The life of Heinrich Heine presents many contradictions. He was a militant Hebrew who never held to the tenets of the Jewish faith, a Christian who admired Jesus, but despised the dogmas of Christianity, a German who loved his country with all his heart but became a voluntary expatriate. In addition, he was a poet who could rise to the very heights or lyricism, but then offend his readers with an outburst of mockery or blasphemy. With a mind so tormented, and a character so complex, it is no wonder that his writings present so many conflicting views. Only one positive trait stands out bravely and convincingly, which gives color and direction to all his writings; his love of freedom, political and intellectual and his hatred of tyranny, in the state and in the Church.

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Les romans de Jane Austen sont souvent perçus comme étant une narration parfaite de la vie domestique au dix-neuvième siècle. La plupart des intrigues sont centrées autour de quelques familles et d'une héroïne qui, à la fin du roman, est récompensée à travers son mariage avec l'homme de son choix (qui s'avère souvent riche et muni d'une bonne position sociale). Puisque les romans d'Austen se terminent généralement par un mariage conventionnel et apparaissent d'une envergure limitée, les analyses des thèmes féministes sous-jacents ne sont pas apparues avant le vingtième siècle. Plusieurs études ont révélé qu'au dessous de ces romans à caractère domestique se cache des arguments féministes en faveur de l'éducation des femmes et une critique des inégalités entre les sexes et des codes de conduite. L'étude qui suit comparera le féminisme d'Austen à celui de Mary Wollstonecraft, à partir de ses essais A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, A Vindication of the Rights of Men, ainsi que ses romans Mary et The Wrongs of Woman. Cette analyse portera aussi sur trois des romans d'Austen : Northanger Abbey, Sense and Sensibility et Mansfield Park. Ces romans reflètent clairement la situation des femmes de l'époque et s'attardent sur l'importance de l'éducation des femmes, les stéréotypes socialement définis, les relations homme-femme et les situations de violence dans le mariage et la famille. En comparant son engagement avec cette problématique aux oeuvres de Wollstonecraft, cette étude démontre que, au travers de ses romans, Austen était beaucoup plus consciente et engagée avec la société dans laquelle elle vivait qu'on ne l'imaginait

Orientador: Wilma Peres Costa / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T15:42:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Costa_BrunoAidar_M.pdf: 1962393 bytes, checksum: fd5c8f46ff21f93caac8246d3a8cf522 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O presente estudo busca analisar os intentos de reforma da administração fazendária na capitania de São Paulo durante a gestão do ilustrado D. Rodrigo de Souza Coutinho na Secretaria da Marinha e dos Domínios Ultramarinos (1796-1801) e depois como Presidente do Erário Régio (1801-1803). A partir da correspondência trocada entre o estadista e os capitães-generais da capitania Antonio Manoel de Mello Castro e Mendonça (1797-1802) e Antonio José de Franca e Horta (1802-1811) apontamos: (1) as especificidades das estruturas de receitas e gastos em São Paulo decorrentes de sua posição periférica na América Portuguesa, (2) as distâncias entre os projetos reformistas e a prática política na questão do acúmulo e organização das informações fiscais, das formas de arrecadação dos impostos, da redução dos tributos para o fomento agrícola e da composição dos gastos da capitania e (3) as dificuldades na articulação fazendária entre o centro e as partes do império ultramarino como manifestação da crise do antigo colonialismo / Abstract: The current study aims to examine the intents of reform regarding the royal treasury management in the captaincy of São Paulo at the time of the administration of D. Rodrigo de Souza Coutinho, a Portuguese Enlightened statesman, in the Secretary of Navy and Overseas Domains (1796-1801) and, afterwards, as President of the Royal Exchequer (1801-1803). Using the correspondence exchanged between Souza Coutinho and the general-captains Antonio Manoel de Mello Castro e Mendonça (1797-1802) and Antonio José de Franca e Horta (1802-1811), we have pointed: (1) the specificities of revenues and spending structures in São Paulo because of its peripheral position in Portuguese America, (2) the detachment between the reformist projects and the political practices in the issues of gathering and organizing fiscal data, the modes of tax collecting, the reduction of tributes for the agricultural improvement and the composition of spending in the captaincy and (3) the difficulties to articulate the center and the parts in the seaborne empire, from the royal treasury point of view, as a symptom of the crisis of the old colonialism / Mestrado / Historia Economica / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

