Os foraminíferos são o grupo de microfósseis mais utilizado em bioestratigrafia, são considerados os principais portadores de informações paleoceanográficas e apresentam aplicações à análise de bacias sedimentares. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é propor um modelo de reconstrução paleoceanográfica na Bacia de Campos, analisando 61 amostras retiradas do testemunho GL-77, coletado no talude inferior, offshore da bacia. O intervalo contempla os dois últimos ciclos Glacial- Interglacial, correspondentes às biozonas de foraminíferos planctônicos W (parcialmente), X, Y e Z. Por meio das análises de fauna total, datações em 14C e análises isotópicas de δ18O e δ13C nas carapaças de foraminíferos planctônicos, obtiveram-se estimativas de variações de paleoprodutividade, paleossalinidade e paleotemperatura superficiais do mar; foi elaborado um modelo de idade e, posteriormente, as estimativas de taxas de sedimentação. O modelo de idade identificou o Último Máximo Glacial (UMG) e estimou as idades de alguns eventos bioestratigráficos, como o datum YP.2, o limite MIS 3/4 (coincidente com o limite Y2/Y3), o limite Y1/Y2 e o datum YP.4. As taxas de sedimentação estão estranhamente elevadas na Biozona X (intervalo glacial) onde se esperaria taxas menores. No Holoceno há uma elevada taxa de sedimentação, associada à influência do delta do Rio Paraíba do Sul, na porção norte da bacia. As paleotemperaturas reagem sazonalmente no intervalo glacial, onde a amplitude entre verão e inverno é maior que a registrada nos períodos interglaciais. Foi observada uma correlação das paleotemperaturas com as condições ambientais marcadas pelas subzonas quentes e frias na Biozona X. Baseado na razão P/B pode ser identificado um limite de sequências junto ao limite MIS 4/5. A paleossalinidade reduz em intervalos de degelo. A paleoprodutividade diminui de 29 ka (limite MIS 2/3) ao UMG e aumenta próximo ao limite Pleistoceno/Holoceno. Finalmente, se observou que a transição Pleistoceno/Holoceno ocorre dentro da Biozona Y, e não é relacionada temporalmente ao início da Biozona Z. / Planktonic foraminifera is the most useful microfossil group for biostratigraphic studies, being considered the main carriers of paleoceanographic information and being applicable to the analysis of sedimentary basins. The main aim of this work is to propose a paleoceanographic reconstruction model in the Campos Basin, by analyzing 61 samples taken from the GL-77 core, collected at the lower continental slope, in the offshore part of the basin. The interval comprises the last two Glacial- Interglacial cycles, corresponding to the planktonic foraminifera biozones W (partially), X, Y and Z. By means of analysis of the total fauna, datings in 14C and isotopic analyses of δ18O and δ13C in shells of planktonic foraminifera estimates of variations of paleoproductivity, paleosalinity and sea surface paleotemperature were obtained; an age model and, posteriorly, the sedimentation rates were calculated. The age model identified the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and estimated the ages of a few biostratigraphic events, such as YP.2 datum, the MIS 3/4 boundary (which coincides with the Y2/Y3 boundary), the Y1/Y2 boundary and the YP.4 datum. The sedimentation rates are strangely elevated in Biozone X (glacial period) where lower rates would be expected. In the Holocene there is an elevated sedimentation rate, associated to the influence of the Paraíba do Sul River delta, at the northern portion of the basin. The paleotemperatures oscillate seasonally in the glacial periods, when the amplitude between summer and winter is larger than the one registered in the interglacial periods. A correlation was observed between the paleotemperatures and the environmental conditions characterized by the warm and cold subzones in Biozone X. Based on the P/B ratio a limit of sequences can be identified next to the MIS 4/5 boundary. Paleosalinity is reduced in deglaciation periods. Paleoproductivity is reduced to 29 ka (MIS 2/3 boundary) by the LGM and increases near the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary. Finally, it was observed that the Pleistocene/Holocene transition occurs inside Biozone Y, and is not temporally related to the beginning of Biozone Z.

