The Way to True Excellence: The Spirituality of Samuel Pearce is a dissertation that seeks to understand why and how the late eighteenth century pastor, Samuel Pearce (1766–1799) was a model for spirituality. Pearce was the pastor of Cannon Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, England from 1790 until death in 1799. Pearce only lived to be thirty-three years old, but he had a very successful ministry in Birmingham, was sought after as a preacher through Great Britain, and was an integral part of the Baptist missionary movement that helped bring about a sea-change in evangelicalism. For decades after his death, John Ryland and other Baptist leaders referred to Pearce as the “seraphic Pearce.” One year after his death Andrew Fuller published Pearce’s memoirs, Memoirs of the late Rev. Samuel Pearce, and the latter became a model of eighteenth-century Baptist piety. In this thesis, three areas of his piety are examined against the backdrop of eighteenth-century evangelicalism: his preaching as a model for a spirituality of the word, his marriage and friendships as a model for a spirituality of love, and his commitment to the Great Commission as a model for a spirituality of mission. With the examination of these three areas, this thesis seeks to show to what extent Pearce’s spirituality captures the quintessence of late eighteenth-century Baptist spirituality.

Sostiene que los móviles de la Revolución inglesa y la Revolución francesa fueron luchar contra la tiranía, contra el absolutismo de sus reyes, que habían llegado a hacerse insolentes y atentatorios. Considera que tanto Inglaterra como en Francia, se destacan figuras de especial entereza, por su audacia y por su elocuencia y finalmente en ambas se proclama la república en medio de tres fiestas populares, reconociéndola como la forma más atinada de gobierno. En ambas naciones se pasa del absolutismo a la libertad exaltada, y de esta, por fin, a la moderada forma de gobierno constitucional. Sostiene que los principios de la Revolución Inglesa emigraron a Francia, allí maduraron bajo el influjo de pensadores de la talla de Rousseau, Montesquieu y los Enciclopedistas, produjeron el fruto más apetecible para la humanidad; mas no por estos será menos importante la nación que se adelantó en concebirlos y realizarlos en parte. / Tesis

"Corresponding Republics" is a study of how letter writing practices shaped elite political organizing during the early years of the American, Dutch and French Revolutions of the late eighteenth century. The heart of the project is a study of revolutionary leaders' correspondence and epistolary practices. Letters were the lifeblood of all early modern politics--the means to share information, develop strategies and resolve internecine disputes. This was particularly true of the eighteenth-century Atlantic patriot parties, which all faced the challenge of building cohesive movements in the fragmented political landscape of the old regime. Yet even though most studies of revolutionary politics make heavy use of private correspondence, nobody had yet examined the ways in which patriots' reliance on private letters and networks shaped the revolutions' broader political cultures. "Corresponding Republics" argues that the distinctive old regime private correspondence practices of patriots in each region persisted into the revolutionary period. These practices, which played a crucial role in patriots' political self-fashioning, helped produce different kinds of political networks and cultures of patriot organizing. Though by no means the whole explanation for the three revolutions' different courses, epistolary practices are an essential and untold part of that story. The main sources for the project are manuscript letters in American and European archives. The first three chapters of the dissertation examine inter-colonial organizing during the first years of the American Revolution. Chapters One and Two offer a revised view of the efforts by Sons of Liberty, as the patriot leaders called themselves, to build a cohesive inter-colonial patriot party from 1765 to 1772. They document patriots' deep immersion in mercantile correspondence and their persistence in using it after 1765. Yet this style, which raised high barriers to posing questions or engaging in debate, made it difficult for patriot leaders to have tactical discussions and coordinate their activities across the colonies. The Sons instead created a largely symbolic agreement on general principles of resistance. Chapter Three focuses on the developing relationship after 1772 between the patriots' private networks and public committees of correspondence. It shows how private letter writing helped the Sons organize formal inter-colonial corresponding committees in 1773, which reflected the private networks' focus on information transmission rather than discussion. Not until the meeting of the First Continental Congress in 1774 did patriot leaders develop an inter-colonial network whose affective depth enabled tactical and ideological debate. And even then, the patriots' epistolary tools still encouraged them to paper over serious differences about political strategy and ideology in order to maintain the unity of the colonies. The second half of the dissertation uses studies of national organizing in the Dutch and French Revolutions to examine what was distinctive about the Sons of Liberty's organizing efforts. The underlying problems the patriot movements confronted, I argue, were similar: like their American counterparts, Dutch and French patriots sought to build a cohesive political movement on a national scale through correspondence. In practice, however, the process differed significantly. French Jacobin leaders drew on a pre-revolutionary tradition of scholarly epistolarity, which encouraged discussion and dialogue among participants. These qualities helped them develop epistolary communities far more tightly knit than those of their American counterparts. This proved to be both an asset and a liability. It helped them forge a high degree of ideological and tactical unity within the movement. But it also made it more difficult for them to avoid internal disagreements, contributing to the serious internal dissention in 1792 that foreshadowed the eruption of violence among patriot leaders. The Dutch patriot elites, for their part, created highly hierarchical private and public networks. The division between the two types of networks, heightened by their reliance on courtly epistolary habits, inhibited their efforts to forge alliances with the growing popular militia movement. These divisions were a factor in the Dutch patriots' failure, in the short term, to successfully achieve their goal of seizing and holding national political power.

