No description available.

Introduction The COSTIS system is a commercially available target station for the irradiation of solid targets. Up to 3 targets can be provided for irradiation by a slot system. In standard setup the target can be ejected via a pneumatically driven piston system. The target is then allowed to drop down into an open lead container, which can be closed remotely afterwards. The described procedure is well established and reliable. But the concept is limited to low dose targets and environments. The required entering of the cyclotron vault for manual pick up of the container at the cyclotron and the light 18 mm Pb lead shielding of the container itself cause exposure risk for the personnel after long term irradiations with highly activated cyclotron parts and target. The purpose of this work was the design of an alternative for the pickup and the transport of irradiated targets to minimize the radiation dosage of the personnel during manual handling of the COSTIS-lead container. Principle The new designed transport system still uses the software controlled target ejection function of the COSTIS/IBA-system. With ejection the target capsule is allowed to fall into a PTFE-container. To assure a safe target drop into the PTFE container, the gap between the target guiding plate and the PTFE container is smaller than d/2 of the target capsule. After target ejection the PTFE-container can be transferred remotely from target ejection position (1) to the loading station (2) with a target slide. The loading station allows the transfer of the PTFE container remotely into a lead container (60 mm Pb). Now the vault door is used as carrier of the Pb-container. For this purpose a proper fixture for the Pb-container is mounted at the front side of the vault door and via opening the vault door the container is safely transported out of the vault. Outside the container will be finally closed with a lid and transferred to a trolley for further handling. Due to positioning of the container at a certain altitude together with the deep positioning of the target coin inside of the container, the subsequent closing of the container does not cause significant dosage, a more complicated automatic closing system is not mandatory. After replacement of the lead container further transfers can be executed without entering the vault. For this purpose the exchanged Pb-container is placed at the loading station by closing the vault door and a new PTFE-container will be transferred remotely from a magazine onto the target slide, which again can be re-motely positioned at target ejection position. The magazine of PTFE-Containers holds two replacements in accordance with the maximal capacity of the target slot system of the COSTIS station. The remote system of the transport unit uses redundant feedback signals for a reliable and safe operation. Results and Conclusion The newly implemented transport system allows a significant reduction of the radiation dose during pickup and transport of the irradiated solid targets. No entering of the vault is needed after irradiation. The system is highly reliable due to its redundant and straightforward design (2-fold position switches and photoelectric barriers). Due to fixed attachment points in the vault and at the BTL the mobile unit can be easily removed or mounted. The system is maintenance free and all parts easy accessible. For further handling of the targets lead containers were design to fit in the transfer locks of hot cells. The transfer can be carried out directly from the trolley. Container lid and PTFE container are suited for manipulator handling in hot cells.

Introduction A widely distributed commercially available target station for the irradiation of solid targets is the COSTIS system. The system is specified for beams up to 500 W and is equipped with a front side He-cooling and water cooling on the back side. The target itself has a coin shape with a diameter of 24 mm and thickness of 2 mm. This recommends the system for irradiation of thin targets like foils but it is also useable for irradiation of metal and oxide powders. However the irradiation of powders and granulates is limited due to the dimension of the target capsule. A setup of a capped closed target is hardly achievable. The purpose of this work was the modification of the COSTIS target station for the use of thicker target capsules. This shall enable the more easy and safe handling and irradiation of powdery targets and the use of lockable target capsules. Material and Methods The adaption of the COSTIS system for wider targets is easy and fast achievable by the ex-change of the target guiding plate together with the four distance bolts and their bearings. The effort of the replacement of the standard with the modified parts is comparable with COSTIS maintenance including exchange of the window foil and the O-rings. For the target capsule itself different designs were developed and tested. Now various target capsules are available, depending on required energy, handling needs and properties of the target material. Different locking systems can be used, from “click” capsules to screwable systems. Additionally the tightness of the target capsule can be achieved by placement of on O-ring between the lid and capsule body. Results and Conclusion The wider target body allows the capping of the target material. This enables a wide range of applications. One aspect is the nanoparticle research, where radiolabelling is an excellent tool for in situ online investigations. The chosen design of the target capsule allowed the direct activation of TiO2 nanoparticles. Via the nuclear reaction 48Ti(p,n)48V radiolabelled [48V]TiO2 nanoparticles can be obtained. Another example is the use of recoil effects for radiolabelling of nanoparticles. In this case the kinetic energy of the product of the nuclear reaction 7Li(p,n)7Be is used to implant a radioactive tracer in different nanomaterials like Ag0 – nanoparticles and MWCNT (multi wall carbon nano tubes). In general the irradiation of powders and granulates benefits from the modified design that allows the more flexible adaption to experimental needs.