This thesis explores the relationship between the Female Gothic novel of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century and the social context of women at that time. In the examination of the primary works of Ann Radcliffe, Mary Wollstonecraft and Mary Shelley, this study investigates how these female writers work within the Gothic genre to explore issues related to the role of women in their society, in particular those concerned with sexual identity. It is contended that the Gothic genre provides these authors with the ideal vehicle through which to critique the patriarchal definition of the female, a definition which confines and marginalizes women, denying the female any sexual autonomy. The Introduction defines the scope of the thesis by delineating the differences between the Female Gothic and the Male Gothic. Arguing that the Female Gothic shuns the voyeuristic victimisation of women which characterizes much of the Male Gothic, it is contended that the Female Gothic is defined by its interest in, and exploration of, issues which concern the status of women in a patriarchy. It is asserted that it is this concern with female gender roles that connects the overtly radical work of Mary Wollstonecraft with the oblique critique evident in her contemporary, Ann Radcliffe’s, novels. It is these concerns too, which haunt Mary Shelley’s texts, published two decades later. Chapter One outlines the status of women in the patriarchal society of the late eighteenth century, a period marked by political and social upheaval. This period saw the increasing division of men and women into the “separate spheres” of the public and domestic worlds, and the consequent birth of the ideal of “Angel in the House” which became entrenched in the nineteenth century. The chapter examines how women writers were influenced by this social context and what effect it had on the presentation of female characters in their work, in particular in terms of their depiction of motherhood. Working from the premise that, in order to fully understand the portrayal of female sexuality in the texts, the depiction of the male must be examined, Chapter Two analyses the male characters in terms of their relationship to the heroines and/or the concept of the “feminine”. Although the male characters differ from text to text and author to author, it is argued that in their portrayal of “heroes and villains” the authors were providing a critique of the patriarchal system. While some of the texts depict male characters that challenge traditional stereotypes concerning masculinity, others outline the disastrous and sometimes fatal consequences for both men and women of the rigid gender divisions which disallow the male access to the emotional realm restricted by social prescriptions to the private, domestic world of the female. It is contended that, as such, all of the texts assert the necessity for male and female, masculine and feminine to be united on equal terms. Chapter Three interprets the heroine’s journey through sublime landscapes and mysterious buildings as a journey from childhood innocence to sexual maturity, illustrating the intrinsic link that exists between the settings of Gothic novels and female sexuality. The chapter first examines the authors’ use of the Burkean concept of the sublime and contends that the texts offer a significant revision of the concept. In contrast to Burke’s overtly masculinist definition of the sublime, the texts assert that the female can and does have access to it, and that this access can be used to overcome patriarchal oppression. Secondly, an analysis of the image of the castle and related structures reveals that they can symbolise both the patriarchy and the feminine body. Contending that the heroine’s experiences within these structures enable her to move from innocence to experience, it is asserted that the knowledge that she gains, during her journeys, of herself and of society allows her to assert her independence as a sexually adult woman.

Thesis (MMus) - Stellenbosch University , 1986. / INLEIDING: By die instudeer van 'n aantal Schubert-liedere het die skryfster onder die indruk gekom van nie alleen die skoonheid van die poëtiese en musikale inhoud nie, maar veral ook die pedagogiese waarde daarvan. 'n Behoefte om die potensiaal van die Schubert-liedere as onderrigmateriaal te ondersoek, het ontstaan.