This dissertation traces the development of Alexander Pushkin's sense of the tragic in the context of Russian and European Romanticism. Pushkin was a self-proclaimed skeptic in matters of literature: though deeply influenced by Romantic poets and theorists, he never subscribed to any one school or creed, experimenting in a range of genres to express his changing tragic vision. Many of his works move seamlessly between the closed world of traditional tragedy and the open world of Romantic tragic drama; and yet, they follow neither the cathartic program prescribed by Aristotle nor the redemptive mythologies of the Romantics. My study explains Pushkin's idiosyncratic approach to tragedy by re-situating his works within their literary, historical, and philosophical contexts. In my readings of The Gypsies, Boris Godunov, and The Little Tragedies, I connect Pushkin's works to those of a range of European writers, including Shakespeare, Racine, Rousseau, Goethe, Schiller, the Marquis de Sade, and Hugo; and I examine such topics as tragedy and the tragic, the sublime and the grotesque, the relationship between literature and history, irony and tragic ritual. While I ground my work in traditional Russian philology, I use recent Western scholarship to help frame my study theoretically. In particular, I aim to contribute to the ongoing debate between scholars who claim that Romanticism marked "the death of tragedy" and those who see the change less as a death than as a redefinition.

What role did documents play in the governance of the British Empire during an age of unprecedented geopolitical transformation? Paperwork, Governance, and Archive in the British Empire During the Age of Revolutions answers this question by examining the role of paperwork in British imperial governance in the Atlantic World during the eras of the American and French Revolutions. The dissertation argues that paperwork served as the facilitative technology through which administrative interactions between metropolitan officials and their imperial servants were conducted. Through the creation and circulation of particular material forms, late eighteenth century bureaucrats across the different offices involved in imperial administration–including the Board of Trade, the Admiralty, the Secretary of State, and the Customs–articulated and enforced an ‘imperial constitution’ that elevated the power of royal sovereignty in the governance of the British empire. This role of paperwork remained consistent throughout the late eighteenth century despite the pressures of revolution and war that transformed the imperial state in other respects. But at the end of the eighteenth century, imperial administrators developed a new approach to documents that had previously been pronounced only in domestic governance: the transformation of the archive from its role as a container of documents, into an active site of policy-making. Paperwork–meaning any document produced either in response to official demand, or written by bureaucrats in the execution of the processes of administration; and the constellations of practices in which bureaucrats engaged when using them–made Britain’s otherwise ungovernable empire cohere across vast oceanic and territorial expanses. Through the dispatch and circulation of particular forms, the different institutions responsible for exercising authority over imperial possessions in the Atlantic Basin enacted the specific administrative tasks that preserved the political viability of the imperial constitution. Every act of governance involved the seemingly limitless production of paperwork: from collecting taxes (reliant upon keeping account books and receipts) and navigating ships (dependent upon logbooks and geographical atlases), to negotiating treaties (through diplomatic letter writing and drafting) and maintaining order (requiring the composition and circulation of legal codes). The first chapter of the dissertation provides an overview of the structure and growth of imperial bureaucracy and communications in the British empire during the long eighteenth century. The second, third, fourth, and fifth chapters examine how the central institutions involved in governing the British empire in the Atlantic world, including the Board of Trade; the Secretary of State; the Admiralty; and the Customs and Treasury, used documents. While each of these different institutions relied upon different kinds of documents in executing their administrative tasks, in each case the administrative use of paperwork articulated, enforced, and facilitated the relationships of hierarchy and deference between metropolitan and colonial administrators that characterized sovereignty in the British empire. The administrative use of paperwork, these chapters show, centered upon bureaucrats’ use of documents to demonstrate to their superiors that they understood expectations for proper official conduct, and were acting accordingly. This constitutional and facilitative role of documents, the dissertation argues, continued to inhere in administrative culture during the late eighteenth century despite a set of significant political challenges–notably the American and French Revolutions–to British imperial power. Yet, in one key respect, the material practices of imperial bureaucracy changed in this period. Beginning in the 1790s, administrators began to systematically use the vast archives of paperwork accumulating in the offices and repositories of the British state as sources of knowledge and evidence to inform the development of imperial strategy against the French in Asia, Europe, North America, and the Caribbean. These practices of archival use revived modes of bureaucratic governance that had been developed centuries earlier, and were characteristics of a distinctively ‘early modern’ style of administration. The dissertation concludes by suggesting the complications that this history of the bureaucratic archive introduces for extant accounts of British ‘modernity.’ For over a century, scholarship has fruitfully attended to the ideological origins, political development, and administrative history of the British empire in the long eighteenth century. But virtually all of this research has looked through paperwork for evidence of other phenomena, rather than attempting to understand the significance that contemporaries ascribed to the material forms they used. By accounting for the role of documents in the history of British imperial governance, the dissertation also models an approach to writing the histories of states and empires that departs from both structuralist and poststructuralist perspectives on governance by attending instead to the specificities of bureaucratic practice.