Målet med denna uppsats var att undersöka de nomadiska folkets användning av trä i norra Fennoskandien, samt möjliga analytiska metoder att studera arkeologiskt trämaterial. Detta möjliggjordes genom relevanta etnografiska, historiska och arkeologiska studier och en genomgång av analytiska metoder. De nomadiska folken använde trämaterial i en stor del av deras vardag så som mat i form av den näringsrika inner barken, ved för eldning, till både temporära och permanenta kåtor, förvarning samt jakt. De analytiska metoder som presenteras var träidentifikation, dendrokronologi och 14C-metoden. Träidentifikation möjliggör de två senare metoderna som kan förse tillförlitlig datering beroende på trämaterialets struktur samt tafonomiska processer / The aim of this thesis was to investigate the nomadic people’s wood usage in northern Fennoscandia, as well as possible analytical methods of investigating wooden remains. This was achieved through relevant ethnographic, historical and archaeological studies and a review of analytical methods. Wooden material played a big role in the life of the nomadic people in the shape of food, firewood, storage, construction material for both temporary and permanent huts, and for hunting. The analytical methods presented are species identification, dendrochronology and 14C-method. Species identification enables the latter methods of which provides reliable dating of wood, depending on the structure and taphonomic processes.

Os foraminíferos são o grupo de microfósseis mais utilizado em bioestratigrafia, são considerados os principais portadores de informações paleoceanográficas e apresentam aplicações à análise de bacias sedimentares. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é propor um modelo de reconstrução paleoceanográfica na Bacia de Campos, analisando 61 amostras retiradas do testemunho GL-77, coletado no talude inferior, offshore da bacia. O intervalo contempla os dois últimos ciclos Glacial- Interglacial, correspondentes às biozonas de foraminíferos planctônicos W (parcialmente), X, Y e Z. Por meio das análises de fauna total, datações em 14C e análises isotópicas de δ18O e δ13C nas carapaças de foraminíferos planctônicos, obtiveram-se estimativas de variações de paleoprodutividade, paleossalinidade e paleotemperatura superficiais do mar; foi elaborado um modelo de idade e, posteriormente, as estimativas de taxas de sedimentação. O modelo de idade identificou o Último Máximo Glacial (UMG) e estimou as idades de alguns eventos bioestratigráficos, como o datum YP.2, o limite MIS 3/4 (coincidente com o limite Y2/Y3), o limite Y1/Y2 e o datum YP.4. As taxas de sedimentação estão estranhamente elevadas na Biozona X (intervalo glacial) onde se esperaria taxas menores. No Holoceno há uma elevada taxa de sedimentação, associada à influência do delta do Rio Paraíba do Sul, na porção norte da bacia. As paleotemperaturas reagem sazonalmente no intervalo glacial, onde a amplitude entre verão e inverno é maior que a registrada nos períodos interglaciais. Foi observada uma correlação das paleotemperaturas com as condições ambientais marcadas pelas subzonas quentes e frias na Biozona X. Baseado na razão P/B pode ser identificado um limite de sequências junto ao limite MIS 4/5. A paleossalinidade reduz em intervalos de degelo. A paleoprodutividade diminui de 29 ka (limite MIS 2/3) ao UMG e aumenta próximo ao limite Pleistoceno/Holoceno. Finalmente, se observou que a transição Pleistoceno/Holoceno ocorre dentro da Biozona Y, e não é relacionada temporalmente ao início da Biozona Z. / Planktonic foraminifera is the most useful microfossil group for biostratigraphic studies, being considered the main carriers of paleoceanographic information and being applicable to the analysis of sedimentary basins. The main aim of this work is to propose a paleoceanographic reconstruction model in the Campos Basin, by analyzing 61 samples taken from the GL-77 core, collected at the lower continental slope, in the offshore part of the basin. The interval comprises the last two Glacial- Interglacial cycles, corresponding to the planktonic foraminifera biozones W (partially), X, Y and Z. By means of analysis of the total fauna, datings in 14C and isotopic analyses of δ18O and δ13C in shells of planktonic foraminifera estimates of variations of paleoproductivity, paleosalinity and sea surface paleotemperature were obtained; an age model and, posteriorly, the sedimentation rates were calculated. The age model identified the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and estimated the ages of a few biostratigraphic events, such as YP.2 datum, the MIS 3/4 boundary (which coincides with the Y2/Y3 boundary), the Y1/Y2 boundary and the YP.4 datum. The sedimentation rates are strangely elevated in Biozone X (glacial period) where lower rates would be expected. In the Holocene there is an elevated sedimentation rate, associated to the influence of the Paraíba do Sul River delta, at the northern portion of the basin. The paleotemperatures oscillate seasonally in the glacial periods, when the amplitude between summer and winter is larger than the one registered in the interglacial periods. A correlation was observed between the paleotemperatures and the environmental conditions characterized by the warm and cold subzones in Biozone X. Based on the P/B ratio a limit of sequences can be identified next to the MIS 4/5 boundary. Paleosalinity is reduced in deglaciation periods. Paleoproductivity is reduced to 29 ka (MIS 2/3 boundary) by the LGM and increases near the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary. Finally, it was observed that the Pleistocene/Holocene transition occurs inside Biozone Y, and is not temporally related to the beginning of Biozone Z.