Dissertation--Staatswissenschaft--Basel, 1979. / Bibliogr. p. 436-455.

Orientador: Aulus Cavalieri Carciofi / Resumo: O gasto energético diário (GED) de gatos tem sido estudado há algum tempo em gatos de laboratório, com ambiente, alimentação e massa corporal controlados. O metabolismo energético destes animais pode ser dividido em quatro compartimentos: taxa metabólica basal que soma o maior GED destes animais em torno de 60%, a atividade muscular voluntária contribuindo em torno de 30%, seguido do incremento calórico e termogênese adaptativa (10%). Nota-se que a atividade muscular voluntária contribui com porção considerável do GED destes animais, não devendo ser limitada, pois interfere diretamente no gasto energético. Estudos com animais em domicílio, com número representativo de grandes populações, que apresentam rotina de vida normal com protocolo prático e eficaz, de fácil aceitação pelos proprietários para mensurar GE, composição corporal (CC) e fluxo de água (FA) no estilo de vida habitual de gatos é importante para estudos nutricionais mais precisos. Método prático e eficaz para mensuração destes parâmetros, de fácil aplicação em domicílio e que não interfira no estilo de vida e atividade física dos animais é o método da água duplamente marcada que os mensura por meio do enriquecimento e decaimento de deutério (2H) e oxigênio 18 (18O) na água corporal. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar protocolo prático de tempos de coleta de enriquecimento (2, 4, 6, 7 e 8 horas) e decaimento (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 e 20 dias), bem como os fluidos corporais alternativos saliva e u... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The energy expenditure (EE) of cats has been studied for some time in laboratory cats, with controlled environment, feeding and body mass. The energy metabolism of these animals can be divided into four compartments: basal metabolic rate that sums the highest EE of these animals around 60%, voluntary muscle activity contributing around 30%, followed by caloric increment and adaptive thermogenesis (10%). It is noted that voluntary muscle activity contributes a considerable portion of the EE of these animals, and should not be limited, as it directly interferes with energy expenditure. Studies with animals at home, with a representative number of large populations, that present normal life routine with a practical and efficient protocol, easily accepted by the owners to measure EE, body composition (BC) and water turnover (WT) in lifestyle of cats is important for more accurate nutritional studies. A practical and effective method for measuring these parameters, which is easy to apply at home and does not interfere with the animals' lifestyle and physical activity, is the double labeled water method that measures them through the enrichment and decay of deuterium (2H) and oxygen 18 ( 18O) in body water. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the practical protocol of enrichment collection times (2, 4, 6, 7 and 8 hours) and decay (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 days ) as well as alternative body fluids saliva and urine compared to blood for assessing the concentrati... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Historia / En esta tesina planteamos como hipótesis central que el sistema de parlamentos instaurado durante el siglo XVIII por las autoridades monárquicas, perdió paulatinamente continuidad, magnitud y solemnidad, a causa de la Guerra de la Independencia. Los parlamentos, al estilo de la que celebró Ambrosio Higgins en los llanos de Negrete en 1793, no volvieron a repetirse durante el período que cubre nuestra cronología. Hubo parlamentos, parlas y trawunes, pero fueron mucho más focalizados, de menor cobertura y de influencia disminuida. En segundo lugar, planteamos que las divisiones entre los butalmapus –costinos, arribanos, llanistas y pehuenches- y las guerras intertribales -principalmente las que tuvieron lugar entre pehuenches y huilliches, llanistas y arribanos o mallequinos- afectaron profundamente el poder de negociación de los lonkos quienes llegaron a los parlamentos con planteamientos parcializados, de índole local y defendiendo sus respectivos intereses más que lo de la generalidad. Si en algún momento se llegó a pensar en un proceso de unificación de las tribus, lo que efectivamente comenzó a ocurrir a comienzos del siglo XIX fue una mayor fragmentación de la sociedad tribal. En tercer lugar, postulamos como hipótesis que al mismo tiempo que los cambios institucionales ocurridos al norte del río Bíobío y en la región rioplatense y mendocina, debilitaron la autoridad de los antiguos agentes fronterizos – comisarios de naciones, capitanes de amigos e interpretes – también resultaron en un debilitamiento global de los mecanismos de elaboración de acuerdos y consensos y, por consecuencia, en un desmedro de la institución. Más que objetivos estratégicos de larga duración y raíces más profundas, se observa que los parlamentos y juntas de comienzos del siglo XIX y durante el período de la Independencia estuvieron subordinados a consideraciones tácticas, sujetos al oportunismo bélico de los bandos combatientes. Finalmente, en tercer lugar, planteamos como hipótesis que la participación de algunas parcialidades en la guerra, a favor de uno u otro bando, fragmentó el discurso tribal, perdiendo aquél horizonte de universalismo y consenso que se percibe en los parlamentos de la segunda mitad del sigo XVIII. Como consideración general, argumentamos que los parlamentos mapuches durante la Independencia de Chile significaron un serio revés diplomático y un verdadero retroceso de las políticas de acuerdo forjadas por los líderes de ambos mundos en las décadas previas.