Honore de Balzac appartient a cette generation de geants du romantisme flamboyant: politiquement et socialement, il est honorable bourgeois, se souvient des deceptions de l'epoque dechue et prone par consequent le culte du souvenir imperial, ainsi que celui de la passion. C'est pourquoi nous trouvons de constantes ambivalences dans la representation de la femme du monde ainsi que des contradictions deroutantes quant a leur droit d'aimer. Balzac peint des etres d'exception, mais, malgre la place et le role tres important qu'il leur accorde, ces femmes subissent le droit de jugement ultime de l'auteur quand elles s'abandonnent a la passion; leur droit d'aimer semble dans un premier temps tout a fait legitime, puis il semble toujours que la morale chretienne, tellement presente a l'epoque de l'auteur et dans son esprit, l'emporte finalement. Nous verrons, dans un premier chapitre, comment Balzac analysait la societe comme un organisme animal, les especes humaines comme des especes naturelles. Son gout pour la physiologie se retrouve dans la representation de son monde qui nait d'un don d'observation et d'imagination extraordinaire. Dans un second chapitre, je tacherai de presenter la vision critique que Balzac avait de son temps; c'est essentiellement le temps de la Restauration, avec le retour de la dynastie des Bourbons apres l'Empire, quand la monarchie, dit-il en 1835, fut "attestee." Nous verrons son analyse des maux affectant la societe mais aussi sa discussion sur les principes qui la regissent, en rapport surtout avec la position de la femme aristocrate. La representation et le fonctionnement des personnages dans les spheres du physique, du moral, et du social, sont le noyau du troisieme chapitre, temoignant du grand genie de Balzac a donner a l'ame une dimension toute particuliere. D'invention realiste et de vision divinatoire, la projection du chef d'reuvre balzacien est, par consequent, paradoxal; et c'est essentiellement dans La Duchesse de Langeais, Les Secrets de la princesse de Cadignan, Le Cabinets des antiques, La Femme abandonnee, ainsi que Le Pere Goriot, et Le Contrat de mariage, que nous pourrons l' apprecier.

This dissertation examines commemoration of Russian poet Aleksandr Sergeevich Pushkin from the late Soviet period to the present, as a study of the nature and function of literary commemoration in a time of social, political, and economic instability. Since its inception in the late nineteenth century, the Pushkin cult has been Russia’s largest-scale government-sanctioned literary cult, showing remarkable endurance through the transitions from imperial to Soviet rule and then from Soviet to capitalist rule. In the post-Soviet context, Pushkin-related commemoration and the resulting debates address a key question in Russian culture: can old literary “heroes” continue to play a central role in national identity in a society that no longer grants central political importance to literature? If they do retain a broader political and social significance, how are they used to navigate nostalgia, on one hand, and a sense of cultural exhaustion, on the other? Scrutiny of the Pushkin myth today demonstrates how postmodernism and irony have been turned to the re-stabilization of an authoritative discourse about identity, which nonetheless continuously provokes parody and satire. I also examine the recently formed “cult” of Sergei Dovlatov (1941-1990), a late Soviet prose writer who was unable to publish his work at home and immigrated to the US, under government pressure, in 1979. Pushkin is central to Russia’s image of Dovlatov, who spent time working as a tour guide at the Pushkin estate museum in Pskov oblast in the 1970s and wrote a satirical novel about the experience, which I analyze alongside real-life accounts of the estate museum. Dovlatov achieved huge posthumous popularity in Russia almost immediately after his death, and is now the object of a distinctively post-Soviet literary cult, which I discuss in relation to the evolving Pushkin cult. In this way, I illuminate the peculiarities of Russian writer cults during a period when the social status of literature declined dramatically. I conclude that the Dovlatov cult serves as a vehicle for a carefully circumscribed variety of Soviet nostalgia, one that admits the many failings of the Soviet Union while also recalling many of its aspects with fondness and regret. As with Pushkin, the Dovlatov cult is used to create the impression of reconciliation among discordant political epochs and ideologies. My study of the Pushkin and Dovlatov cults is organized around two types of literary commemoration, both of which have deep roots in European culture: the jubilee, or anniversary celebration, and the literary house museum. I begin with a detailed study of the almost-forgotten 1999 Pushkin jubilee, the first large-scale post-Soviet Pushkin celebration. My analysis of the jubilee and the reactions it provoked from the press and the intelligentsia shows that while the jubilee was widely derided, it unintentionally united diverse factions of the press and intelligentsia, who banded together to defend Pushkin against exploitation by Russia’s new political elite. However, many writers also saw the jubilee as a confirmation that the possibilities of Russian literature had been exhausted: I explore some literary responses to this fear in my second chapter. I then move to Pushkin house museums, showing how they express different aspects of the Pushkin myth and Russian “national idea.” I show how the recently founded Dovlatov House museum, like the Dovlatov cult more broadly, parodies the Pushkin cult while also reinforcing many of the basic practices and purposes of Pushkin worship.

