 1 received an only dose of amoxicillin 50mgjkgjpo, group 2 received amoxicillin 25mgjkgjpo, group 3 received sodium diclofenac 2.5mgjkgjim, group 4 received sodium diclofenac 2.5mg/kg/im plus amoxicillin 50mg/kg/po, and group 5 (control group) received NaCI 1mLjpo. After six hours of drug administration, two tissues of each animal were removed. Blood was collected from cervical plexus and centrifuged. Then, 10j.JL of serum were placed on paper disks. These disks and tissues were placed on dishes with Mueller Hinton agar inoculated with 108 ufc of Staphylococcus aureus/mL The dishes were incubated over 18 hours, and the inhibition zones were measured. The infected granulomatous tissues were placed in 10mL of NaCI, and dispersed by sonic system. Ten microliters of this suspension were spread on salt manitol agar dishes. The resulting microorganisms were counted after the incubation. Results showed tissue concentrations of amoxicillin of 6.6 ug/g for group 1; 2.8ug/g for group 2, and 0.8 ug/g for group 4. Serum concentration of amoxicillin showed 11.6 ug/mL for group 1; 5.4ug/mL for group 2, and 1.3ug/mL for group 4. Statistically significant differences among the number of microorganisms groups 1, 2, and 4 were not observed. However, these previous groups were statistically different from groups 3 and 5, which were statistically different from each other. It was concluded that, although sodium diclofenac (group 4) reduced amoxicillin concentration in the tissue, the resulting concentration was enough to reduce the count of microorganism. Also, the number of microorganisms of group 4 was similar to the one observed in groups 1 and 2 / Mestrado / Farmacologia, Anestesiologia e Terapeutica / Mestre em Odontologia

On the chromosomal DNA of the microorganism Achromobacter sp. CCM 4824, which was gained in the Laboratory of enzyme technology MBU AVCR v.v.i., there was identified a gene coding an enzyme capable of hydrolyzation of semi-synthetic β-lactam antibiotics ampicillin and cephalosporin with a D-phenylglycine as a side chain. This enzyme belongs to a group of α-amino acid esterases, which are interesting because of a potential use in kinetically controled synthesis of β-lactam antibiotics. In several aspects α-amino acid esterases might be better than actually used penicillin acylases and that is why these enzymes are subjects of a big interest. The gene for α-amino acid esterase coded by chromosomal DNA was cloned, characterized and heterologously expressed in constructed highly-producing bacterial system Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)JM5. Produced enzyme was purified and its properties important for possible use in the production of semi-synthetic β-lactam antibiotics were determined. Key words: alpha-amino acid ester hydrolase, Achromobacter sp., recombinant expression system, β-lactam antibiotics

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