Os foraminíferos são o grupo de microfósseis mais utilizado em bioestratigrafia, são considerados os principais portadores de informações paleoceanográficas e apresentam aplicações à análise de bacias sedimentares. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é propor um modelo de reconstrução paleoceanográfica na Bacia de Campos, analisando 61 amostras retiradas do testemunho GL-77, coletado no talude inferior, offshore da bacia. O intervalo contempla os dois últimos ciclos Glacial- Interglacial, correspondentes às biozonas de foraminíferos planctônicos W (parcialmente), X, Y e Z. Por meio das análises de fauna total, datações em 14C e análises isotópicas de δ18O e δ13C nas carapaças de foraminíferos planctônicos, obtiveram-se estimativas de variações de paleoprodutividade, paleossalinidade e paleotemperatura superficiais do mar; foi elaborado um modelo de idade e, posteriormente, as estimativas de taxas de sedimentação. O modelo de idade identificou o Último Máximo Glacial (UMG) e estimou as idades de alguns eventos bioestratigráficos, como o datum YP.2, o limite MIS 3/4 (coincidente com o limite Y2/Y3), o limite Y1/Y2 e o datum YP.4. As taxas de sedimentação estão estranhamente elevadas na Biozona X (intervalo glacial) onde se esperaria taxas menores. No Holoceno há uma elevada taxa de sedimentação, associada à influência do delta do Rio Paraíba do Sul, na porção norte da bacia. As paleotemperaturas reagem sazonalmente no intervalo glacial, onde a amplitude entre verão e inverno é maior que a registrada nos períodos interglaciais. Foi observada uma correlação das paleotemperaturas com as condições ambientais marcadas pelas subzonas quentes e frias na Biozona X. Baseado na razão P/B pode ser identificado um limite de sequências junto ao limite MIS 4/5. A paleossalinidade reduz em intervalos de degelo. A paleoprodutividade diminui de 29 ka (limite MIS 2/3) ao UMG e aumenta próximo ao limite Pleistoceno/Holoceno. Finalmente, se observou que a transição Pleistoceno/Holoceno ocorre dentro da Biozona Y, e não é relacionada temporalmente ao início da Biozona Z. / Planktonic foraminifera is the most useful microfossil group for biostratigraphic studies, being considered the main carriers of paleoceanographic information and being applicable to the analysis of sedimentary basins. The main aim of this work is to propose a paleoceanographic reconstruction model in the Campos Basin, by analyzing 61 samples taken from the GL-77 core, collected at the lower continental slope, in the offshore part of the basin. The interval comprises the last two Glacial- Interglacial cycles, corresponding to the planktonic foraminifera biozones W (partially), X, Y and Z. By means of analysis of the total fauna, datings in 14C and isotopic analyses of δ18O and δ13C in shells of planktonic foraminifera estimates of variations of paleoproductivity, paleosalinity and sea surface paleotemperature were obtained; an age model and, posteriorly, the sedimentation rates were calculated. The age model identified the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and estimated the ages of a few biostratigraphic events, such as YP.2 datum, the MIS 3/4 boundary (which coincides with the Y2/Y3 boundary), the Y1/Y2 boundary and the YP.4 datum. The sedimentation rates are strangely elevated in Biozone X (glacial period) where lower rates would be expected. In the Holocene there is an elevated sedimentation rate, associated to the influence of the Paraíba do Sul River delta, at the northern portion of the basin. The paleotemperatures oscillate seasonally in the glacial periods, when the amplitude between summer and winter is larger than the one registered in the interglacial periods. A correlation was observed between the paleotemperatures and the environmental conditions characterized by the warm and cold subzones in Biozone X. Based on the P/B ratio a limit of sequences can be identified next to the MIS 4/5 boundary. Paleosalinity is reduced in deglaciation periods. Paleoproductivity is reduced to 29 ka (MIS 2/3 boundary) by the LGM and increases near the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary. Finally, it was observed that the Pleistocene/Holocene transition occurs inside Biozone Y, and is not temporally related to the beginning of Biozone Z.