Né à la Havane d'un père breton et d'une mère russe, Alejo Carpentier a séjourné de nombreuses années en France avant de revenir vers sa terre natale, Cuba. Sa vaste culture, où s'entrelacent le culturel européen et le mythique antillais, présente la conscience de deux mondes, conférant à ses romans un caractère d'universalité. À la fois poète, romancier, musicien et historien, Carpentier dévoile dans ses œuvres toute l'étendue de ses connaissances au moyen d'une information circonstanciée et personnelle. Dans Le Siècle des Lumières (1962), nous contemplons la Révolution française sous un angle peu abordé, celui de l'espace caraïbe. Le récit met en scène une conséquence tragique de « l'après-Lumières » : on y lit une vision déceptive des événements entourant la Révolution française dans l'espace-temps décalé des Antilles. Les personnages passent ainsi d'une vision idéalisée des Lumières à une perception plus critique de ses conséquences révolutionnaires. Au-delà de la saveur historique qui enrobe la trame romanesque, Le Siècle des Lumières exhale l'aspect profondément humain qui le caractérise. Sous un éclairage parfois cru, le roman relate la vaste aventure de l'homme et des peuples au cœur du mouvement historique. L'œuvre dévoile les aspects sombres et clairs qui ont marqué les Lumières dans une mise en scène où foisonnent les effets de clairs-obscurs. La diégèse romanesque se déploie selon une trajectoire parabolique qui s'élève d'abord vers la lumière avant de basculer dans la nuit. Toutes ces variations lumineuses connotent, de par leur intensité, les événements, les objets et les personnages du roman. Notre lecture du topos des Lumières, effectuée à partir de certains points d'ancrage narratologiques, tâchera de montrer comment le système narratif métaphorise les Lumières dans une œuvre teintée de « réalisme merveilleux ». ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Lumières, métaphore, Révolution, Caraïbes, Cuba, Alejo Carpentier, roman.