Thesis (PhD.) -- Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis is a biographical study of the life and contribution of Petrus Lafras Uys, a leading figure in the district of Uitenhage and later leader of the V oortrekkers. His actions are placed against the backdrop of the problems and grievances of the Afrikaner farmers in the districts of Swellendam and Uitenhage during the years 1815- 1837, and his interaction with other Voortrekker leaders after he had left the Cape Colony in 183 7 as leader of a Voortrekker party. Piet Uys, the son of Jacobus Johannes Uys and Susanna Margaretha Moolman, was christened in October 1797. He married his cousin, Alida Maria Uys, in the district of Swellendam in 1815. He settled in the ward Gamtoos River in the district of Uitenhage towards the end of 1825 or early in 1826. As an energetic Dutch farmer, the many grievances in connection with landownership contributed to his feelings of restlessness and dissatisfaction with his stay in the district of Uitenhage. The destabilization of the eastern borders and the conflict between white farmers and black groups led to feelings of insecurity. These feelings of insecurity became unbearable during the Sixth Border War of 1835 in which Uys fought honourably as field cornet. The requisitioning of horses, livestock and wagons by the government during this war and the lack of compensation, resulted in great financial losses for Uys and his family. Just as many other farmers, Piet Uys clashed with the government about the treatment of his slaves and labourers. The court case instituted against him and his wife by his indentured slave Rosina remained part of the complexity of grievances of the Uys family and friends for a considerable length of time. Piet Uys was one of the first frontier farmer leaders who showed an interest in the interior of the country as a possible establishment of a settlement. It is possible that he went on an expedition as early as 1829. Furthermore, Uys was also the organizer and leader of the well-known Reconnaissance Commission that undertook an expedition into Natal in September 1834. Uys left the district ofUitenhage as leader of a trek in April 1837, with the intention of emigrating to Natal. He was in conflict with the existing Voortrekker government and did not accept the governmental arrangements. Differences of opinion as to the route to be taken and the question of who should be the Voortrekker minister, became issues of conflict. Yet Uys did not hesitate to assist his fellow Voortrekkers in their hour of need. He also played a key role in the military. Thus it was that Uys, as eo-commander took part in the Campaign ofMarico against the Ndebele in November 1837. He was also, together with Hendrik Potgieter, commander of the punitive commando who set off against the Zulu in 183 8. During the Battle of Italeni, 11 April 183 8, Pi et Uys and his son, Dirk Comelis, were mortally wounded. After his death, his family and friends settled in Natal. Many members of his family held important positions in public life and in the military in Natal, and later in the Republic of South Africa. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie proefskrif is 'n biogra:fiese studie oor die lewe en hydrae van Petrus Lafras Uys as leiersfiguur in die distrik Uitenhage en as latere Voortrekkerleier. Uys se optrede word geplaas teen die agtergrond van die probleme en griewe van die Afrikanerboere in die distrikte Swellendam en Uitenhage in die jare 1815-1837 en sy interaksie met ander Voortrekkerleiers nadat hy in 1837 die Kaapkolonie as leier van 'n trekgeselskap verlaat het. Piet Uys is in Oktober 1797 as 'n kind van Jacobus Johannes Uys en Susanna Margaretha Moolman gedoop. Hy is in 1815 in die distrik Swellendam met sy niggie, Alida Maria Uys, getroud. Hy het horn teen die einde van 1825 ofvroeg in 1826 in die wyk Gamtoosrivier van die distrik Uitenhage gevestig. As 'n energieke Afrikanerboer het verskeie griewe in verband met grondbesit tot Uys se gevoel van rusteloosheid en ontevredenheid met sy bestaan in die distrik Uitenhage bygedra. Die destabilisasie van die oosgrens en die konflik tussen blanke boere en swart groepe het tot 'n gevoel van onveiligheid by horn aanleiding gegee. Hierdie gevoel van onveiligheid het 'n hoogtepunt tydens die Sesde Grensoorlog van 1834- 1835 bereik. Uys het met onderskeiding as veldkornet aan die oorlog deelgeneem. Die opkommandering van perde, vee en waens deur die regering tydens die oorlog en die gebrek aan vergoeding daarvoor het veroorsaak dat Uys en sy familielede finansiele verliese gely het. Soos talle mede-grensboere het Piet Uys met die regering gebots oor die behandeling van sy slawe en arbeiders. Die hofsaak wat Uys se ingeboekte slavin, Rosina, teen horn en sy eggenote aanhangig gemaak het, het lank deel van die griewekompleks van die Uyse en hulle vriende gebly. Piet Uys was een van die eerste grensboerleiers wat 'n belangstelling in die binneland as 'n moontlike vestigingsplek getoon het. Hy het moontlik reeds in 1829 'n tog na die binneland onderneem. V erder was Uys die organiseerder en leier van die bekende verkenningskommissie wat in September 1834 'n tog na Natal onderneem het. Uys het in April 1837 as leier van 'n trek die distrik Uitenhage verlaat met die doel om na Natal te emigreer. Hy het in konflik met die bestaande Voortrekkerregering getree en nie die bestuursreelings aanvaar nie. V erskille oor die trekrigting en die Voortrekkerleraar het ook na vore getree. Tog het Uys nie geskroom om sy mede-emigrante in tye van nood te help nie en veral op militere gebied 'n groot rol gespeel. So byvoorbeeld het Uys as mede-bevelvoerder aan die Marico-veldtog teen die Ndebele in November 1837 deelgeneem. Piet Uys was ook saam met Hendrik Potgieter die mede-bevelvoerder van die strafkommando wat in April 1838 teen die Zulu uitgetrek het. In die slag van ltaleni op 11 April 1838 het Piet Uys en sy seun, Dirk Cornelis, die lewe gelaat. Na sy dood het sy vriende en familielede hulle in Natal gevestig. Verskeie van Uys se familielede het 'n vername rol in die openbare lewe en op militere gebied in Natal en later in die Suid-Afrikaanse Republiek gespeel.

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