The toxicity of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was measured. When Caco-2 cells from human adenocarcinoma are cultivated on a filter a monolayer is formed with properties similar to human duodenum epithelium. The Caco-2 cells grown on filter were exposed to the environmental contaminants PFOS and PFOA. The effects on the Caco-2 epithelium were examined by four different methods: trans-epithelial resistance (TEER), leakage of the intracellular protein lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), 14C-mannitol passage through the epithelium and protein content of the epithelium. TEER and C-mannitol passage show the Caco-2 cellmonolayer integrity, LDH leakage gives information of cytotoxicity and protein content of the epithelium shows cell adhension to the filter. In the first study TEER decreased at the highest concentrations of PFOS and PFOA (1Mm). The 14C-mannitol passage increased at the highest PFOS concentration. No cytotoxicity was shown and protein-loss was not observed. The second study with PFOS doses of 0, 1, 10, 100 and 500µM and 1 and 10mM showed that the effect of PFOS on TEER was dose-dependent. The 14C-mannitol passage was very high at the highest PFOS-concentration (10mM) and a dose-response was indicated. No cytotoxicity was demonstrated and protein-quantity was not affected. In the third study it was demonstrated that the toxicity of PFOS did not depend on the different concentrations of the oil-emulsion used to dissolve PFOS and PFOA.

Comprendre le devenir du carbone organique stable du sol (COS) dans un environnement globalement plus chaud est un défi majeur pour prévoir sur le long terme la concentration en CO2 atmosphérique. Pour cela il apparaît nécessaire de mieux comprendre ce qu'est ce COS stable à l'échelle pluri-décennale et comment sa cinétique de minéralisation est modulée par la température. C'est avec cette ambition que cette thèse se propose (1) d'étudier la sensibilité à la température de la minéralisation du COS stable; (2) d'étudier la réponse à la température de la communauté microbienne qui minéralise le COS et (3) d'établir un lien entre âge et décomposabilité du COSLes échantillons issus de 4 essais de jachère nue ont été utilisés dans cette thèse. Des échantillons prélevés en début de chacun de ces essais et après plusieurs décennies de jachère nue ont été incubés à différentes températures pendant 427 jours. La respiration de ces échantillons a été suivie régulièrement. En fin d'incubation, la structure des communautés microbiennes a été déterminée par pyroséquençage. D'autre part, une datation du COS contenu dans les échantillons de la chrono-séquence de l'essai de jachère nue de Versailles a été réalisée.Les résultats obtenus mettent en évidence une relation générale entre vitesse de décomposition du carbone et sensibilité à la température. Ces travaux ont également mis en lumière une plus grande diversité et une plus grande sensibilité à la température des communautés microbiennes associées au carbone stable. Enfin, cette thèse met en lumière les difficultés rencontrées lors de l'utilisation de la technique de datation de la matière organique du sol par le 14C. / To understand the fate of stable soil organic carbon (SOC) in a warmer world is a major challenge to be able to predict future atmospheric CO2 concentrations. To do so, it is of prime importance to understand what the stable SOC is exactly and how its mineralization rate is modulated by temperature. This thesis proposed to study (1) the temperature sensitivity of stable SOC mineralization; (2) the response of soil microbial communities to temperature and (3) to establish a link between SOC decomposability and its age. Soil samples from four long term bare fallow experiments were used for work. We incubated soils sampled at the beggining of each experiment and after several decades of bare fallow at different temperatures for 427 days and we regularly monitored soil respiration. At the end of the incubation, soil microbial communities were assessed using pyrosequencing techniques. Finally, we determined the age of soil organic carbon by radiocarbon dating in soil samples from the chrono-sequence located at Versailles, France. The results obtained brought evidence for a general relationship between the mineralization rate of soil organic carbon and its temperature sensitivity. We also found that microbial communities linked to stable organic carbon are more diverse but also more sensitive to a temperature increase. Some bacterial phyla were particularly impacted by the temperature increase and the organic resource rarefaction. Finally, this thesis highlighted the difficulties met with the radiocarbon dating technique.

This thesis deals with the determination of 14C activity in liquid discharges from the Czech nuclear power plants and with the estimation of their radiological impacts on the vicinity of nuclear power plants. This work summarizes the issue of 14C liquid discharges of several nuclear power plants in the world and Czech nuclear power plants are compared to them. The sewage routs of liquid discharges from control tanks to waste water station are described in this thesis for both power plants - Dukovany and Temelín. Measured values of the 14C activity in liquid discharges from nuclear power plants Temelín and Dukovany are presented in this work. The procedure for calculating the exposure of representative persons as a result of liquid discharge of 14C activity is described in this thesis. The resulting values of annual commited effective dose for each age category of representative persons are presented in this work.