Notre projet de recherche concerne deux disciplines: l'histoire et l'histoire de l'art. Le sujet provient des arts anciens du Québec et porte sur un groupe de maîtres sculpteurs. L'organisation mise en place par ceux-ci et la question de l'artisanat constituent le coeur de notre démarche, la problématique découle donc de l'histoire sociale et économique, plus spécifiquement de l'histoire du travail au Bas-Canada. L'atelier des Écores occupe une place unique en histoire de l'art ancien du Québec, par le nombre de personnes impliquées et par l'ampleur de la production réalisée. Au tournant du XIXe siècle, quatre maîtres sculpteurs (Louis Quévillon, Joseph Pépin, René Beauvais dit Saint-James et Paul Rollin) établis à Saint-Vincent- de-Paul de l'île Jésus, ont formé au moins 53 apprentis en plus d'employer plusieurs compagnons sculpteurs et des menuisiers. Preuve de leur dynamisme, les maîtres ont travaillé dans 61 paroisses -49 de la région de Montréal, douze dans celle de Québec -ainsi que pour trois communautés religieuses. Souvent les commandes sont importantes puisque dans bien des cas ils réalisent le mobilier liturgique et le décor intérieur de l'église. Fait marquant, en 1815, les initiateurs de l'atelier, Louis Quévillon et Joseph Pépin, s'associent avec deux de leurs anciens apprentis. De fait, l'atelier des Écores a détenu le monopole de la décoration des églises de la région montréalaise durant les trente premières années du XIXe siècle. Les maîtres sculpteurs ont exploité au maximum les possibilités offertes par l'artisanat et développé un fonctionnement efficace qui leur a permis d'avoir une main-d'oeuvre nombreuse et un niveau de production élevé. Tout indique qu'ils ont mis sur pied une forme d'organisation dont la structure de base s'apparente à celle qui définit une entreprise: gestion d'une production, d'une main-d'oeuvre, capacité à se bâtir une clientèle et à financer ses projets. Notre thèse poursuit donc deux objectifs principaux: reconstituer l'historique de l'atelier des Écores d'une part, pour ensuite analyser son fonctionnement afin de démontrer, d'autre part, comment l'organisation mise en place par les maîtres possède les caractéristiques fondamentales d'une entreprise. Notre étude repose sur une recherche documentaire provenant principalement de 80 greffes de notaires répartis dans les régions administratives de Montréal, de Trois-Rivières, de Québec et du Bas-Saint-Laurent. Afin d'avoir le maximum d'informations possibles, nous avons aussi consulté les dossiers de paroisses de l'Inventaire des oeuvres d'art du Québec qui renferment des transcriptions des livres de comptes et de délibérations, d'où l'intérêt de ce fonds. Les éléments recueillis ont été versés dans une base de données afin de ne pas laisser échapper d'informations importantes et de pouvoir les mettre en relation. Depuis près d'un siècle, les sculpteurs de l'atelier des Écores ont retenu l'attention des historiens de l'art qui ont avancé plusieurs hypothèses concernant leur fonctionnement. Des données présentées un peu pêle-mêle circulent, ce qui gêne la compréhension de leur activité. La reconstitution historique s'imposait donc. Elle rend compte de la croissance et du déclin de l'atelier. Ainsi, on observe qu'à partir de 1806, quand les sculpteurs maîtrisent la finition de leurs oeuvres, plus rien ne freine leur progression. Dès lors, on note une augmentation de la main-d'oeuvre et une forte croissance de la production. L'acte d'association des maîtres en 1815 constitue le point culminant de leur activité. En fait, si nous transposions sur un graphique la courbe de croissance de l'atelier, nous aurions les années 1792-1815 représentées par une courbe ascendante, les années 1815-1820 constituant le plateau et la période 1820-1830 figurée par une courbe descendante. Les maîtres contrôlaient les diverses étapes de la production, tant en atelier que durant les campagnes de sculpture. Même avec un carnet de commandes bien rempli, ils répondent aux exigences des clients dans les délais impartis et mènent plusieurs chantiers de front. Le caractère répétitif d'une partie de la production leur permet d'établir des modèles, ce qui accélère le rendement. Rien n'indique toutefois qu'ils aient pratiqué une subdivision du travail, celui-ci étant réparti selon les compétences de chacun. Une gestion solide des diverses étapes de la production semble être à la base de la quantité impressionnante de commandes traitées. Une main-d'oeuvre nombreuse et compétente a rendu possible ce fort volume de production. Les maîtres ont su l'attirer par la possibilité d'apprendre un métier ou d'obtenir du travail. La formation des apprentis mène à la connaissance du métier, plusieurs carrières de sculpteurs en font foi. À la fin de leur contrat d'apprentissage certains sont employés par les maîtres qui embauchent aussi des menuisiers pour accomplir une partie des travaux. Les commandes ne manquent pas, car deux-tiers des paroisses de la région montréalaise établies en 1830 ont fait affaire avec les sculpteurs de Saint-Vincent-de-Paul -souvent à plusieurs reprises preuve que ces derniers avaient la capacité de rejoindre la clientèle et de la fidéliser. Le fait qu'ils aient obtenu des commandes dans la région de Québec démontre clairement leur aptitude à ouvrir de nouveaux marchés. Au fil du temps, les maîtres de l'atelier des Écores sont devenus des notables à Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, une paroisse qui a bénéficié de leur contribution. Il n'existe pas vraiment un autre groupe avec lequel on peut comparer ces sculpteurs, mais cette étude de cas est un exemple convaincant que l'artisanat a pu activement participer à l'économie bas-canadienne au tournant du XIXe siècle. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Artisanat, Entreprise, Travail, Sculpture, Bas-Canada.

Texte remanié de : Thèse de doctorat : Lettres : Paris 4 : 1982. / Bibliogr. p. [471]-475. Notes bibliogr. Index.