Tesis para optar al grado de Doctor en Literatura Hispanoamericana y Chilena / No autorizada su publicación a texto completo, según petición de su autor / Resumen Desde el primer contacto entre conquistadores y los indígenas hubo que solucionar uno de los más importantes conflictos que entorpecía el desarrollo de la empresa evangelizadora en los territorios de Ultramar: la comunicación. Para ello, tanto la Corona, como los distintos gobiernos eclesiásticos así como los encomenderos y doctrineros, utilizaron distintas estrategias, asistemáticas, para lograr aculturar a los indígenas. La más importante de ellas, a nuestro parecer, fue sin duda alguna la imposición de la lengua castellana no solo como instrumento de evangelización, sino también como método de comunicación para la vida cotidiana. En este contexto, postulamos que es posible reconstituir el proceso de castellanización que vivieron los indígenas del común en la capital del virreinato del Perú desde la llegada de los conquistadores hasta finales del siglo XVII. Así, nuestra hipótesis es que gran parte de dicho proceso debe ser reconstituido a partir de la identificación de los espacios vinculados a la evangelización –pues es bajo este ámbito que la castellanización se vuelve más necesaria- y en los espacios cotidianos donde los indígenas del común vivían la cotidianeidad: escuelas, cofradías, hospitales de naturales y talleres de escritura y de pintura. Será, también, a partir de estos dos últimos que revisaremos la evidencia textual que nos permite constatar los distintos grados y características de aprendizaje de la lengua castellana en manos de los sujetos protagonistas de esta historia: los indígenas del común.