Lake Pa Kho is a fresh water lake in Northeastern Thailand, where the East Asian summer monsoon prevails. The monsoon climate and associated variability has tremendous impacts on the life and environmental aspects of the region. In this study, climate and palaeo-environmental history of Lake Pa Kho has been extracted from geochemical proxy indices during the Holocene time. Geochemical variables like total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), atomic Carbon-Nitrogen ratio (C/N) of organic matter, stable isotope fractionations (δ13C, δ15N, δ34S) and radiocarbon 14C dating of the lake sedimentary core samples were analyzed during the past >7000 cal yr BP in terms of palaeo-climate interpretation. The Loss-on-ignition (LOI%) curve, TOC% value, higher C/N ratio indicate that organic materials in lake sediments has been mostly derived from terrestrial sources. δ13C value supports the terrestrial source of organic matter. TN% and δ15N value indicate low organic productivity in the lake. δ34S value indicate possible anoxic condition in the bottom of the lake due to lowering water level. Lower Aquatic productivity and deposition of organic material from terrestrial sources show that the lake was shallow and dry climate condition prevailed at ~7000 to 2000 cal yr BP due to weak monsoon precipitation. Moreover, monsoon played a significant role in controlling the lake level and overall Aquatic productivity. Progressive lowering of water level due to a lack in precipitation might have transformed the lake into a wetland and subsequently into a peatland at around 1500 cal yr BP. A possible explanation for the gradual shift up to 200 cal yr BP might be invasion of terrestrial vegetation from the surrounding catchment sources due to weak monsoon intensity.

タンデトロン加速器質量分析計業績報告

Les terrils du bassin minier de Provence sont implantés dans le paysage et demeurent à proximité des habitations de la métropole Aix-Marseille. Les terrils les plus anciens ont été naturellement colonisés par la végétation et des sols s’y sont développés avec une vitesse remarquable. Cette étude vise à comprendre les processus pédogénétiques en cours depuis 55 ans sur les terrils miniers. Nous avons étudié l’impact du lignite sur les caractéristiques physico-chimiques et microbiologiques d’un Rendosol naturel. Deux sols similaires, dont l’un est traversé par l’affleurement naturel d’une veine de lignite et l’autre pas, ont donc été comparés afin de caractériser les variables impactées par le lignite. L’étude du terril Armand a permis de comprendre les facteurs responsables de la formation et de la variabilité des caractéristiques des sols observés sur le terril. L’abondance de composés carbonés récalcitrants dans les sols enrichis en lignite affecte les niveaux d’activité des microorganismes responsables des processus biologiques dans les sols sans induire d’effets néfastes. Le lignite semble intervenir comme un facteur de dilution du carbone organique, diminuant ainsi la quantité de carbone disponible et donc la vitalité d’expression des fonctions microbiennes. Les activités biologiques sont diminuées en présence de lignite, mais les changements induits sur les propriétés physico-chimiques semblent améliorer la fertilité du sol. Les sols du terril Armand demeurent cependant encore à un stade d’évolution trop jeune pour préjuger de leur évolution future. / Spoil heaps are scattered over the coal basin of Provence: they are inserted in the landscape and often located close to urban areas of the Aix-Marseille Metropole. The oldest spoil heaps have been naturally colonized by local vegetation and soils have simultaneously quickly developed. This study aims at understanding the processes involved in soil forming on undisturbed lignite-rich spoil heaps since 55 years. We studied the impact of lignite on the physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of an undisturbed soil: we compared two similar Rendosols, except that one was developed in a natural lignite outcrop. Then we studied on the 55-year-old Armand spoil heap the factors responsible for soil genesis and variability of soil characteristics. Recalcitrant carbon compounds found in soils enriched with lignite modify microbial activity but do not induce negative effects. It seems that lignite acts as a diluting factor of the organic carbon that decreases the available carbon pool and consequently on the vitality of the expression of the microbial functions. Enzymatic activities and basal respiration decrease while changes observed on physico-chemical properties tend to improve soil fertility. Some characteristics of the soils developed on the spoil heap are similar to those of the soil developed from the lignite outcrop, while others are more related to the way the spoil heap was set up. Although these results have shed light on some of the processes involved in soil formation on spoil heaps in a carbonated environment, soils on Armand spoil heap are still at an early stage of development that precludes conclusion on their future evolution.