BARROS, João Filomeno. Contribuição de isótopos ambientais na identificação de interação água subterrânea/água superficial na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio da Prata - MA. 2013. 116 f. Tese (Doutorado em Física) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, Departamento de Física, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2013. / Submitted by francisco lima (admir@ufc.br) on 2014-03-17T13:57:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_tese_jfbarros.pdf: 2435183 bytes, checksum: cb8ea08ea13ba0f51e6f129053cccbfd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edvander Pires(edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2014-05-27T21:04:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_tese_jfbarros.pdf: 2435183 bytes, checksum: cb8ea08ea13ba0f51e6f129053cccbfd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-27T21:04:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_tese_jfbarros.pdf: 2435183 bytes, checksum: cb8ea08ea13ba0f51e6f129053cccbfd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / The environmental isotopes oxygen - 18 and deuterium, excellent tracers for water , were used as a tool to identify the interaction of groundwater/surface water in the basin Hydrographic of the Rio da Prata - Maranhão. These isotopes retain the effect of physical processes such as evaporation, and may be used to identify the source of the groundwater. Were georeferenced 19 points distributed in the Watershed of the Ri o da P rata , 02 in the lake, 02 spri ngs, 14 drilled wells and one dug well to collect samples in the dry season and in the rainy season and for isotopic analysis and hydrochemistry; were also collected and analyzed isotopically rainwater, co llected in the area of the river basin. With the analysis of isotopes oxygen - 18 and deuterium in rainfall, it was determined the local meteoric water line δ D = 7.8 δ 18O + 9.4 (‰ VSMOW). The spring waters have average isotopic composition of the more intense rainfall ( δ 18 O = - 3.46 ‰) and lake ́ waters have higher values due to the effect of the evaporation process. Sampled from the wells have the widest ranges of values in both sampling campaigns , it is observed that most of the values are in the range of the most intense rains in 2012; in other words , the aquifer system exploited is recharged by this type of rain. It was identified surface/groundwater interaction only in the samples of one well. We also measured the parameters electrical conductivity and the pH and analyzed the major ions. The values of e lectrical conductivity show two groups of wells, 11 wells with an average of 68 ± 33 (μS/cm) and 04 wells (P3, P10, P11 and P12) with much higher values, averaging 278 ± 65 (μS/cm). The area is in the coastal region , but no saline intrusion by seawater was detected / Os isótopos ambientais oxigênio-18 e deutério, excelentes traçadores das águas, foram utilizados como ferramentas na identificação de interação água subterrânea/água superficial na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio da Prata - Maranhão. Estes isótopos guardam o efeito de processos físicos, como evaporação, podendo ser utilizados para identificar a origem das águas subterrâneas. Foram georreferenciados 19 pontos distribuídos na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio da Prata, 02 no lago, 02 nascentes, 14 poços tubulares e uma cacimba, para coleta de amostras no período seco e no período chuvoso e análise isotópica e hidroquímica; também foram coletadas e analisadas isotopicamente águas de chuva da bacia hidrográfica. Com a análise dos isótopos, oxigênio-18 e deutério, nas chuvas foi determinada a Reta Meteórica Local δD = 7,8 δ18O + 9,4 (‰ VSMOW). As águas das nascentes mostram a composição isotópica média igual à das águas das chuvas mais intensas (δ18O = -3,46‰ ) e as do lago apresentaram os valores mais altos por efeito do processo de evaporação. As águas amostradas nos poços tiveram as mais largas faixas de valores nas duas coletas; observou-se que a maioria dos valores apresentou-se na faixa das chuvas mais intensas em 2012, ou seja, o sistema aquífero por eles explotado é recarregado por este tipo de chuva. Foram medidos também os parâmetros condutividade elétrica e pH e feitas medidas químicas dos íons maiores. Os valores da condutividade elétrica mostram dois grupos de poços, 11 poços com médias de 68 ± 33 (µS/cm) e 04 poços, (P3, P10, P11 e P12) com valores numa faixa muito superior, com média de 278 ± 65 (μS/cm). A área está situada em região costeira, mas não foi encontrada intrusão salina pela água do mar.

Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Historia / La presente tesis estudia el fenómeno de la acelerada disminución de la esclavitud y la transición de la fuerza de trabajo a libre durante el siglo XVII y su paso al XVIII, en tres zonas (urbana, rural y urbano-minera) de la alcaldía mayor de Aguascalientes, situada en la colindancia de las minas zacatecanas dentro del reino de la Nueva Galicia. Para ello, se sostiene que la esclavitud, africana y afrodescendiente, fue mayoritaria e inicialmente necesaria para sustentar diversas labores debido a la falta de fuerza de trabajo nativa (chichimeca) desplazada y exterminada al comienzo del periodo. Pero que, durante el siglo XVII a causa del foco de atracción generado por el auge de la actividad minera, además del crecimiento de las actividades agropecuarias de la alcaldía, la mano de obra esclava fue reemplazada por el asentamiento de la fuerza de trabajo india-mestiza, libre, estable y sustentable arribada de lugares contiguos y del resto del virreinato de la Nueva España. Esta situación que, conjunto al mestizaje entre esclavos y libres (indias y mestizas), y las dinámicas propias de la esclavitud (manumisión y autocompra), aceleraron dicha disminución y transición.

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